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((short description|1927 musical by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II))
((other uses))
((Good article))
((infobox musical
| name       = Show Boat
| image      = Show_Boat.jpg
| caption    = Original 1927 sheet music for ''Ol' Man River'', from ''Show Boat''
| music      = [[Jerome Kern]]
| lyrics     = [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]
| book       = Oscar Hammerstein II
| basis      = ''[[Show Boat (novel)|Show Boat]]'' <br /> by [[Edna Ferber]]
| premiere_date = December 27, 1927
| premiere_location = [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]]<br />[[New York City]]
| productions=1927 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] <br /> 1928 [[West End theatre|West End]]<br /> 1932 Broadway [[Revival (theatre)|revival]] <br /> 1946 Broadway revival<br />1966 [[Lincoln Center]] revival<br />1971 West End revival<br /> 1983 Broadway revival<br /> 1994 Broadway revival<br />1998 West End revival <br /> 2016 West End revival
<!-- Please do not include production-specific (acting, directing, etc.) awards -->
| awards      = [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Tony Award for Best Revival]]<br />[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival|Olivier Award for Best Revival]]
))

'''''Show Boat''''' is a [[musical theatre|musical]] with music by [[Jerome Kern]] and book and lyrics by [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]. It is based on [[Edna Ferber]]'s best-selling 1926 [[Show Boat (novel)|novel of the same name]]. The musical follows the lives of the performers, stagehands and dock workers on the ''Cotton Blossom'', a [[Mississippi River]] [[showboat|show boat]], over 40 years from 1887 to 1927. Its themes include racial prejudice and tragic, enduring love. The musical contributed such classic songs as "[[Ol' Man River]]", "[[Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)|Make Believe]]", and "[[Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man]]".

The musical was first produced in 1927 by [[Florenz Ziegfeld]]. The premiere of ''Show Boat'' on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] was an important event in the history of American musical theatre. It "was a radical departure in musical storytelling, marrying spectacle with seriousness", compared with the trivial and unrealistic [[operetta]]s, light [[Edwardian musical comedy|musical comedies]] and "Follies"-type musical [[revue]]s that defined Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century.<ref name=Lahr>((cite magazine |last=Lahr |first=John |author-link=John Lahr |title=Mississippi Mud |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 27, 1993 |pages=123–126))</ref> According to ''The Complete Book of Light Opera'':

<blockquote>Here we come to a completely new genre – the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy.  Now … the play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play. Now … came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity.<ref name=history>[http://www.theatrehistory.com/american/musical030.html "American Musical Theatre: An Introduction"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095758/http://www.theatrehistory.com/american/musical030.html |date=February 21, 2009)), theatrehistory.com, republished from ((cite book |title=The Complete Book of Light Opera |first=Mark |last=Lubbock |author-link=Mark Lubbock |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Appleton-Century-Crofts]] |year=1962 |pages=753–56)) Retrieved December 3, 2008.</ref></blockquote>

The quality of ''Show Boat'' was recognized immediately by critics, and it is frequently revived. Awards did not exist for Broadway shows in 1927, when the show premiered, or in 1932 when its first revival was staged. Late 20th-century revivals of ''Show Boat'' have won both the [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical]] (1995) and the [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival]] (1991).<ref>[http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98525/olivier-winners-1991/ "Olivier Winners, 1991"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602021406/http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98525/olivier-winners-1991/ |date=June 2, 2013)) olivierawards.com. Retrieved August 10, 2012.</ref>

==Background==
In doing research for her proposed novel ''[[Show Boat (novel)|Show Boat]]'', writer [[Edna Ferber]] spent five days on the [[James Adams Floating Theatre|James Adams Floating Palace Theatre]] in [[Bath, North Carolina]], gathering material about a disappearing American entertainment venue, the river [[showboat]]. In a few weeks, she gained what she called a "treasure trove of show-boat material, human, touching, true". Ferber researched these American showboats for months prior to her stay on the Floating Palace Theatre.  [[Jerome Kern]] was impressed by the novel and, hoping to adapt it as a musical, asked the critic [[Alexander Woollcott]] to introduce him to Ferber in October 1926. Woollcott introduced them that evening during the intermission of Kern's latest musical, ''[[Criss Cross (musical)|Criss Cross]]''.<ref name=Block>Block, pp. 22–23.</ref>

Ferber was at first shocked that anyone would want to adapt ''Show Boat'' as a musical. After being assured by Kern that he did not want to adapt it as the typical frivolous "girlie" show of the 1920s, she granted him and his collaborator, [[Oscar Hammerstein II]], the rights to set her novel to music. After composing most of the first-act songs, Kern and Hammerstein auditioned their material for producer [[Florenz Ziegfeld]], thinking that he was the person to create the elaborate production they felt necessary for Ferber's sprawling work.<ref name=Kantor>Kantor and Maslon, pp. 112–19</ref> Ziegfeld was impressed with the show and agreed to produce it, writing the next day, "This is the best musical comedy I have ever been fortunate to get a hold of; I am thrilled to produce it, this show is the opportunity of my life..."<ref name="Kantor"/>''Show Boat'', with its serious and dramatic nature, was considered an unusual choice for Ziegfeld, who was best known for [[revues]] such as the ''[[Ziegfeld Follies]]''.

Though Ziegfeld anticipated opening his [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|new theatre]] on Sixth Avenue with ''Show Boat'', the epic nature of the work required an unusually long gestation period and extensive changes during out-of-town tryouts. Impatient with Kern and Hammerstein and worried about the serious tone of the musical (he strongly disliked the songs ''[[Ol' Man River]]'' and ''[[Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun]]''), Ziegfeld decided to open [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|his theatre]] in February 1927 with ''[[Rio Rita (musical)|Rio Rita]]'', a musical by Kern's collaborator [[Guy Bolton]]. When ''Rio Rita'' proved to be a success, ''Show Boat'''s [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] opening was delayed until ''Rita'' could be moved to another theatre.<ref name=Bloom>Bloom and Vlastnik, pp. 290–93.</ref>

==Synopsis==
Note: Although the basic plot of ''Show Boat'' has always remained the same, over the years revisions and alterations were made by the creators, and over time by subsequent producers and directors. Some of these revisions were for length and some for convenience, as when a different actor played a certain role and was unable to perform a specialty piece written for the role's creator. Some have been made to reflect contemporary sensitivities toward race, gender and other social issues.

;Act I
In 1887, the show boat ''Cotton Blossom'' arrives at the river dock in [[Natchez, Mississippi]]. The [[Reconstruction era (United States)|Reconstruction era]] had ended a decade earlier, and white-dominated Southern legislatures have imposed [[racial segregation]] and [[Jim Crow]] rules. The boat's owner, Cap'n Andy Hawks, introduces his actors to the crowd on the levee.  A fistfight breaks out between Steve Baker, the leading man of the troupe, and Pete, a rough [[engineer]] who had been making passes at Steve's wife, the leading lady [[Julie Dozier|Julie La Verne]]. Steve knocks Pete down, and Pete swears revenge, suggesting he knows a dark secret about Julie. Cap'n Andy pretends to the shocked crowd that the fight was a preview of one of the melodramas to be performed. The troupe exits with the showboat band, and the crowd follows.

A handsome riverboat gambler, [[Gaylord Ravenal]], appears on the levee and is taken with eighteen-year-old Magnolia ("Nolie") Hawks, an aspiring performer and the daughter of Cap'n Andy and his wife Parthenia Ann (Parthy Ann). Magnolia is likewise smitten with Ravenal ("[[Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)|Make Believe]]"). She seeks advice from Joe, a black dock worker aboard the boat, who has returned from buying flour for his wife Queenie, the ship's cook. He replies that he has "seen a lot like [Ravenal] on the river." As Magnolia goes inside the boat to tell her friend Julie about the handsome stranger, Joe mutters that she ought to ask the river for advice. He and the other dock workers reflect on the wisdom and indifference of "[[Ol' Man River]]", who does not seem to care what the world's troubles are, but "jes' keeps rollin' along".

Magnolia finds Julie inside and announces that she is in love. Julie cautions her that this stranger could be just a "no-account river feller". Magnolia says that if she found out he was "no-account", she would stop loving him. Julie warns her that it is not that easy to stop loving someone, explaining that she will always love Steve and singing a few lines of "[[Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man]]". Queenie overhears – she is surprised that Julie knows that song as she has only heard "colored folks" sing it. Magnolia remarks that Julie sings it all the time, and when Queenie asks if she can sing the entire song, Julie obliges.

During the rehearsal for that evening, Julie and Steve learn that the town sheriff is coming to arrest them. Steve takes out a large pocket knife and makes a cut on the back of her hand, sucking the blood and swallowing it. Pete returns with the sheriff, who insists the show cannot proceed because Julie is a [[mulatto]] who has been [[passing (racial identity)|passing]] as white and local law prohibits [[miscegenation|mixed marriages]]. Julie admits that her mother was black, but Steve tells the sheriff that he also has [[One-drop theory|"black blood"]] in him, so their marriage is legal in Mississippi. The troupe backs him up, boosted by the ship's [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] Windy McClain, a longtime friend of the sheriff. The couple have escaped the charge of miscegenation, but they still have to leave the show boat; identified as black, they can no longer perform for the segregated white audience. Cap'n Andy fires Pete, but in spite of his sympathy for Julie and Steve, he cannot violate the law for them.

Ravenal returns and asks for passage on the boat. Andy hires him as the new leading man and assigns his daughter Magnolia as the new leading lady, over her mother's objections. As Magnolia and Ravenal begin to rehearse their roles and in the process, kiss for the first time (infuriating Parthy), Joe reprises the last few lines of "Ol' Man River".

Weeks later, Magnolia and Ravenal have been a hit with the crowds and have fallen in love. As the levee workers hum "Ol' Man River" in the background, he proposes to Magnolia, and she accepts. The couple joyously sings "[[You Are Love]]". They make plans to marry the next day while Parthy, who disapproves, is out of town. Parthy has discovered that Ravenal once killed a man and arrives with the sheriff to interrupt the wedding festivities. The group learns that Ravenal was acquitted of murder. Cap'n Andy calls Parthy "narrow-minded" and defends Ravenal by announcing that he also once killed a man. Parthy faints, but the ceremony proceeds.

