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((Short description|Town in North Yorkshire, England))
((about|the town in England||Middlesbrough (disambiguation)))
((Use British English|date=September 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2023))
((Infobox UK place
| official_name = Middlesbrough
| type = [[List of towns in England|Town]]
| static_image_name = ((multiple images
|align=center|total_width=260px|perrow=2 3 2
|image1=Middlesbrough Skyline.jpg
|image2=Middtownhall41.JPG
|image3 =Tees (Newport) Bridge, Middlesbrough (South Tower) (geograph 7379401).jpg
|image4 =The Transporter Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 3556454.jpg
|image5=Dock Clock Tower, Middlesbrough (geograph 7379418).jpg
|image6=MFC Riverside Stadium.jpg))
| static_image_caption = ((ubl|From the top left;|Tops: the skyline and [[Middlesbrough Town Hall|town hall]]|Middles: [[Tees Newport Bridge|Newport Bridge]], [[Tees Transporter Bridge|Transporter Bridge]] and Dock Clock Tower| Bottom: [[Riverside Stadium]]))
| statistic_title = Population
| statistic = &nbsp;
| statistic_title1 = • [[List of English districts by population|Borough]] (((United Kingdom statistics year)))
| statistic1 = ((English district population|GSS=E06000002))
| statistic_title2 = •  Built-up area (2021)
| statistic2 = 148,215<ref name="2021census">((Cite web |title=Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805183245/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx |url-status=live ))</ref>
| parts_type = Areas of the town
| p1 = [[Acklam, Middlesbrough|Acklam]]
| p2 = [[Ayresome]]
| p3 = [[Berwick Hills]]
| p4 = [[Brambles Farm]]
| p5 = [[Coulby Newham]]
| p6 = [[Easterside]]
| p7 = [[Grove Hill, Middlesbrough|Grove Hill]]
| p8 = [[Hemlington]]
| p9 = [[Linthorpe]]
| p10 = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]]
| p11 = [[Middlehaven]]
| p12 = [[Ormesby]] (part)
| p13 = [[Nunthorpe]] (parished)
| p14 = [[Pallister]]
| p15 = [[Stainton, Middlesbrough|Stainton]] (parished)
| p16 = [[Saltersgill]]
| p17 = [[Thornton, Middlesbrough|Thornton]] (parished)
| p18 = [[Thorntree]]
| p19 = [[Tollesby]]
| p20 = [[Whinney Banks]]
| unitary_england = [[Borough of Middlesbrough|Middlesbrough]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[North Yorkshire]]
| region = North East England
| country = England
| constituency_westminster = [[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]]<br />[[Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough South & East Cleveland]]<!--ampersand can be used in infoboxs -->
| post_town = MIDDLESBROUGH
| postcode_district = TS1 – TS9
| postcode_area = TS
| population_demonym = 
| dial_code = 01642
| os_grid_reference = NZ495204
| label_position = left
| london_distance_mi = 217
| london_direction = S
| coordinates = ((coord|54.5767|-1.2355|display=inline,title))
| website = ((URL|https://middlesbrough.gov.uk))
))
'''Middlesbrough''' (((IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Middlesbrough.ogg|ˈ|m|ɪ|d|əl|z|b|r|ə)) ((respell|MID|əlz|brə))) is a town in the [[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]] unitary authority borough of [[North Yorkshire]], England. The town lies near the mouth of the [[River Tees]] and north of the [[North York Moors National Park]]. The built-up area had a population of 148,215 at the [[2021 UK census]].<ref name="2021census" /> It is the largest town of the wider urban [[Tees Valley]] area, which had a population of 678,400 in 2021.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/comb/1853882374/report.aspx|title=Labour Market Profile - Tees Valley|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220150643/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/comb/1853882374/report.aspx|url-status=live))</ref>

Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county of [[Yorkshire]]. The town was a [[industrial town|planned development]] which started in 1830, based around a new port with [[coal industry|coal]] and later [[ironworks]] added. [[Steel production]] and [[ship building]] began in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably through [[ports]]) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy, [[Teesside University]] and [[Middlesbrough College]] to local education.