;Act II
Six years have passed, and it is 1893. Ravenal and Magnolia have moved to [[Chicago]], where they make a precarious living from Ravenal's gambling. At first they are rich and enjoying the good life ("Why Do I Love You?") By 1903, they have a daughter, Kim, and after years of varying income, they are broke and rent a room in a boarding house. Depressed over his inability to support his family, Ravenal abandons Magnolia and Kim, but first visits his daughter at the convent where she goes to school to say goodbye before leaving her forever ("Make Believe" (reprise)). Frank and Ellie, two former actors from the showboat, learn that Magnolia is living in the rooms they want to rent. The old friends seek a singing job for Magnolia at the Trocadero, the club where they are doing a New Year's show. Julie is working there. She has fallen into drinking after being abandoned by Steve. At a rehearsal, she tries out the new song "[[Bill (Show Boat)|Bill]]." She appears to be thinking of Steve and sings it with great emotion. From her dressing room, she hears Magnolia singing "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" for her audition, the song which Julie taught her years ago. Julie secretly quits her job so that Magnolia can fill it, without learning of her sacrifice.

On New Year's Eve, Andy and Parthy go to Chicago for a surprise visit to their daughter Magnolia. Andy goes to the Trocadero without his wife, and sees Magnolia overcome with emotion and nearly booed off stage. Andy rallies the crowd by starting a sing-along of the standard, "[[After the Ball (song)|After the Ball]]". Magnolia becomes a great musical star.

More than 20 years pass, and it is 1927. An aged Joe on the ''Cotton Blossom'' sings a reprise of "Ol' Man River". Cap'n Andy has a chance meeting with Ravenal and arranges his reunion with Magnolia. Andy knows that Magnolia is retiring and returning to the ''Cotton Blossom'' with Kim, who has become a Broadway star. Kim gives her admirers a taste of her performing abilities by singing an updated, [[Charleston (dance)|Charleston]] version of "Why Do I Love You?" Ravenal sings a reprise of "You Are Love" to the offstage Magnolia. Although he is uncertain about asking her to take him back, Magnolia, who has never stopped loving him, greets him warmly and does. As the happy couple walks up the boat's gangplank, Joe and the cast sing the last verse of "Ol' Man River".

;Plot variants in 1951 film
The [[Show Boat (1951 film)|1951 MGM film]] changed the final scenes of the story, as well as many small details. It reconciles Ravenal and Magnolia a few years after they separate, rather than 23 years later. When Ravenal leaves Magnolia in Chicago, he does not know that she is pregnant. Through a chance meeting with Julie, he learns that Magnolia and his daughter are living on the Cotton Blossom. He goes to where the boat is docked and sees Kim playing. He talks to her and breaks down in tears. Magnolia sends Kim aboard. She and Ravenal embrace, and she leads him onto the show boat. Parthy is as happy as Captain Andy to see the reunion. Joe and the chorus sing "Ol' Man River", and the paddlewheel starts turning in tempo with the music, as the ship heads down river. Julie watches from a distance and blows them a gentle kiss as the Cotton Blossom recedes.

==Musical numbers==
The musical numbers in the original production were as follows:
((col-begin))
((col-2))
;Act 1
* "Cotton Blossom" – Stevedores and Townspeople
* "Where's the Mate for Me?" – Ravenal
* "[[Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)|Make Believe]]" – Ravenal and Magnolia
* "[[Ol' Man River]]" – Joe and Stevedores
* "[[Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man]]" – Julie, Queenie, Joe, Magnolia and Ensemble
* "Life Upon the Wicked Stage" – Ellie and Townswomen
* "Till Good Luck Comes My Way" – Ravenal, Pete, Frank and Townsmen
* "Ol' Man River" (reprise) – Joe
* "I Might Fall Back on You" – Ellie, Frank and Girls
* "C'mon Folks (Queenie's Ballyhoo)" – Queenie, Stevedores and Gals
* "Olio Dance" – (instrumental)
* "[[You Are Love]]" – Ravenal and Magnolia
* Act I "Finale (Wedding Scene)" – Magnolia, Ravenal, Cap'n Andy and Chorus
((col-break))

;Act 2
* "At the Fair" – Sightseers, Barkers, and Dandies
* "Dandies on Parade" – City Folk
* "Why Do I Love You?" – Magnolia, Ravenal, Cap'n Andy, Parthy Ann Hawks and Company
* "In Dahomey" – [[Jubilee Singers]] and Dahomey Dancers
* "Nuns' Processional" – Nuns
* "Make Believe" (reprise) – Ravenal
* "[[Bill (Show Boat)|Bill]]" (lyrics by [[P. G. Wodehouse]], revised by Hammerstein) – Julie
* "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (reprise) – Magnolia
* "Goodbye, My Lady Love" (music and lyrics by [[Joseph E. Howard]]) – Frank and Ellie
* "[[After the Ball (song)|After the Ball]]" (from ''[[A Trip to Chinatown]]''; music and lyrics by [[Charles K. Harris]]) – Magnolia and Ensemble
* "Ol' Man River" (reprise) – Joe
* "Hey, Feller" – Jubilee Singers and Queenie
* "You Are Love" (reprise) – Ravenal
* "Why Do I Love You?" (reprise) – Kim and Flappers
* "Finale Ultimo (Ol' Man River)" – Joe and Chorus
((col-end))

===History of revisions===
The original production ran four-and-a-half hours during tryouts but was trimmed to just over three by the time it got to Broadway. During previews, four songs, "[[Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun]]", "I Would Like to Play a Lover's Part", "Let's Start the New Year" and "It's Getting Hotter in the North", were cut from the show. "Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun" was published in the complete vocal score<ref name=Block2>Block, p. 24.</ref> and fragments of it are also heard in the scoring, notably in the original 1927 overture and in the miscegenation scene. The song "Be Happy, Too" was also cut after the Washington, D.C., tryout.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ovrtur.com/song/100013326 |title=Be Happy, Too |website=Ovrtur.com |access-date=December 22, 2020))</ref> "Let's Start the New Year" was performed in the 1989 [[Paper Mill Playhouse]] production.

Two songs, "Till Good Luck Comes My Way" (sung by Ravenal) and "Hey Feller!" (sung by Queenie), were written mainly to cover scenery changes. They were discarded beginning with the 1946 revival, although "Till Good Luck" was included in the 1993 [[Harold Prince]] revival of the show. The comedy song, "I Might Fall Back On You," was also cut beginning in 1946. It was restored in the 1951 film version and several stage productions since the 1980s. On record, "Hey Feller!" appears only on the 1988 [[EMI]] album. Kern and Hammerstein wrote two new songs for revivals and three more for the [[Show Boat (1936 film)|1936 film version]].<!-- Please don't repeat information here that is already included in the bullet points below, unless you are reorganizing the information into better narrative paragraphs. -->

The [[Harold Fielding]] production in London in the early 1970s claimed to use the entire original score, but it omitted "Hey, Feller!" and "In Dahomey", among others. This cast album broke ground in being the first two-LP version of ''Show Boat'' ever released.

The score also includes four songs not originally written for ''Show Boat'': "[[Bill (Show Boat)|Bill]]" was originally written by Kern and [[P.&nbsp;G. Wodehouse]] in 1917 and was reworked by Hammerstein for ''Show Boat''. Two other songs not by Kern and Hammerstein, "Goodbye, My Lady Love" by [[Joseph E. Howard]] and "[[After the Ball (song)|After the Ball]]" by [[Charles K. Harris]], were included by the authors for historical atmosphere and are included in revivals.<ref>((cite web |url=http://tinpanalleyproject.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25 |title=After the Ball |publisher=Tin Pan Alley Project |access-date=May 28, 2010))</ref> The New Year's Eve scene features an instrumental version of "[[There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight]]".