Middlesbrough was made a [[municipal borough]] in 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a [[county borough]], independent from [[North Riding County Council]]. The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the larger [[County Borough of Teesside]]. Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county of [[Cleveland (county)|Cleveland]]. Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been a [[unitary authority]] within the [[ceremonial county]] of [[North Yorkshire]]. However, since its establishment in 2016, the former area of Cleveland, including Middlesbrough, has been also governed by the [[Tees Valley Combined Authority]], which has had a directly elected [[Mayor of the Tees Valley|Mayor]] since 2017.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/449/made|title=The Tees Valley Combined Authority Order 2016|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113350/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/449/made|url-status=live))</ref>


==History==
((further|History of Middlesbrough))
===Monks and lords===
Middlesbrough started as a [[Benedictine]] priory on the south bank of the [[River Tees]], its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of [[Durham, England|Durham]] and [[Whitby]]. The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh". Some believe the name means "middle fortress", as it was midway between the two religious houses of Durham and Whitby; others state that it is an [[Old English]]  personal name (''Midele'' or ''Myhailf'') combined with ''burgh'' meaning town.<ref>((Cite book |last=Ekwall |first=Eilert |author-link=Eilert Ekwall |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-869103-3 |edition=4 |location=Oxford |page=324))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Johnston |first=James Brown |title=The place-names of England and Wales |date=1915 |publisher=Murray |location=London |page=368 |oclc=1050761076))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Chrystal |first=Paul |title=The Place Names of Yorkshire; Cities, Towns, Villages, Rivers and Dales, some Pubs too, in Praise of Yorkshire Ales |date=2017 |publisher=Stenlake |isbn=9781840337532 |edition=1 |location=Catrine |page=58))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Smith |first=A.&nbsp;H. |title=The Place Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire |date=1979 |publisher=English Place Name Society |page=160 |oclc=19714705 |orig-date=1928))</ref>

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|St. Cuthbert]] at the request of [[Hilda of Whitby|St. Hilda]], Abbess of [[Whitby]]. The cell evolved into [[Middlesbrough Priory]]. The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to [[Whitby Abbey]] and [[Gisborough Priory]].<ref name="page">((Cite web |last=Page |first=William |title=Parishes: Middlesborough [sic] Pages 268–273 A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1923. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp268-273#h3-0005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713211026/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp268-273#h3-0005 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=British History Online))</ref> [[Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale|Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale]], granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby.<ref name="auto5">((Cite web |title=Welcome to Middlesbrough |url=http://www.middlesbroughuk.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006053142/http://www.middlesbroughuk.co.uk/ |archive-date=6 October 2006 |access-date=12 March 2011))</ref> Up until its closure on the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] in 1537, the church was maintained by 12&nbsp;[[Benedictine]] monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.<ref>((Cite book |last=Moorsom |first=Norman |title=Middlesbrough as it was |publisher=Hendon Publishing Co Ltd |year=1983))</ref>

After the [[Anglo-Saxons|Angles]], the area became home to [[Viking]] settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix ((lang|da|by)) meaning ''village''<ref>((Cite web |last=Harbeck |first=James |title=Why does Britain have such bizarre place names? |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160309-why-does-britain-have-such-bizarre-place-names |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194342/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160309-why-does-britain-have-such-bizarre-place-names |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=16 December 2020 |publisher=BBC Culture))</ref>) are abundant in the area; for example, [[Ormesby]], [[Stainsby, North Yorkshire|Stainsby]] and [[Tollesby]] were once separate villages that belonged to [[Vikings]] called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086.

===Coal and docks===
In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farming [[Township (England)|township]] with a population of just 25. From the 1829 onwards it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influential [[Quaker]] banker, coal mine owner and [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] (S&DR) shareholder [[Joseph Pease (railway pioneer)|Joseph Pease]] sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal [[staithe]]s. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of [[Quaker]] businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some ((convert|527|acre)) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.

Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by [[John Harris (railway engineer)|John Harris]]) on the southern banks of the Tees.<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough |url=http://www.billyscarrow.co.uk/middlesbrough.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705070805/http://www.billyscarrow.co.uk/middlesbrough.htm |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=Billy Scarrow))</ref><ref name="englandsnortheast.co.uk" /> The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village.<ref name="GazDock">((Cite news |last=Delplanque |first=Paul |date=17 November 2011 |title=Middlesbrough Dock 1839–1980 |url=http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2011/11/middlesbrough-dock-1839-1980.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409123451/http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2011/11/middlesbrough-dock-1839-1980.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=24 March 2013 |work=[[Teesside Gazette|Evening Gazette]]))</ref><ref name="Middlesbrough College">((Cite web |title=The Archives: History of Middlehaven |url=http://www.mbro.ac.uk/Home/index/collegeinfo/collegehistory/middlehaven.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120225741/http://www.mbro.ac.uk/Home/index/collegeinfo/collegehistory/middlehaven.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 |publisher=Middlesbrough College))</ref> 