Some of the following numbers have been cut or revised in subsequent productions, as noted below (the songs "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", and "[[Bill (Show Boat)|Bill]]" have been included in every stage and film production of ''Show Boat''):
* Overture – The original overture, used in all stage productions up to 1946 (and heard on the three-disc EMI/Angel CD for the first time in nearly 50 years), is based chiefly on the deleted song "[[Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun]]", as Kern wanted to save this song in some form. The song was restored in the Harold Prince 1994 revival of the show. The overture also contains fragments of "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", and a faster arrangement of "Why Do I Love You?" The overtures for the 1946 revival and the 1966 [[Lincoln Center]] revival consist of medleys of songs from the show. All three overtures were arranged by the show's orchestrator, [[Robert Russell Bennett]], who orchestrated most of Kern's later shows.
* "Cotton Blossom" – This number is performed in all the stage productions, and shorter versions were used in the 1936 and 1951 film versions.<ref>((cite book |first=Raymond |last=Knapp |title=The American Musical |year=2005 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]))</ref> It was not used in the 1929 film version.
* "Where's the Mate for Me?" – Ravenal's first song; heard in all stage versions, partially sung in the 1936 film version, and sung complete in the 1951 film version. Not sung in the 1929 film version.
* "[[Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)|Make Believe]]" – Performed in all stage versions, and in the 1936 and 1951 film versions, but not the 1929 film version.
* "Life Upon the Wicked Stage" – This comic song is usually included in stage versions but is heard in the 1936 film only in the orchestral score. Not included in the 1929 film, it is sung and danced in the 1951 film version.
* "Till Good Luck Comes My Way" – Kern and Hammerstein cut it from the 1946 revival, but it was reinstated in the 1971 London stage revival. It is performed instrumentally in the 1936 film and is omitted altogether in the 1929 and 1951 films.
* "I Might Fall Back on You" – This was usually cut after 1946, but it has been reinstated in revivals beginning in 1966. It was absent from the 1929 and 1936 films but included in the 1951 film.
* "C'mon Folks (Queenie's Ballyhoo)" – Always included in the show, it was sung in the prologue to the 1929 film version,<ref name="first film">((cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020402/soundtrack |title=Soundtracks for Show Boat (1929) |publisher=Internet Movie Database |access-date=June 12, 2010))</ref> It was omitted from the 1936 film and performed instrumentally in the 1951 film.
* "Olio Dance" – This is rarely performed now, since it was composed simply to cover a change of scenery. It is an orchestral piece that partially uses the melody of "I Might Fall Back on You" and can be heard on the EMI 3-CD album (as "Villain Dance"). The 1936 film substituted the new Kern-Hammerstein number "Gallivantin' Around", performed as an [[Olio (musical number)|olio]] by [[Irene Dunne]] (as Magnolia) in blackface. It was omitted from the 1989 PBS [[Paper Mill Playhouse]] production. Some modern productions move the song "I Might Fall Back on You" to this spot.
* "You Are Love" – Kern considered this popular waltz to be the score's weakest song: he tried unsuccessfully to eliminate it from the 1936 film version. It has never been cut from any stage production. It was shortened, and the introductory section was omitted, in both the 1936 and the 1951 films. It was not performed in the 1929 film.
* "Act I Finale" – This was shortened in the 1936 film and omitted from the 1929 and 1951 films. Its midsection, banjo-dominant, buck-and-wing dance theme became a repeating motif in the 1951 film, played onstage during the backstage miscegenation scene, and later as a soft-shoe dance for Cap'n Andy and granddaughter Kim.
* "At the Chicago World's Fair" – Used in all stage productions except for the Harold Prince 1994 revival, it was omitted from all the film versions, but an instrumental version was performed in the 1936 film.
* "Why Do I Love You?" – Used in all stage versions, this number was sung during the exit music to the 1929 film;<ref name="first film"/> it was performed only as background music for the 1936 film and was sung in the 1951 film version. In the 1994 Hal Prince revival, it was sung by Parthy.
* "[[In Dahomey#Song from Show Boat|In Dahomey]]" – This was cut from the score after the 1946 Broadway production and has not been revived as it is viewed as racially offensive as well as unnecessary to the plot. It is sung at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]] by a group of supposedly African natives. They chant in a supposed African language before breaking into modern English, singing about how glad they are to return to their apartments after the day's performance. It was not used in any film version of the show but was included in the complete 1988 EMI recording and in a 1993 studio recording on the Jay label of the 1946 score.
* "Goodbye, My Lady Love" – This is used only in American productions. It is included in the 1936 film, but not in the 1929 or 1951 films.
* "[[After the Ball (song)|After the Ball]]" – Performed in all stage productions and in both the 1936 and 1951 films, but not the 1929 one.
* "Hey, Feller" – Used in nearly all stage productions up until 1946, and sung in the prologue to the 1929 film.<ref name="first film"/> Not used in the 1936 film, but used as background score in the 1951 film during the opening post-credits scene as the show boat arrives.
Additional numbers have been included in films and revivals as follows:
* "[[Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun]]" – Though this was cut from the original production, Kern ensured that it was published in the complete vocal score.<ref name=Block/> The 1988 album reinstated it, and it was also included in the 1994 Hal Prince revival.
* "I Would Like to Play a Lover's Part" – Cut from the original production but performed on the 1988 album.
* "Let's Start the New Year" – Cut from the original production but performed on the 1988 album and in the 1989 Paper Mill Playhouse production.
* "It's Getting Hotter in the North" – Cut from the original production but performed on the 1988 album.
* "Dance Away the Night" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1928 London [[West End theatre|West End]] production, to be sung in the spot where Kim usually sings a reprise of "Why Do I Love You?" (the spot originally intended for "It's Getting Hotter in the North").
* "I Have The Room Above Her" is a romantic duet written by Kern and Hammerstein for Ravenal and Magnolia in the 1936 film. It was included in the 1994 Broadway revival.
* "Gallivantin' Around" is a cakewalk-style number written by Kern and Hammerstein for Magnolia for the 1936 film.
* "Ah Still Suits Me" is a comic duet written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film and sung by the characters Joe and Queenie (Paul Robeson and [[Hattie McDaniel]]). The number was also included in the 1989 Paper Mill Playhouse production.<ref name="Klein">((cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/nyregion/theater-a-show-boat-as-it-s-meant-to-be.html |title=Theater; A 'Show Boat' as It's Meant to Be |last=Klein |first=Alvin |date=June 11, 1989 |newspaper=[[New York Times]]))</ref>
* "[[Nobody Else But Me]]" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1946 Broadway revival, to be sung by Kim in the spot previously occupied by her reprise of "Why Do I Love You?" or by "Dance Away the Night". This was the last song Kern ever wrote; he died shortly before the 1946 production opened.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/show-boat-1946-broadway-revival-cast |title=Album Review: Show Boat 1946 Broadway Revival Cast |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=May 15, 2010))</ref> In the 1971 London stage revival, the song was sung by Julie, in a new scene written especially for that production. It is not sung in any film version of the show but was frequently heard in stage revivals up until about the 1980s.
* "Dandies on Parade" is a dance number arranged for the 1994 Broadway production by David Krane, largely from Kern's music.

== Cast of Characters ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Character
!Description
!Original Broadway cast<ref>((Cite web|last=The Broadway League|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – Original ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-10538#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref>
!Other notable stage performers in long-running, major market productions
<ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1932 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-11593#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1946 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-1760#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1948 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-475732#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1954 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-477951#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1983 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-4219#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1994 Revival ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/show-boat-4269#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1982–1983 Tour ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/tour-production/show-boat-521039#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1996–1998 Tour ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/tour-production/show-boat-514296#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1996–1998 Tour ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/tour-production/show-boat-514297#People|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Show Boat – Broadway Musical – 1997–1998 Tour ((!)) IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/tour-production/show-boat-514298#OpeningNightCast|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=www.ibdb.com))</ref>
|-
|Cap'n Andy Hawks
|owner and captain of the ''Cotton Blossom'' show boat; Parthy Ann's husband, Magnolia's father
|[[Charles Winninger]]
|[[Cedric Hardwicke]], [[Ralph Dumke]], [[Billy House]], [[David Wayne]], [[Burl Ives]], [[Donald O'Connor]], [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Eddie Bracken]], [[John McMartin]], [[Ned Beatty]], [[Tom Bosley]], [[Robert Morse]]
|-
|Magnolia Hawks
|daughter of Parthy and Cap'n Andy; Kim's mother; marries Gaylord Ravenal
|[[Norma Terris]]
|[[Edith Day]], [[Irene Dunne]], [[Jan Clayton]], [[Barbara Cook]], [[Rebecca Luker]]
|-
|Gaylord Ravenal
|handsome river-boat gambler; Kim's father; marries Magnolia
|[[Howard Marsh]]
|[[Dennis King]], [[Charles Fredericks]], [[Robert Rounseville]], [[Ron Raines]], [[Mark Jacoby]], [[Hugh Panaro]], [[Kevin Gray (actor)|Kevin Gray]]
|-
|[[Julie Dozier|Julie La Verne]]
|leading lady of the troupe; Steve's wife
|[[Helen Morgan (singer)|Helen Morgan]]
|[[Carol Bruce]], [[Helena Bliss]], [[Constance Towers]], [[Cleo Laine]], [[Lonette McKee]], [[Marilyn McCoo]], [[Valarie Pettiford]]
|-
|Steve Baker
|leading man of the ''Cotton Blossom''; protective husband of Julie
|Charles Ellis
|[[Robert Allen (actor)|Robert Allen]]
|-
|Parthy Ann Hawks
|stern wife of Cap'n Andy
|[[Edna May Oliver]]
|[[Ethel Owen]], [[Bertha Belmore]], [[Marjorie Gateson]], [[Margaret Hamilton (actress)|Margaret Hamilton]], [[Dorothy Loudon]], [[Cloris Leachman]], [[Karen Morrow]], [[Elaine Stritch]]
|-
|Pete
|tough engineer of the ''Cotton Blossom''; tries to flirt with Julie
|Bert Chapman
|[[Wade Williams]]
|-
|Joe
|dock worker on the boat; Queenie's husband
|[[Jules Bledsoe]]
|[[Paul Robeson]], [[William Smith (actor)|William C. Smith]], [[Lawrence Winters]], [[Bruce Hubbard]], [[William Warfield]], [[Donnie Ray Albert]]
|-
|Queenie
|cook on the ''Cotton Blossom''; Joe's wife
|[[Tess Gardella]]
|[[Alberta Hunter]], [[Helen Dowdy]], [[Hattie McDaniel]], [[Helen Phillips (soprano)|Helen Phillips]], [[Karla Burns]], [[Gretha Boston]]
|-
|Frank Schultz
|performer on the boat who plays villain characters; Ellie's husband
|[[Sammy White (actor)|Sammy White]]
|[[Buddy Ebsen]], [[Joel Blum]], [[Eddie Korbich]]
|-
|Ellie
|singer and dancer in an act with husband Frank
|[[Eva Puck]]
|[[Collette Lyons|Colette Lyons]], [[Paige O'Hara]]
|-
|Kim
|daughter of Magnolia and Ravenal
|Norma Terris
|[[The Seven Little Eatons|Evelyn Eaton]]
|-
|Windy McClain
|pilot of the ''Cotton Blossom''
|Alan Campbell
|[[Arthur Newman (baritone)|Arthur Newman]], [[Richard Dix]]
|}

==Production history==

===Original 1927 production===
[[File:Show-Boat-1928.jpg|thumb|300px|Scene from the original Broadway production]]
Ziegfeld [[Preview (theatre)|previewed]] the show in a pre-Broadway tour from November 15 to December 19, 1927. The locations included the [[National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], the [[Regional Enterprise Tower#Nixon Theater|Nixon Theatre]] in [[Pittsburgh]], the [[Ohio Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)|Ohio Theatre]] in [[Cleveland]], and the [[Erlanger Theatre]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=Vancheri>Vancheri, Barbara. [http://www.post-gazette.com/magazine/19980823show3.asp "'Show Boat' continues successful voyage"]. ''Post-Gazette'', August 23, 1998. Retrieved January 6, 2006.</ref><ref name=Kreuger>Kreuger, Miles (1977). ''Show Boat: The Story of a Classic American Musical''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 226–27.</ref> The show opened on Broadway at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]] on December 27, 1927. The critics were immediately enthusiastic, and the show was a great popular success, running a year and a half, for a total of 572 performances.

The production was staged by Oscar Hammerstein&nbsp;II.<ref>Zeke Colvan was officially credited as director of the production, but in his 1977 book ''Show Boat: The History of a Classic American Musical'', musical historian [[Miles Kreuger]] says that when he interviewed Oscar Hammerstein&nbsp;II months before the latter's death, the always modest Hammerstein admitted that now that Colvan was dead, he could finally state that it was he (Hammerstein) who had directed the original production of the show, and that Colvan had actually served as stage manager.</ref> Choreography for the show was by Sammy Lee. The original cast included [[Norma Terris]] as Magnolia Hawks and her daughter Kim (as an adult), [[Howard Marsh]] as Gaylord Ravenal, [[Helen Morgan (singer)|Helen Morgan]] as Julie LaVerne, [[Jules Bledsoe]] as Joe, [[Charles Winninger]] as Cap'n Andy Hawks, [[Edna May Oliver]] as Parthy Ann Hawks, [[Sammy White (actor)|Sammy White]] as Frank Schultz, [[Eva Puck]] as Ellie May Chipley, and [[Tess Gardella]] as Queenie. The orchestrator was [[Robert Russell Bennett]], and the conductor was [[Victor Baravalle]]. The [[scenic design]] for the original production was by [[Joseph Urban]], who had worked with Ziegfeld for many years in his ''[[Ziegfeld Follies|Follies]]'' and had designed the elaborate new Ziegfeld Theatre itself. Costumes were designed by John Harkrider.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/john-harkrider |title=John Harkrider |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=May 24, 2010))</ref>

In his opening night review for the ''[[New York Times]]'', [[Brooks Atkinson]] called the book's adaptation "intelligently made", and the production one of "unimpeachable skill and taste". He termed Terris "a revelation"; Winninger "extraordinarily persuasive and convincing"; and Bledsoe's singing "remarkably effective".<ref>((cite news|url=http://theater2.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?_r=1&html_title=&tols_title=SHOW%20BOAT%20(PLAY)&pdate=19271228&byline=By%20J.%20BROOKS%20ATKINSON&id=1077011431418&oref=slogin|title=Show Boat|last=Atkinson |first=J. Brooks |date=December 28, 1927  |newspaper=The New York Times))</ref>

===Paul Robeson===
The character Joe, the [[stevedore]] who sings "Ol' Man River", was expanded from the novel and written specifically by Kern and Hammerstein for [[Paul Robeson]], already a noted actor and singer. Although he is the actor most identified with the role and the song, he was unavailable for the original production due to its opening delay. Jules Bledsoe premiered the part. Robeson played Joe in four notable productions of ''Show Boat'': the 1928 London premiere production, the 1932 Broadway revival, the 1936 film version and a 1940 stage revival in [[Los Angeles]].

Reviewing the 1932 Broadway revival, the critic [[Brooks Atkinson]] described Robeson's performance: "Mr.&nbsp;Robeson has a touch of genius. It is not merely his voice, which is one of the richest organs on the stage. It is his understanding that gives 'Old Man River' an epic lift. When he sings ... you realize that Jerome Kern's spiritual has reached its final expression."<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/05/20/archives/the-play-show-boat-as-good-as-new.html?sq=Show%2520Boat%2520%2520revival&scp=9&st=cse |title=THE PLAY; Show Boat" as Good as New.  |last=Atkinson |first=J. Brooks |date=May 20, 1932 |newspaper=The New York Times))</ref>

===North American revivals===
[[File:Show Boat (1936 Film) Opening Title.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Opening title from the 1936 film version]]
After closing at the Ziegfeld Theatre in 1929, the original production toured extensively. The national company is notable for including [[Irene Dunne]] as Magnolia. [[Hattie McDaniel]] played Queenie in a 1933 West Coast production, joined by tenor [[Allan Jones (actor)|Allan Jones]] as Ravenal.<ref>[http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/928-show-boat "Show Boat"], Criterion Collection. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</ref> ''Show Boat'' was [[revival (play)|revived]] by Ziegfeld on Broadway in 1932 at the [[Earl Carroll Theatre|Casino Theatre]] with most of the original cast, but with Paul Robeson as Joe<ref>[http://www.glopad.org/pi/en/image/1003422 Advertisement for ''Show Boat''] 1932, Global Performing Arts Database. Retrieved April 29, 2010.</ref> and [[Dennis King (actor)|Dennis King]] as Ravenal.((citation needed|date=December 2021))

In 1946, a major new Broadway revival was produced by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II at the show's original home, the Ziegfeld Theatre. The 1946 revival featured a revised score and new song by Kern and Hammerstein, and a new overture and orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett. The show was directed by Hammerstein and [[Hassard Short]] and featured [[Jan Clayton]] (Magnolia), Charles Fredricks (Ravenal), [[Carol Bruce]] (Julie), [[Kenneth Spencer (singer)|Kenneth Spencer]] (Joe), [[Helen Dowdy]] (Queenie), and [[Buddy Ebsen]] (Frank). Kern died just weeks before the January 5, 1946 opening, making it the last show he worked on. The production ran for 418 performances and then toured extensively. Its cost was reportedly $300,000, and a month before the Broadway closing, it was reported as still $130,000 from breaking even.<ref>"''Show Boat'' 130G Red After Nearly a Year; Will Fold on Jan. 4", ''Variety'', 4 December 1946, p. 49</ref>

Additional New York revivals were produced in 1948 and 1954 at the [[New York City Center]]. The Music Theatre of Lincoln Center company produced ''Show Boat'' in 1966 at the [[David H. Koch Theater|New York State Theater]] in a new production. It starred [[Barbara Cook]] (Magnolia), [[Constance Towers]] (Julie), [[Stephen Douglass]] (Ravenal), [[David Wayne]] (Cap'n Andy), [[Margaret Hamilton (actress)|Margaret Hamilton]] (Parthy) and [[William Warfield]] (Joe). It was produced by [[Richard Rodgers]], and Robert Russell Bennett once again provided a new overture and revised orchestrations.

The [[Houston Grand Opera]] staged a revival of ''Show Boat'' that premiered at [[Jones Hall]] in Houston in June 1982 and then toured to the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in Los Angeles, the [[Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)|Orpheum Theatre]] in San Francisco, the [[Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in Washington D.C., and finally to the [[Gershwin Theatre]] on Broadway in 1983.<ref name="Recycle">((cite journal|title=B 'way Recycles Classic Wares|author= Victor Gluck|journal=[[Back Stage]]|volume=23|issue=35| date=Aug 27, 1982|pages=39–40, 42, 44))</ref><ref name="Decker">((cite work|title=Show BoatPerforming Race in an American Musical|author=Todd Decker|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter=Queenie’s Laugh, 1966–1998))</ref><ref>((cite work|title=Legitimate: Show Out Of Town – Show Boat|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|volume=307|issue=9|date=June 30, 1982|page= 84))</ref> The production also toured overseas to the [[Cairo Opera House]] in Egypt.<ref name="Decker"/> The show was produced by Robert A. Buckley and [[Douglas Urbanski]]. [[Mickey Rooney]] portrayed Cap'n Andy for portions of the tour, but [[Donald O'Connor]] took over the role on Broadway. [[Lonette McKee]] (Julie) and [[Karla Burns]] (Queenie), and director [[Michael Kahn (theatre director)|Michael Kahn]] all received Tony Award nominations for their work.<ref>((cite book|title=The Tony Award Book: Four Decades of Great American Theater|author=Lee Alan Morrow|year=1987|page=257|publisher=[[Abbeville Press]]))</ref> Other cast members included [[Ron Raines]] (Gaylord Ravenal), Sheryl Woods (Magnolia), Avril Gentles (Parthy Ann), [[Bruce Hubbard]] (Joe), and [[Paige O'Hara]] (Ellie).<ref name="Recycle"/>

In 1989 the [[Paper Mill Playhouse]] of [[Millburn, New Jersey]], mounted a production which was noted for its intention to restore the show in accordance with the creators' original intentions. The production restored part of the original 1927 overture and one number discarded from the show after the Broadway opening, as well as the song ''Ah Still Suits Me'', written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film version. It was directed by Robert Johanson and starred [[Eddie Bracken]] as Cap'n Andy. The Paper Mill production was preserved on videotape and broadcast on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].<ref name="Klein"/>

===Toronto (1993, later Broadway)===
Livent Inc. produced ''Show Boat'' in Toronto in 1993, starring [[Rebecca Luker]] as Magnolia, [[Mark Jacoby]] as Ravenal, [[Lonette McKee]] as Julie, [[Robert Morse]] as Cap'n Andy, [[Elaine Stritch]] as Parthy, Michel Bell as Joe and Gretha Boston as Queenie. Co-produced and directed by [[Harold Prince]] and choreographed by Susan Stroman, closing in June 1995.((citation needed|date=February 2023)) A Broadway production opened at the [[George Gershwin Theatre]] on October 2, 1994, and continued for 947 performances making it Broadway's longest-running ''Show Boat'' to date.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=4269 |title=Show Boat |publisher=Internet Broadway Database |access-date=May 28, 2010))</ref> It starred most of the Toronto cast, but with [[John McMartin]] as Cap'n Andy. [[Robert Morse]] remained in the Toronto cast and was joined by [[Cloris Leachman]] as Parthy, [[Patti Cohenour]] as Magnolia, [[Hugh Panaro]] as Ravenal and [[Valerie Pettiford]] as Julie.