The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current ((stnlnk|Middlesbrough)) railway station.<ref>((Cite web |title=December 1861 map of Middlesbrough North Riding: A Vision of Britain Through Time |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/25079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019014334/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/25079 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |publisher=University of Portsmouth and others))</ref>

The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on a dock to the east of Middlesbrough.<ref name=GazDock/> The first water for the dock was let in on 19 March 1842, the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842.

===Iron, steel and ships===
((further|Bolckow Vaughan|Teesside Steelworks|Dorman Long))
[[File:Ironopolis wall.JPG|right|thumb|"Where alchemists were born below Cleveland's Hills. A giant blue dragonfly across the Tees reminds us every night.
We built the world, every metropolis came from the Ironopolis." A Poem by Ian Horn.]]
Iron dominated the Tees area since 1841 when [[Henry Bolckow]] in partnership with [[John Vaughan (ironmaster)|John Vaughan]], founded the Vulcan [[iron foundry]] and [[rolling mill]]. Vaughan introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the [[Ebbw Vale]] works. The new system and nearby abundant supply of [[Ironstone]] in the [[Eston Nab|Eston Hills]] in 1850, made the works a success with the area becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and [[Bolckow, Vaughan|Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd]] the largest company in existence at the time.<ref name="ICE">Institution of Civil Engineers, ''Obituary'', 1869.</ref>

By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600.<ref name="englandsnortheast.co.uk">((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough and surrounds: The Birth of Middlesbrough |url=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Middlesbrough.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128120931/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Middlesbrough.html |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2015 |website=englandsnortheast |publisher=David Simpson))</ref> [[Pig iron]] production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nation's Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".<ref>((Cite news |date=23 February 1870 |title=Middlesbrough has sometimes been designated the Ironopolis of the North |work=[[The Northern Echo]]))</ref><ref name="Ballarat">((Cite journal |date=Spring 2004 |title=Middlesbrough never ceased to be Ironopolis |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=37 |issue=3 |page=746))</ref>
[[File:Old Middlesbrough Town Hall 2013.jpg|right|thumb|[[Old Town Hall, Middlesbrough]] in 2013]]
On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its [[Royal Charter|Royal Charter of Incorporation]],<ref>((Cite web |title=History of Cleveland Police |url=http://www.cleveland.police.uk/about-us/History.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525133410/http://www.cleveland.police.uk/about-us/History.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2011 |access-date=3 April 2011))</ref> giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.<ref name="page" />

In the latter half of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the [[Middlesbrough Town Hall|new town hall]], south of the [[Old Town Hall, Middlesbrough|original town hall]].<ref>Woodhouse, Robert. ''Middlesbrough – A Pictorial History''. (Phillimore & Co. Ltd. Publishing, 1990. ((ISBN|0 85033 743 7))). illustration no. 48.</ref><ref>((Cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=Middlesbrough Town Hall engraving recreated |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-46976614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717154016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-46976614 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=BBC News))</ref>
[[File:Middlesbrough Walk (39216901512).jpg|thumb|Gibson House (Boho Four)]]
On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1900, [[Bolckow Vaughan|Bolckow, Vaughan & Co]] had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain.

The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th&nbsp;century (fuelled by the iron and steel industry), the population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.<ref name="englandsnortheast.co.uk" />

===Second World War===
Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the [[Second World War]]. The steel making capacity and railways for carrying steel products were obvious targets. The [[Luftwaffe]] first bombed the town on 25 May 1940, when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel plant.<ref>((Cite news |date=September 2010 |title=Remembering the Blitz |url=http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2010/09/remembering-the-blitz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131651/http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2010/09/remembering-the-blitz.html |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=20 August 2012 |work=Evening Gazette))</ref> More bombing occurred throughout the course of the war, with the [[Middlesbrough railway station|railway station]] put out of action for two weeks in 1942.<ref>((Cite news |date=April 2010 |title=Middlesbrough Railway Station bombed 1942 |url=http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2010/04/middlesbrough-railway-station.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519084800/http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2010/04/middlesbrough-railway-station.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011 |work=Evening Gazette))</ref>

By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been damaged or destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.<ref>((Cite web |date=4 August 1942 |title=Middlesbrough 1940s |url=http://www.billmilner.250x.com/mbro40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202051719/http://www.billmilner.250x.com/mbro40.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Billmilner.250x.com))</ref>

===Post-war rebuild===
[[File:A66, Middlesbrough - geograph.org.uk - 274831.jpg|thumb|A66 from a multi-storey car park in 2006 (the road is raised with Wilson Street running adjacent)]]
Post war industrial to contemporary un-industrial Middlesbrough has changed the town, multiple buildings replaced and roads built. The [[A66 road]] was built through the town in the 1980s; Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished to make way for the road. 

[[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough F.C.'s]] modern [[Riverside Stadium]] opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from their previous home in the town for 92 years, [[Ayresome Park]].

The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of ''Middlehaven'' in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land.<ref name="auto1">((Cite web |last=Price |first=Kelley |date=16 June 2019 |title=Did the 'Middlehaven dream-maker' achieve what he set out to do? |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/highs-lows-middlehavens-regeneration-dream-16251398 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924043757/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/highs-lows-middlehavens-regeneration-dream-16251398 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=TeessideLive))</ref> [[Middlehaven]] has since had new buildings built there including [[Middlesbrough College]] and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing.<ref>((Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Boho Zone |url=https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/business/find-premises/boho-zone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164131/https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/business/find-premises/boho-zone |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=middlesbrough.gov.uk))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Ford |first=Coreena |date=8 October 2020 |title=Growing digital firm Animmersion expands into landmark Boho Zone |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/technology/growing-digital-firm-animmersion-expands-19071000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031164339/https://www.business-live.co.uk/technology/growing-digital-firm-animmersion-expands-19071000 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=Business Live))</ref> Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.

The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as [[Linthorpe]], [[Acklam, Middlesbrough|Acklam]], [[Ormesby]], [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]] and [[Nunthorpe]]<ref name="englandsnortheast.co.uk" /> and continues to the present day.

== Governance ==
((See also|Middlesbrough Council|Borough of Middlesbrough|History of local government in Yorkshire))
The local authority is [[Middlesbrough Council]], a [[unitary authority]]. Middlesbrough also forms part of the [[Tees Valley Combined Authority]].

===Administrative history===
Middlesbrough was historically a [[Township (England)|township]] in the [[ancient parish]] of [[Acklam, Middlesbrough|West Acklam]] in the [[Langbaurgh Wapentake]] (also known as [[Cleveland, Yorkshire|Cleveland]]) of the [[North Riding]] of [[Yorkshire]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough North Riding |url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/455/units |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118171919/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/455/units |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=19 September 2021))</ref> After the [[Dissolution of the monasteries|dissolution of the monastery]] in 1539 the former Middlesbrough Priory was used as a [[chapel of ease]] to West Acklam for a time, but by about 1660 the building had been demolished. Despite having no church building, a [[perpetual curacy]] of Middlesbrough was created in 1744, also covering the neighbouring township of [[Linthorpe]], and the curacy of Middlesbrough gradually came to be treated as a [[civil parish]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Tweddell |first=George Markham |url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/NRY/Middlesbrough/Middlesbrough90 |title=Bulmer's History and Directory of North Yorkshire |date=1890 |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212065804/https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/NRY/Middlesbrough/Middlesbrough90 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Youngs |first=Frederic A. |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England: Volume II |date=1991 |publisher=Royal Historical Society |isbn=0861931270 |location=London |page=582))</ref>

After construction of the modern town began in 1830, there was a need for more urban forms of local government. In 1841 a body of [[improvement commissioners]] was set up covering the township of Middlesbrough and part of the township of Linthorpe.<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Improvement and Market Act 1841 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/4-5/68/contents/enacted |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901225945/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/4-5/68/contents/enacted |url-status=live ))</ref> The commissioners were superseded in 1853 when the same area was made a [[municipal borough]]. The borough boundaries were extended in 1858, 1866 and 1887.<ref>Middlesbrough Improvement Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 140)</ref><ref>Middlesbrough Extension and Improvement Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. c. 143)</ref> When elected county councils were created in 1889 under the [[Local Government Act 1888]], Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a [[county borough]], independent from the new [[North Riding County Council]], whilst remaining part of the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] for ceremonial purposes.<ref>((cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1888|year=1888|chapter=41|access-date=18 September 2023))</ref>