The production departed from previous iterations by tightening the book, dropping or adding songs used in or cut from various productions, and highlighting its racial elements. Prince transformed "Why Do I Love You?" from a duet between Magnolia and Ravenal to a lullaby sung by Parthy to Magnolia's baby girl, and then reprised as an up-tempo production number finale. The love duet for Magnolia and Ravenal, "I Have the Room Above Her", written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film, was added to the production. Two new mime and dance "Montages" in Act 2 depicted the passage of time through changing styles of dance and music.<ref>((cite news | title=Prince at the Helm | author=Barbara Isenberg |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 9, 1994 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-09/entertainment/ca-48293_1_show-boat))</ref> The production went on tour, playing at the Kennedy Center, and it was staged in London (1998) and Melbourne, Australia.((citation needed|date=February 2023))

===London productions===
The original London [[West End theatre|West End]] production of ''Show Boat'' opened May 3, 1928, at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] and featured among the cast, [[Cedric Hardwicke]] as Capt. Andy, [[Edith Day]] as Magnolia, Paul Robeson as Joe, and [[Alberta Hunter]] as Queenie.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.ovrtur.com/production/2882553 |title=Show Boat, London Production, 1928 |publisher=ovrtur.com |access-date=June 12, 2010))</ref> [[Mabel Mercer]], later famed as a cabaret singer, was in the chorus. Other West End presentations include a 1971 production at the [[Adelphi Theatre]], which ran for 909 performances. [[Derek Royle]] was Cap'n Andy, [[Cleo Laine]] was Julie, and [[Pearl Hackney]] played Parthy Ann.<ref name=Kreuger/><ref>((cite web| url=https://theatricalia.com/play/2zn/show-boat/production/aeq| title=Show Boat|website=Theatricalia.com))</ref>

The Hal Prince production ran at the [[Prince Edward Theatre]] in 1998,<ref>[http://www.albemarle-london.com/Archive/ArchiveShow.php?Show_Name=Show%20Boat "'Show Boat', Prince Edward Theatre, 1998"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085918/http://albemarle-london.com/Archive/ArchiveShow.php?Show_Name=Show%20Boat |date=December 13, 2010 )) albemarle-london.com. Retrieved August 10, 2012.</ref> and was nominated for the Olivier Award, Outstanding Musical Production (1999).<ref>[http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98534/olivier-winners-1999/ "Olivier Winners 1999"] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117002400/http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98534/olivier-winners-1999/ |date=January 17, 2012 )) olivierawards.com. Retrieved August 10, 2012.</ref> Other notable revivals in England have included the joint [[Opera North]]/[[Royal Shakespeare Company]] production of 1989,<ref name=Vancheri/> which ran at the [[London Palladium]] in 1990, and the 2006 production directed by [[Francesca Zambello]], presented by [[Raymond Gubbay]] at London's [[Royal Albert Hall]]. It was the first fully staged musical production in the history of that venue.<ref>((cite web | last =Dowden | first =Neil | title = Show Boat at Royal Albert Hall | publisher = OMH | date = June 6, 2006 | url =http://www.musicomh.com/theatre/show-boat_0606.htm | access-date = November 27, 2012))</ref> Karla Burns, who had appeared as Queenie in the 1983 Broadway revival, reprised the role for the Opera North and RSC production, becoming the first black performer to win the [[Laurence Olivier Award]].<ref name="Decker"/>

A production was transferred from [[Sheffield]]'s [[Crucible Theatre]] to London's [[New London Theatre]] with previews beginning on April 9, 2016, and an official opening on April 25, 2016. It was directed by [[Daniel Evans (actor)|Daniel Evans]] using the [[Goodspeed Musicals]] version of the show. The cast included [[Gina Beck]] as Magnolia, [[Lucy Briers]] as Parthy Ann and [[Malcolm Sinclair (actor)|Malcolm Sinclair]] as Cap'n Andy.<ref>[https://www.bestoftheatre.co.uk/blog/post/show-boat-london "West End transfer for critically acclaimed Show Boat"], Best of Theatre, February 11, 2016.</ref><ref>Billington, Michael. [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2016/apr/26/show-boat-musical-daniel-evans-new-london-theatre "Show Boat: the classic musical still shipshape after all these years"], ''The Guardian'', April 26, 2016.</ref> Despite very favorable reviews, the show closed at the end of August 2016.<ref>[http://www.stagefaves.com/blog/show-boat-closes-five-months-early-on-27-aug "Despite five-star reviews, ''Show Boat'' closes five months early on 27 Aug"], StageFaves.com, May 10, 2016</ref>

==Adaptations==

===Film and television===
''Show Boat'' has been adapted for film three times, and for television once.
[[File:Show boat.jpeg|thumb|French poster from the 1951 MGM film version of "Show Boat"]]

* 1929 ''[[Show Boat (1929 film)|Show Boat]]''. [[Universal Pictures|Universal]]. Released in silent and partial sound versions. Not a film version of the musical; its plot is based on the original Edna Ferber novel. Immediately after the silent film was completed, a prologue with some music from the show was filmed and added to a part-talkie version of the same film, which was released with two sound sequences.
* 1936 ''[[Show Boat (1936 film)|Show Boat]]''. [[Universal Pictures|Universal]]. Directed by [[James Whale]]. A mostly faithful film version of the show, featuring four members of the original Broadway cast, as well as Irene Dunne, who had appeared in the national tour. Other cast members from stage productions included Jones as Ravenal, McDaniel as Queenie, Robeson as Joe, Winninger as Cap'n Andy, Morgan as Julie and White as Frank.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028249/ Show Boat], IMDB.com. Retrieved November 27, 2012</ref> Screenplay by Oscar Hammerstein II; music arrangements by Robert Russell Bennett; music direction and conducting by Victor Baraville.
* 1946 ''[[Till the Clouds Roll By]]''. [[MGM]]. In this fictionalized film biography of composer Jerome Kern (played by [[Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)|Robert Walker]]), ''Show Boat'''s 1927 opening night on Broadway is depicted in a lavishly staged fifteen-minute medley of six of the show's songs. The number features [[Kathryn Grayson]], [[Tony Martin (entertainer)|Tony Martin]], [[Lena Horne]], [[Virginia O'Brien]], Caleb Peterson, and [[William Halligan (actor)|William Halligan]] as, respectively, Magnolia, Ravenal, Julie, Ellie, Joe, and Cap'n Andy.
* 1951 ''[[Show Boat (1951 film)|Show Boat]]''. [[MGM]]. Somewhat revised Technicolor film version. Follows the basic storyline and contains many songs from the show but makes many changes in the details of plot and character. The most financially successful and frequently revived of the three film versions.
* 1989 A live performance by the [[Paper Mill Playhouse]] was videotaped for television and shown on [[Great Performances]] on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. It contains more of the songs (and fewer cuts) than any of the film versions. It includes the choral number "Let's Start the New Year", which was dropped from the show before its Broadway opening, and "Ah Still Suits Me", a song written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film version of the show.<ref name="Klein"/>

===Radio===
''Show Boat'' was adapted for [[live radio]] at least seven times. Due to network censorship rules, many of the radio productions eliminated the miscegenation aspect of the plot. Notable exceptions were the 1940 ''Cavalcade of America'' broadcast<ref>((cite web|url=http://oldtimeradio-in-tx.homedns.org/otr/cavalcade%20of%20america4/ |title=Cavalcade of America Part 4 of 8 |access-date=2011-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152905/http://oldtimeradio-in-tx.homedns.org/otr/cavalcade%20of%20america4/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011))</ref> and the 1952 ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'' broadcast.

* ''[[The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)|The Campbell Playhouse]]'' ([[CBS Radio]], March 31, 1939). Directed and introduced by [[Orson Welles]]. This was a non-musical version of the story that was based more closely on Edna Ferber's novel than on the musical. From the original stage cast Helen Morgan repeated her portrayal of Julie, here singing one song not from the musical. Welles portrayed Cap'n Andy, [[Margaret Sullavan]] was Magnolia, and author Edna Ferber made her acting debut as Parthy Ann. This version made Julie into an illegal alien who must be deported.
* ''[[Cavalcade of America]]'' ([[NBC Radio]], May 28, 1940). A half-hour dramatization with Jeanette Nolan, John McIntire, [[Agnes Moorehead]] and the Ken Christy Chorus. Although brief, it was remarkably faithful to the original show.
* ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'' (CBS, June 1940). Introduced and produced by [[Cecil B. DeMille]], it featured [[Irene Dunne]], [[Allan Jones (actor)|Allan Jones]], and [[Charles Winninger]], all of whom were in the 1936 film version. In this condensed version some songs from the show were sung, but Julie was played by a non-singing Gloria Holden. This version made the biracial Julie a single woman. Only a few lines of ''Ol' Man River'' were heard, sung by a chorus. While supposedly based on the 1936 film, this production used the ending of the original show, which the film did not use.
* ''Radio Hall of Fame'' (1944). This production featured Kathryn Grayson, playing Magnolia for the first time.<ref name=Kreuger/> Also in the cast were Allan Jones as Ravenal, [[Helen Forrest]] as Julie, Charles Winninger as Cap'n Andy, Ernest Whitman as Joe, and [[Elvia Allman]] as Parthy Ann.
* ''[[The Railroad Hour]]'' ([[ABC News Radio|ABC Radio]], 1950). Condensed to a half-hour, this version featured singers [[Dorothy Kirsten]], [[Gordon MacRae]], and Lucille Norman. "Ol' Man River" was sung by MacRae instead of by an African-American singer. Explanation of Julie and Steve's departure went completely unmentioned in this version.
* ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'' (CBS, February 1952). A radio version of the 1951 [[MGM]] film featuring [[Kathryn Grayson]], [[Ava Gardner]], [[Howard Keel]], and [[William Warfield]] from the film's cast. [[Jay C. Flippen]] portrayed Cap'n Andy. This version was extremely faithful to the 1951 film adaptation.<ref>((cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Lux17|title=Lux Radio Theater 1952|via=Internet Archive))</ref>
* In 2011, a two-part version was broadcast on [[BBC Radio&nbsp;4]] in the Classic Serial spot. Solely based on the novel by [[Edna Ferber]], it was dramatized by Moya O'Shea, and was produced and directed by Tracey Neale. It starred [[Samantha Spiro]] as Magnolia, Ryan McCluskey as Ravenal, [[Nonso Anozie]] as Joe, [[Tracy Ifeachor]] as Queenie, Laurel Lefkow as Parthy Ann, Morgan Deare as Cap'n Andy and [[Lysette Anthony]] as Kim. Original music was by [[Neil Brand]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yn83n "'Show Boat', Episode 1 of 2, 20 Feb 2011 and 26 Feb 2011"] bbc.co.uk. Retrieved February 21, 2011.</ref>
* On June 16, 2012, a revival of the musical by [[Lyric Opera of Chicago]] was broadcast by [[WFMT]]-Radio of Chicago.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.lyricopera.org/watchandlisten/broadcasts.aspx |title=The Bucksbaum Family Lyric Opera Broadcasts - Lyric Opera of Chicago |access-date=2012-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011156/http://www.lyricopera.org/watchandlisten/broadcasts.aspx |archive-date=June 3, 2012))</ref> This production of ''Show Boat'' reinstated the songs ''Mis'ry's Comin' Round'', ''Till Good Luck Comes My Way'' and ''Hey, Feller!'' It marked the first time a virtually complete version of ''Show Boat'' had ever been broadcast on radio.