By this time the borough covered the civil parish of Middlesbrough and parts of the parishes of Linthorpe (where the old township had been made a separate parish in 1866), [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], [[Normanby, Redcar and Cleveland|Normanby]], [[Ormesby]] and West Acklam. The [[Local Government Act 1894]] said that parishes could no longer straddle borough boundaries, and so the parish of Middlesbrough was enlarged to cover the whole borough.<ref name="VoB">((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Civil Parish |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10448785#tab02 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018034133/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10448785#tab02 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFIwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Annual+Report+of+the+Local+Government+Board&pg=PA601 |title=Annual Report of the Local Government Board |date=1895 |publisher=Local Government Board |location=London |page=287 |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215214641/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFIwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Annual+Report+of+the+Local+Government+Board&pg=PA601 |url-status=live ))</ref>

[[File:Acklam Hall, Middlesbrough - geograph.org.uk - 3344360.jpg|thumb|right|[[Acklam Hall]], built 1680s: Manor house in the parish of West Acklam which historically included Middlesbrough. West Acklam was absorbed into Middlesbrough in 1932.]]
The borough was further enlarged in 1913, taking in the rest of Linthorpe and the [[North Ormesby]] area from the parish of Ormesby.<ref>((Cite web |title=Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 18) Act 1913 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/3-4/142/contents/enacted |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901200153/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/3-4/142/contents/enacted |url-status=live ))</ref> In 1932 it gained West Acklam and smaller parts from other parishes when the [[Middlesbrough Rural District]] was abolished.<ref name=VoB/>

In the latter half of the 20th century Middlesbrough was affected by three reforms: in [[Local Government Commission for England (1958–1967)|1968]], Middlesbrough became part of the [[Teesside County Borough]]; in [[Local Government Act 1972|1974]], it became the [[county town]] of the [[Cleveland (county)|Cleveland]] non-metropolitan county until its abolition and in [[Local Government Commission for England (1992)|1996]], the [[Borough of Middlesbrough]] became a [[unitary authority]] of [[North Yorkshire]]. In 2011 a [[local enterprise partnership]] was formed from the former Cleveland boroughs and the [[borough of Darlington]] called [[Tees Valley]], in 2016 the area appointed a [[combined authority]] mayor.

===Constituencies===
The [[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]] constituency is represented by [[Andy McDonald (politician)|Andy McDonald]] for Labour in the House of Commons. He was elected in [[2012 Middlesbrough by-election|a by-election]] held on 29 November 2012 following the death of previous Member of Parliament [[Stuart Bell|Sir Stuart Bell]], who was the MP since 1983. Middlesbrough has been a traditionally safe [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] seat. The first Conservative MP for Middlesbrough was Sir [[Samuel Alexander Sadler]], elected in 1900.

The [[Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland]] constituency is represented by [[Simon Clarke (politician)|Simon Clarke]] of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], who won the seat from Labour in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]]. Prior to Clarke's election, the seat had always been Labour since it was created in 1997.

Different constituencies have historically covered the town:
*[[Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire]], 1290–1832
*[[North Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Riding of Yorkshire]], 1832–1885
**[[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]], 1868–1918
**[[Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland]], 1885–1918
*1918–1974:
**[[Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland]]
**[[Middlesbrough East (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough East]]
**[[Middlesbrough West (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough West]]
*From 1974:
**[[Cleveland and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland and Whitby]], until 1983
***[[Langbaurgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Langbaurgh]], until 1997
***[[Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland]], current
**[[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]], current