===Concert hall===
* In 1941, the [[Cleveland Orchestra]], under the direction of [[Artur Rodziński]], premiered the orchestral work ''Show Boat: A Scenario for Orchestra'', a 22-minute orchestral work weaving together themes from the show. Rodziński and the orchestra recorded it that same year<ref>[https://archive.org/details/KERNShowBoat-AScenarioForOrchestra-NEWTRANSFER "Kern: Show Boat – A Scenario for Orchestra"], Archive.org. Retrieved October 16, 2021</ref> and there have been several modern recordings of the work since, notably one by [[John Mauceri]] and the [[Hollywood Bowl Orchestra]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1453173/a/hollywood+bowl+on+broadway.htm&frm=www.cduniverse.com |title=John Mauceri – Hollywood Bowl On Broadway |website=www.cduniverse.com))</ref>

==Selected recordings==
((more citations needed section|date=June 2015))
[[File:TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Lena Horne]] as Julie LaVerne in a scene from ''Show Boat'' in ''[[Till the Clouds Roll By]]'' (1946)]]
* '''1928''' – original [[London]] cast album, with the show's original orchestrations. This was released in England on 78 rpm records years before being sold in the United States. Because the U.S. had not yet begun making [[original cast album]]s of Broadway shows, the 1927 Broadway cast as a whole was never recorded performing the songs, although Jules Bledsoe, Helen Morgan, and Tess Gardella did record individual numbers from it. The cast on the 1928 London album included [[Edith Day]], Howett Worster, Marie Burke and [[Alberta Hunter]]. Due to contractual restrictions, cast member [[Paul Robeson]] was replaced on the album as Joe by his understudy, baritone Norris Smith. But that same year, Robeson, with the same chorus that accompanied him in the show, did record "Ol' Man River" in its original orchestration. That recording was later released separately. His rendition appears on the [[EMI]] [[CD]] "Paul Robeson Sings 'Ol' Man River' and Other Favorites".
* '''1932''' – [[studio recording|studio cast recording]] on 78rpm by [[Brunswick Records]]. Later re-released by [[Columbia Records]] on 78rpm, 33-1/3rpm and briefly on CD. This recording featured Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, [[James Melton]], Frank Munn, and Countess Olga Albani, and was issued in conjunction with the 1932 revival of the show, although it was not strictly an "original cast" album of that revival. The orchestra was conducted by [[Victor Young]], and the original orchestrations and vocal arrangements were not used.
* '''1946''' – Broadway revival cast recording. Issued on 78rpm, LP and CD. The 78-RPM and LP versions were issued by Columbia, the CD by [[Sony]]. This was the first American recording of ''Show Boat'' which used the cast, conductor, and orchestrations of a major Broadway revival of the show. (Robert Russell Bennett's orchestrations for this revival thoroughly modified his original 1927 orchestrations.) [[Jan Clayton]], [[Carol Bruce]], [[Charles Fredericks]], [[Kenneth Spencer (singer)|Kenneth Spencer]], and Colette Lyons were featured. [[Buddy Ebsen]] also appeared in the revival, but not on the album. Includes the new song "Nobody Else But Me".
* '''1951''' – [[MGM Records]] [[soundtrack album]], with cast members of the [[Show Boat (1951 film)|1951 film version]]. The first film soundtrack of ''Show Boat'' to be issued on records. Appeared both on 45rpm and 33-1/3rpm, later on CD in a much expanded edition. Actress [[Ava Gardner]], whose singing voice was replaced by Annette Warren's in the film, is heard singing on this album. The expanded version on CD contains both Warren's and Gardner's vocal tracks. This marked the recording debut of William Warfield, who played Joe and sang "Ol' Man River" in the film. Orchestrations were by [[Conrad Salinger]], Robert Franklyn, and [[Alexander Courage]].
* '''1956''' – [[RCA Victor]] studio cast album conducted by [[Lehman Engel]]. This album featured more of the score on one LP than had been previously recorded. It featured a white singer, famed American [[baritone]] [[Robert Merrill]], as both Joe and Gaylord Ravenal. Other singers included [[Patrice Munsel]] as Magnolia and [[Rise Stevens]] as Julie. Issued on CD in 2009, but omitting Frank and Ellie's numbers, which had been sung on the LP version by [[Janet Pavek]] and Kevin Scott.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002QEXN0M "Anna Maria, Deanna, Gloria, Jane"], Amazon.com Music.</ref> The original orchestrations were not used.
* '''1958''' – RCA Victor studio cast album. The first ''Show Boat'' in stereo, this recording starred Howard Keel (singing "Ol' Man River" as well as Gaylord Ravenal's songs), [[Anne Jeffreys]], and [[Gogi Grant]], and did not use the original orchestrations. It was issued on CD in 2010.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003PIUC9I?qi|title=Howard Keel, Gogi Grant, Anne Jeffreys – Selections From Show Boat & Kiss Me Kate – Amazon.com Music|website=www.amazon.com))</ref>
* '''1959''' – EMI British [[Show Boat (1959 Studio cast album)|studio cast album]]. It featured Marlys Walters as Magnolia, Don McKay as Ravenal, [[Shirley Bassey]] as Julie, [[Dora Bryan]] as Ellie, and [[Inia Te Wiata]] singing "Ol' Man River".
* '''1962''' – Columbia studio cast album. Starring [[Barbara Cook]], [[John Raitt]], [[Anita Darian]], and William Warfield, this was the first "Show Boat" recording issued on CD. Although Robert Russell Bennett was uncredited, this used several of his orchestrations for the 1946 revival of the show, together with some modifications.
* '''1966''' – Lincoln Center cast album. Issued by RCA Victor, it featured Cook, [[Constance Towers]], [[Stephen Douglass]], and William Warfield. Robert Russell Bennett's orchestrations were modified even further. Also available on CD.
* '''1971''' – London revival cast album. Jazz singer [[Cleo Laine]], soprano Lorna Dallas, tenor Andre Jobin, and bass-baritone [[Thomas Carey (baritone)|Thomas Carey]] were the leads. It used completely new orchestrations bearing almost no resemblance to Robert Russell Bennett's. This was the first 2-LP album of ''Show Boat''. It included more of the score than had been previously put on records. Issued later on CD.
* '''1987''' –  [[Show Boat (John McGlinn recording)|complete EMI studio recording]]. This is a three-CD set which, for the first time, is of the entire score, with the authentic 1927 orchestrations, uncensored lyrics, and vocal arrangements. The cast includes [[Frederica von Stade]], [[Jerry Hadley]], [[Teresa Stratas]], [[Karla Burns]], [[Bruce Hubbard]], [[David Garrison]] and [[Paige O'Hara]], conducted by [[John McGlinn]].
* '''1993''' – Toronto revival cast recording, with the same cast as the 1994 Broadway production.

There have been many other studio cast recordings of ''Show Boat'' in addition to those mentioned above. The soundtrack of the 1936 film version has appeared on a so-called "bootleg" CD label called Xeno.<ref>((cite web
| title = Show Boat (1936 Soundtrack)
|website=[[AllMusic]]
|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/show-boat-1936-soundtrack-mr0002001179
| access-date = November 28, 2012))</ref>

==Racial issues==

===Integration===
''Show Boat'' boldly portrayed racial issues and was the first [[Racial integration|racially integrated]] musical, in that both black and white performers appeared and sang on stage together.<ref name=Disclaimer>Despite its technical correctness, that ''Show Boat'' deserves this title has been disputed by some. See note No. 5 and corresponding text.</ref> [[Florenz Ziegfeld|Ziegfeld's]] ''[[Ziegfeld Follies|Follies]]'' featured solo [[African American]] performers such as [[Bert Williams]], but would not have included a black woman in the chorus. ''Show Boat'' was structured with two choruses – a black chorus and a white chorus. One commentator noted that "Hammerstein uses the African-American chorus as essentially a [[Greek chorus]], providing clear commentary on the proceedings, whereas the white choruses sing of the not-quite-real."<ref name=Blogger>Keeling, Richard (a.k.a. musickna) (December 8, 2005). [http://heronwatermusic.blogspot.com/2005/12/show-boat.html Music – "Show Boat"]. ''[[Blogger.com]]''. Retrieved January 2, 2006.</ref> In ''Show Boat'' Jerome Kern used the [[thirty-two-bar form|AABA-chorus form]] exclusively in songs sung by African-American characters ("Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man"), a form that later would be regarded as typical of "white" popular music.<ref>Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus [http://www.gfpm-samples.de/Samples13/appenfrei.pdf "AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and their Historical Development"]. In: Ralf von Appen (ed.), ''Samples. Online Publikationen der Gesellschaft für Popularmusikforschung/German Society for Popular Music Studies e.V.'' [[André Doehring]] and [[Thomas Phleps]]. Vol. 13 (2015), pp. 14–15.</ref>

''Show Boat'' was the first Broadway musical to seriously depict an [[interracial marriage]], as in Ferber's original novel, and to feature a character of [[mixed race]] who was "[[Passing (racial identity)|passing]]" for white.  (Although the musical comedy ''[[Whoopee!]]'' (1930), starring [[Eddie Cantor]], supposedly depicted a romance between a mixed-blood [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] man and a white woman, the man turns out to be white.<ref>[http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=10796 Whoopee!], ibdb.com. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</ref>)

===Language and stereotypes===

====The word "nigger"====
The show has generated controversy for the subject matter of interracial marriage, the historical portrayal of blacks working as laborers and servants in the 19th-century South, and the use of the word ''[[nigger]]s'' in the lyrics (this is the first word in the opening chorus of the show). Originally the show opened with the black chorus onstage singing:

::Niggers all work on the Mississippi,
::Niggers all work while the white folks play.
::Loadin' up boats wid de bales of cotton,
::Gittin' no rest till de Judgment Day.<ref>Hammerstein, Oscar II (1927). ''[http://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/showboat/cottonblossom.htm]'' Cotton Blossom Lyrics from Show Boat</ref>

In subsequent productions, "niggers" has been changed to "colored folk", to "darkies", and in one choice, "Here we all", as in "Here we all work on the Mississippi. Here we all work while the white folks play." In the 1966 [[Lincoln Center]] production of the show, produced two years after the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] was passed, this section of the opening chorus was omitted rather than having words changed. The 1971 London revival used "Here we all work on the Mississippi". The 1988 CD for EMI restored the original 1927 lyric, while the [[Harold Prince]] revival chose "colored folk".<ref>((cite web| title = Life Upon the Wicked Stage: Director Francesca Zambello on why "Show Boat" remains relevant| url =http://newcitystage.com/2012/02/15/life-upon-the-wicked-stage-director-francesca-zambello-on-why-show-boat-remains-relevant/| date = February 15, 2012| access-date = November 28, 2012))</ref><ref>((cite web| title=Show Boat (1951) – FAQ| website = [[IMDb]]| url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044030/faq| access-date = November 28, 2012))</ref><ref>((cite news | last = Thomas | first = Bob | title = 'Show Boat' Just Keeps Rolling Along | newspaper = The Times Daily | date = August 20, 1991 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19910820&id=TFAeAAAAIBAJ&pg=5247,2875548))</ref> The Paper Mill Playhouse production, videotaped and telecast by PBS in 1989, used the word "nigger" when said by an unsympathetic character, but otherwise used the word "Negro".