==Geography==
((Refimprove|section|date=July 2022))
Middlesbrough is south of the [[River Tees]] with nature reserves and heavy industry on the opposite bank. Some open spaces in the town are off the [[B1380 road]] (Ladgate Lane): Sandy Flatts, Middlesbrough Municipal Golf Course, [[Stewart Park, Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]] and [[Ormesby Hall]]'s grounds. It is one of the [[Tree Cities of the World]].<ref>((Cite news |title=Town officially a 'tree city of the world' |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19322116.town-officially-tree-city-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527160640/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19322116.town-officially-tree-city-world/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=[[Northern Echo]]))</ref>
===Distance to other places===
{| class="wikitable"
!Place!!Distance!!Direction!!Relation
|-
|[[London]]||((Convert|217|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from City of London to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-middlesbrough |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720171728/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-middlesbrough |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||South||England and the UK's capital city
|-
|[[Edinburgh]]||((Convert|158|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from Edinburgh to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Edinburgh-to-middlesbrough |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720171728/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Edinburgh-to-middlesbrough |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||North||[[Scotland]]'s capital city
|-
|[[York]]||((Convert|43|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from York to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155207/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-york |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||South||Historic [[county town]] of Yorkshire
|-
|[[Durham, England|Durham]]||((Convert|19|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from Durham to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Durham-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820124219/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Durham-2 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||North||Closest city
|-
|[[Darlington]]||((Convert|13|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from Darlington to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Darlington |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720171727/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Darlington |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||West||[[Teesdale]]
|-
|[[Hartlepool]]||((Convert|8|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from Hartlepool to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Hartlepool |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720171729/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Hartlepool |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||North||Teesdale
|-
|[[Stockton-on-Tees|Stockton]]||((Convert|3|miles|km))<ref>((Cite web |title=Distance from Stockton-on-Tees to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Stockton-on-Tees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720171730/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-Stockton-on-Tees |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator))</ref>||West||Teesdale
|}
The town centre is approximately ((Convert|6|miles|km)) from the coast, ((Convert|7|miles|km)) from [[Roseberry Topping]] in the [[North York Moors National Park]] and ((Convert|25|miles|km)) from the [[Yorkshire Dales National Park]]. 

===Areas===
((further|List of electoral wards in North Yorkshire))
Middlesbrough is within the [[Teesside]], which is centred around the [[River Tees]]; it includes nearby towns such as [[Stockton-on-Tees|Stockton]] and [[Redcar]]. The following list shows the wards that correspond to the Middlesbrough built-up area ; those in bold have civil parishes.
[[File:Map of the Teesside Built-up Area.png|thumb|The 2011 Teesside Built-up Area with subdivisions and local authority boundaries, Middlesbrough is light red.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Borough of Middlesbrough]]
|-
|[[Acklam, Middlesbrough|Acklam]] and Kader
|[[Ayresome]] (also includes [[Whinney Banks]])
|[[Berwick Hills]] and [[Pallister]]
|-
|[[Brambles Farm|Brambles]] and [[Thorntree]]
|Central
|[[Coulby Newham]]
|-
|[[Hemlington]]
|Ladgate ([[Easterside]], [[Saltersgill]] and [[Tollesby]])
|[[Linthorpe]]
|-
|[[Longlands and Beechwood]]
|[[Marton-in-Cleveland|Marton]] (east and west wards)
|Newport
|-
|[[North Ormesby]]
|'''[[Nunthorpe]]'''
|Park (includes [[Albert Park, Middlesbrough|Albert Park]])
|-
|[[Park End, Middlesbrough|Park End]] and Beckfield (includes [[Netherfields]])
|'''[[Stainton, Middlesbrough|Stainton]] and [[Thornton, Middlesbrough|Thornton]]'''
|Trimdon
|}

===Climate===
Middlesbrough has an [[oceanic climate]] typical for the United Kingdom.
Being sheltered from prevailing south-westerly winds by the [[Lake District]] and [[Pennines]] to the west, and the [[Cleveland Hills]] to the south, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively dry parts of the country, receiving on average ((convert|574|mm|in|abbr=off)) of rain a year. Temperatures range from mild summer highs in July and August typically around ((convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on)), to winter lows in December and January falling to around ((convert|0|°C|°F|abbr=on)).

Seasonal variations are small and both the mild summers and cool winters are far removed from the average climates of the latitude (54.5°N). This is mainly due to the [[British Isles]] being a relatively small land mass surrounded by water, the mild south-westerly [[Gulf Stream]] air that dominates the British Isles, and the propensity for cloud cover to limit temperature extremes. In nearby [[Scandinavia]], more than ten latitudes farther north, there are coastal [[Bothnian Bay#Climate|Bothnian]] climates with warmer summers than Middlesbrough; and winters in Middlesbrough can be less cold than those at lower latitudes in mainland Europe.