Many critics believe that Kern and Hammerstein wrote the opening chorus to give a sympathetic voice to an oppressed people, and that they intended its use in an ironic way, as it had so often been used in a derogatory way. They wanted to alert the audience to the realities of [[racism]]:

<blockquote>'''Show Boat'' begins with the singing of that most reprehensible word – nigger – yet this is no [[coon song]]... [it] immediately establishes race as one of the central themes of the play. This is a [[protest song]], more ironic than angry perhaps, but a protest nonetheless. In the singers' hands, the word nigger has a sardonic tone... in the very opening, Hammerstein has established the gulf between the races, the privilege accorded the white folks and denied the black, and a flavor of the contempt built into the very language that whites used about African Americans. This is a very effective scene.... These are not [[caricature]] roles; they are wise, if uneducated, people capable of seeing and feeling more than some of the white folk around them.<ref name=Blogger/></blockquote>

<blockquote>The racial situations in the play provoke thoughts of how hard it must have been to be black in the South. In the dialogue, some of the blacks are called "niggers" by the white characters in the story. (Contrary to what is sometimes thought, black [[slavery]] is not depicted in the play; U.S. slavery was abolished by 1865, and the story runs from the 1880s to the late 1920s.) At first, it is shocking to believe they are allowed to use a word that negative at all in a play... But in the context in which it is used, it is appropriate due to the impact it makes. It reinforces how much of a derogatory term "nigger" was then and still is today.<ref name=Rosetta>Cronin, Patricia (June 1997). [http://www.mijohn.com/hsjc/rosetta/showb.htm "Timeless 'Show Boat' Just Keeps on Rolling Along"]. Retrieved January 5, 2006.</ref></blockquote>

The word has not been used in any of the film versions of the musical. In the show, the sheriff refers to Steve and Julie as having "nigger blood." In the 1936 and 1951 film versions, this was changed to "Negro blood". Likewise, the unsympathetic Pete calls Queenie a "nigger" in the stage version but refers to her as "colored" in the 1936 film, and does not use either word in the 1951 film.

====African-American English====
Those who consider ''Show Boat'' racially insensitive often note that the dialogue and lyrics of the black characters (especially the [[stevedore]] Joe and his wife Queenie) and choruses use various forms of [[African American Vernacular English]]. An example of this is shown in the following text:

::Hey!
::Where yo' think you're goin'?
::Don't yo' know dis show is startin' soon?
::Hey!
::Jes' a few seats left yere!
::It's light inside an' outside dere's no moon
::What fo' you gals dressed up dicty?
::Where's yo' all gwine?
::Tell dose stingy men o' yourn
::To step up here in line!<ref>((cite web
| title = Queenie's Ballyhoo Lyrics from Show Boat
| url = http://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/showboat/queeniesballyhoo.htm
| access-date = November 28, 2012))</ref>

Whether or not such language is an accurate reflection of the vernacular of black people in Mississippi at the time, the effect of its usage has offended some critics, who see it as perpetuating racial stereotypes.<ref name=Showing_Grit>((cite book |last=Philip |first=M. NourbeSe |author-link=M. NourbeSe Philip |year=1993 |url=http://www.nourbese.com/Essays-Showing%20Grit.htm |title=Showing Grit: Showboating North of the 44th Parallel |edition=2nd |others=Out of print |page=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021203040229/http://www.nourbese.com/Essays-Showing%20Grit.htm |access-date=December 22, 2020|archive-date=2002-12-03 ))</ref> The character Queenie (who sings the above verses) in the original production was played not by an African American but by the [[Italian-American]] actress [[Tess Gardella]] in [[blackface]] (Gardella was perhaps best known for portraying [[Aunt Jemima]] in blackface).<ref name=AION>((cite web |url=http://theaion.6te.net/tessgardella/tessgardella.html |title=Tess Gardella |work=The Actresses of Italian Origin Notebook |access-date=January 14, 2006))</ref> Attempts by non-black writers to imitate black language stereotypically in songs such as "[[Ol' Man River]]" were alleged to be offensive, a claim that was repeated eight years later by critics of ''[[Porgy and Bess]]''.<ref>((cite news |last=Ellison |first=Cori |title=''Porgy'' and the Racial Politics of Music |journal=The New York Times |date=December 13, 1998))</ref> However, such critics sometimes acknowledged that Hammerstein's intentions were noble, since "'Ol' Man River' was the song in which he first found his lyrical voice, compressing the suffering, resignation, and anger of an entire race into 24 taut lines and doing it so naturally that it's no wonder folks assume the song's a Negro spiritual."<ref name=Show_Boat_to_Sondheim>((cite journal |last=Steyn |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Steyn |date=December 5, 1997 |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2896/ |title=Where Have You Gone, Oscar Hammerstein? |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=January 5, 2006))</ref>

The theatre critics and veterans [[Richard Eyre]] and Nicholas Wright believe that ''Show Boat'' was revolutionary, not only because it was a radical departure from the previous style of plotless [[revues]], but because it was a show by non-black writers that portrayed black people sympathetically rather than condescendingly:

<blockquote>Instead of a line of chorus girls showing their legs in the opening number singing that they were happy, happy, happy, the curtain rose on black dock-hands lifting bales of cotton and singing about the hardness of their lives. Here was a musical that showed poverty, suffering, bitterness, racial prejudice, a sexual relationship between black and white, a love story which ended unhappily – and of course show business. In "Ol' Man River" the black race was given an [[anthem]] to honor its misery that had the authority of an authentic spiritual.<ref name=Changing_Stages>((cite book |last1=Eyre |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Eyre |last2=Wright |first2=Nicholas |author-link2=Nicholas Wright (playwright) |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/knopf/authors/eyre/excerpt.html |title=Changing Stages: A View of British and American Theatre in the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[Random House]] |access-date=December 31, 2005))</ref></blockquote>

===Revisions and cancellations===
Since the musical's 1927 premiere, ''Show Boat'' has both been condemned as a prejudiced show based on racial caricatures and championed as a breakthrough work that opened the door for public discourse in the arts about racism in America. Some productions (including one planned for June 2002 in [[Connecticut]]) have been cancelled because of objections.<ref name=FOX>Norvell, Scott; & S., Jon (March 18, 2002). [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,48114,00.html "The Show Can't Go On"], ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526214256/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,48114,00.html |date=May 26, 2013 )). ''[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]''. Retrieved January 2, 2006.</ref> Such cancellations have been criticized by supporters of [[Performing arts|the arts]]. After planned performances in 1999 by an amateur company in [[Middlesbrough]], England, where "the show would entail white actors [[Blackface|'blacking up']]" were "stopped because [they] would be 'distasteful' to ethnic minorities", the critic for a local newspaper declared that the cancellation was "surely taking political correctness too far. … [T]he kind of censorship we've been talking about – for censorship it is – actually militates against a truly integrated society, for it emphasizes differences. It puts a wall around groups within society, dividing people by creating metaphorical ghettos, and prevents mutual understanding".<ref>Lathan, Peter (October 24, 1999). [http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/articles/241099.htm "A More Subtle Form of Censorship"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191558/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/articles/241099.htm |date=2016-03-03 )). ''The British Theatre Guide''. Retrieved January 14, 2006</ref>

As attitudes toward race relations have changed, producers and directors have altered some content to make the musical more [[political correctness|"politically correct"]]: "''Show Boat'', more than many musicals, was subject to cuts and revisions within a handful of years after its first performance, all of which altered the dramatic balance of the play."<ref name=Blogger/>

===1993 revival===
The 1993 Hal Prince revival, originating in Toronto, was deliberately staged to cast attention on racial disparities; throughout the production, African-American actors constantly cleaned up messes, appeared to move the sets (even when [[hydraulics]] actually moved them), and performed other menial tasks.<ref name=Princereview>((cite journal |last=Saviola |first=Gerard C. |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/showboat/sbreview.html |title=''Show Boat'' – Review of 1994 production |journal=American Studies at University of Virginia |date=April 1, 1997 |access-date=January 5, 2006))</ref> After a New Year's Eve ball, all the streamers fell on the floor and African Americans immediately began sweeping them away. A montage in the second act showed time passing using the revolving door of the [[Palmer House Hilton|Palmer House]] in Chicago, with newspaper headlines being shown in quick succession, and snippets of slow motion to highlight a specific moment, accompanied by brief snippets of ''Ol' Man River''. African-American dancers were seen performing a specific dance, and this would change to a scene showing white dancers performing the same dance. This was meant to illustrate how white performers "appropriated" the music and dancing styles of African Americans. Earlier productions of ''Show Boat'', even the 1927 stage original and the 1936 film version, did not go this far in social commentary.<ref>((cite news | last =Richards | first = David | author-link = David Richards (writer) | title = Show Boat; Classic Musical With a Change in Focus | newspaper = The New York Times | date = October 3, 1994 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/03/theater/theater-review-show-boat-classic-musical-with-a-change-in-focus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | access-date = November 27, 2012))</ref>

During the Toronto production, many black community leaders and their supporters expressed opposition to the show, protesting in front of the theatre, "shouting insults and waving placards reading ''Show Boat'' Spreads Lies and Hate and ''Show Boat'' = Cultural Genocide".<ref name=Time>[[William A. Henry III|Henry, William A. III]] (November 1, 1993)</ref> Various theatre critics in New York, however, commented that Prince highlighted racial inequality in his production to show its injustice, as well as to show the historical suffering of blacks. A critic noted that he included "an absolutely beautiful piece of music cut from the original production and from the movie ["Mis'ry's Comin' Round"] ... a haunting gospel melody sung by the black chorus. The addition of this number is so successful because it salutes the dignity and the pure talent of the black workers and allows them to shine for a brief moment on the center stage of the showboat".<ref name=Princereview/>

===Analysis===
Many commentators, both black and non-black, view the show as an outdated and stereotypical commentary on race relations that portrays blacks in a negative or inferior position. Douglass K. Daniel of [[Kansas State University]] has commented that it is a "racially flawed story",<ref name=AEJMC>((cite web |last=Daniel |first=Douglass K. |url=http://list.msu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A3=ind9710a&L=AEJMC&E=7BIT&P=532016&B=--&T=TEXT%2FPLAIN;%20charset=US-ASCII |title=They Just Keep Rolling Along: Images of Blacks in Film Versions of Show Boat |publisher=[[Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication]], Minorities and Communication Division |access-date=December 31, 2005 |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622132716/http://list.msu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A3=ind9710a&L=AEJMC&E=7BIT&P=532016&B=--&T=TEXT%2FPLAIN;%20charset=US-ASCII |url-status=dead ))</ref> and the [[African-Canadian]] writer [[M. NourbeSe Philip|M.&nbsp;NourbeSe Philip]] claims:

<blockquote>The affront at the heart of ''Show Boat'' is still very alive today. It begins with the book and its negative and one-dimensional images of Black people and continues on through the colossal and deliberate omission of the Black experience, including the pain of a people traumatized by [[Black genocide|four centuries of attempted genocide]] and exploitation. Not to mention the appropriation of Black music for the profit of the very people who oppressed Blacks and Africans. All this continues to offend deeply. The ol' man river of racism continues to run through the history of these productions and is very much part of this (Toronto) production. It is part of the overwhelming need of white Americans and white Canadians to convince themselves of our inferiority – that our demands don't represent a challenge to them, their privilege and their superiority.<ref name=Showing_Grit/></blockquote>

Supporters of the musical believe that the depictions of racism should be regarded not as stereotyping blacks but rather [[satire|satirizing]] the common national attitudes that both held those stereotypes and reinforced them through discrimination. In the words of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' theatre critic [[John Lahr]]:

<blockquote>Describing racism doesn't make ''Show Boat'' racist. The production is meticulous in honoring the influence of black culture not just in the making of the nation's wealth but, through music, in the making of its modern spirit.<ref name=Lahr /></blockquote>

As described by [[Joe Bob Briggs]]:

<blockquote>Those who attempt to understand works like ''Show Boat'' and ''[[Porgy and Bess#Racial controversy|Porgy and Bess]]'' through the eyes of their creators usually consider that the show "was a statement AGAINST racism. That was the point of Edna Ferber's novel. That was the point of the show. That's how Oscar wrote it...I think this is about as far from racism as you can get."<ref name=DriveIn>((cite web |author-link=Joe Bob Briggs |last=Briggs |first=Joe Bob |date=May 7, 1993 |url=http://www.joebobbriggs.com/index.php?/body-of-influence-1993.html |title=Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In |work=[[Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In|The Joe Bob Report]]))</ref></blockquote>

According to Rabbi Alan Berg, Kern and Hammerstein's score to ''Show Boat'' is "a tremendous expression of the ethics of tolerance and compassion".<ref name=Berg>((cite news |last=Laporte |first=Elaine |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/2914/edition_id/51/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Why do Jews sing the blues? |journal=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California|The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California]] |date=February 9, 1996))</ref> As Harold Prince (not Kern, to whom the quote has been mistakenly attributed) states in the production notes to his 1993 production of the show:

<blockquote>Throughout pre-production and rehearsal, I was committed to eliminate any inadvertent stereotype in the original material, dialogue which may seem "Uncle Tom" today... However, I was determined not to rewrite history. The fact that during the 45-year period depicted in our musical there were [[lynchings]], imprisonment, and forced labor of the blacks in the United States is irrefutable. Indeed, the United States still cannot hold its head high with regard to racism.</blockquote>

Oscar Hammerstein's commitment to idealizing and encouraging tolerance theatrically started with his libretto to ''Show Boat''. It can be seen in his later works, many of which were set to music by [[Richard Rodgers]].<ref name=Gomberg>((cite web |last=Gomberg |first=Alan |date=February 16, 2004 |url=http://www.talkinbroadway.com/rialto/past/2004/02_16_04.html |title=''Making Americans: Jews and the Broadway Musical'' – Book Review |work=What's New on the Rialto? |access-date=January 6, 2006))</ref> ''[[Carmen Jones]]'' is an attempt to present a modern version of the classic [[Carmen|French opera]] through the experiences of African Americans during [[African-American history#World War II|wartime]], and ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'' explores [[interracial marriage]] and prejudice. Finally, ''[[The King and&nbsp;I]]'' deals with different cultures' preconceived notions regarding each other and the possibility for cultural inclusiveness in societies.

Regarding the original author of ''Show Boat'', Ann Shapiro states that

<blockquote>Edna Ferber was taunted for being [[Jewish]]; as a young woman eager to launch her career as a journalist, she was told that the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' did not hire women reporters. Despite her experience of antisemitism and sexism, she idealized America, creating in her novels an American myth where strong women and downtrodden men of any race prevail... ''[Show Boat]'' create[s] visions of racial harmony... in a fictional world that purported to be America but was more illusion than reality. Characters in Ferber's novels achieve [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] and acceptance that was periodically denied Ferber herself throughout her life.<ref name=Shapiro>((cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Ann R. |title=Edna Ferber, Jewish American Feminist |journal=[[Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies]] |date=2002 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1353/sho.2001.0159|s2cid=143198251 ))</ref></blockquote>

Whether or not the show is racist, many contend that productions of it should continue as it serves as a history lesson of American race relations. According to African-American opera singer [[Phillip Boykin]], who played the role of Joe in a 2000 tour,
((Quote|Whenever a show deals with race issues, it gives the audience sweaty palms. I agree with putting it on the stage and making the audience think about it. We see where we came from so we don't repeat it, though we still have a long way to go. A lot of history would disappear if the show was put away forever. An artist must be true to an era. I'm happy with it.<ref name=Tucson>((cite news |last=Regan |first=Margaret |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/arts/Content?oid=oid:42383 |title=Facing the Music – A Revival of ''Show Boat'' Confronts the Production's Historical Racism |journal=[[Tucson Weekly]] |date=April 13, 2000 |access-date=July 2, 2016))</ref>))

==Notes==
((reflist))

==References==
* Block, Geoffrey. ''Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from ''Show Boat'' to Sondheim'', New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1997. ((ISBN|0-19-510791-8))
* Bloom, Ken and Vlastnik, Frank. ''Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of all Time'', New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2004. ((ISBN|1-57912-390-2))
* Ferber, Edna. "A Peculiar Treasure", New York: Garden City Publishing Company, 1940.
* Grams, Martin. ''The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont''. (Morris Publishing, 1999). ((ISBN|0-7392-0138-7))
* Jones, John Bush. ''Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of American Musical Theatre'', Hanover: Brandeis University Press, 2003. ((ISBN|1-58465-311-6))
* Kantor, Michael and [[Laurence Maslon|Maslon, Laurence]]. ''Broadway: The American Musical'', New York:Bullfinch Press, 2004. ((ISBN|0-8212-2905-2))
* Kislan, Richard. ''The Musical: A Look at the American Musical Theater'', Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980. ((ISBN|0-13-608547-4))
* Knapp, Raymond. ''The American Musical and the Formation of National Identity'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. ((ISBN|0-691-11864-7))
* Kreuger, Miles. ''Showboat: The Story of a Classic American Musical'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. ((ISBN|0-19-502275-0))

==External links==
* ((IMSLP|work=Show Boat (Kern, Jerome)))
* [[:File:Kern - Show Boat - Vocal Score 1928.pdf|Complete Vocal Score (original version)]]
* [[:File:Kern - Show Boat (Vocal Score, 1946 version).pdf|Complete Vocal Score (1946 revision)]]
* ((IBDB show))
* ((Playbill production))
* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/albm32.html Information about the musical]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/shows/show-boat/ PBS.org info about ''Show Boat'']
* [http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/060531-NL-show.html Scena.org analysis of the show]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223170012/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/showboat/sbintro.html History of the show]
* [http://www.post-gazette.com/magazine/19980823show3.asp ''Post-Gazette'' information and timeline for ''Show Boat'']
* [http://www.ovrtur.com/show/120925 Information at Ovrtur.com]
'''Streaming audio'''
* [https://archive.org/download/otr_campbellplayhouse/CampbellPlayhouse39-03-31Showboat.mp3 ''Show Boat''] on ''[[The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)|Campbell Playhouse]]'': March 31, 1939
* [https://archive.org/download/Lux05/Lux_40-06-24_Showboat.mp3 ''Show Boat''] on ''[[Lux Radio Theater]]'': June 24, 1940
* [https://archive.org/download/Radio.Hall.Of.Fame/RHOF_44-12-31_057_Showboat.mp3 ''Show Boat''] on ''Radio Hall of Fame'': December 31, 1944
* [https://archive.org/download/TheRailroadHour/RH_50-10-30_ep109-Showboat.mp3 ''Show Boat''] on ''[[The Railroad Hour]]'': October 30, 1950
* [https://archive.org/download/Lux17/Lux_52-02-11_Show_Boat.mp3 ''Show Boat''] on ''[[Lux Radio Theater]]'': February 11, 1952

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[[Category:1927 musicals]]
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