((Weather box
| location = Middlesbrough, England (1991–2010, ''Stockton-on-Tees Climate Station'')
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 7.0
| Feb high C = 7.9
| Mar high C = 10.0
| Apr high C = 12.8
| May high C = 15.5
| Jun high C = 18.2
| Jul high C = 20.6
| Aug high C = 20.4
| Sep high C = 17.7
| Oct high C = 13.9
| Nov high C = 9.9
| Dec high C = 7.3
| year high C = 13.5
| Jan mean C = 4.1
| Feb mean C = 4.6
| Mar mean C = 6.1
| Apr mean C = 8.4
| May mean C = 10.8
| Jun mean C = 13.6
| Jul mean C = 15.8
| Aug mean C = 15.7
| Sep mean C = 13.3
| Oct mean C = 10.2
| Nov mean C = 6.7
| Dec mean C = 4.2
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 1.1
| Feb low C = 1.2
| Mar low C = 2.1
| Apr low C = 3.9
| May low C = 6.1
| Jun low C = 8.9
| Jul low C = 10.9
| Aug low C = 10.9
| Sep low C = 8.8
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 3.5
| Dec low C = 1.0
| year low C = 5.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 40.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 36.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 34.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 39.2
| May precipitation mm = 42.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 55.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 59.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 63.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 52.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 59.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 62.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 52.2
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan sun = 56.1
| Feb sun = 76.2
| Mar sun = 109.6
| Apr sun = 138.9
| May sun = 180.7
| Jun sun = 171.2
| Jul sun = 174.3
| Aug sun = 161.4
| Sep sun = 125.9
| Oct sun = 91.1
| Nov sun = 59.5
| Dec sun = 50.4
| year sun = 
|source 1=UK Met Office<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Climate Period: 1991–2010, Stockton-on-Tees Climate Station |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcxn3ykru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524023405/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcxn3ykru |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=[[Met Office]]))</ref>
|date=January 2022
))

==Economy==
((see also|Double Eleven (company)|SockMonkey Studios|Atomic Planet Entertainment))
[[File:Captain Cook Square - geograph.org.uk - 1386122.jpg|thumb|Captain Cook Square]]
Middlesbrough has four shopping centres accessible from Linthorpe road: [[Cleveland Centre]], Hill Street, Captain Cook Square and Dundas. Gateway Retail Park is near the Riverside Stadium<ref>((Cite web |date=8 March 2020 |title=Major update on new retail park set to open inside giant Middlehaven 'ghost supermarket' |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/major-update-new-retail-park-17884055 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504155201/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/major-update-new-retail-park-17884055 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=TeessideLive))</ref> and the Parkway Centre is in Coulby Newham. Cleveland retail park (South Bank) and the retail part of [[Teesside Park]] (between Thornaby and Middlesbrough) are on the council's outskirts.

The leisure part of Teesside Park is in the council area, including a cinema and bowling alley. Middlesbrough Leisure Park is located at the eastern edge of the town centre: it has restaurants, a cinema, a golf shop and a gym.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=Love Middlesbrough: Middlesbrough Leisure Park |url=http://lovemiddlesbrough.com/venues/middlesbrough-leisure-park |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322134718/http://lovemiddlesbrough.com/venues/middlesbrough-leisure-park |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Middlesbrough Council Website))</ref> Captain Cook Square, with the Future High Streets Fund, transitioned from majority retail sector to having a hospitality sector; mini-golf, indoor go-kart track, [[e-sport]] venue and bowling alley.<ref>((Cite news |date=5 January 2022 |title=Middlesbrough Council approves plans to transform Captain Cook Square |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-council-approves-plans-transform-22643229.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911212000/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-council-approves-plans-transform-22643229.amp |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |publisher=Gazette Live))</ref>

==Industry==
Industry in the town was once dominated by steelmaking, shipbuilding and chemical industries. Since the late 20th century and into the 21st century,<ref>((Cite news |date=2 March 2018 |title=Employment and Skills in the Tees Valley |url=https://teesvalley-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Employment-and-Skills-tees-valley.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173910/https://teesvalley-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Employment-and-Skills-tees-valley.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019 |publisher=Tees Valley government))</ref><ref>((Cite news |date=9 January 2017 |title=From an 'Infant Hercules' to the death of Teesside Steelmaking: History and heritage along the 'Steel River' |url=http://socialhistoryblog.com/from-an-infant-hercules-to-the-death-of-teesside-steelmaking-history-and-heritage-along-the-steel-river-by-tosh-warwick/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125439/http://socialhistoryblog.com/from-an-infant-hercules-to-the-death-of-teesside-steelmaking-history-and-heritage-along-the-steel-river-by-tosh-warwick/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Tosh Warwick))</ref> demise of much of the heavy industry in the area, newer technologies (such as the digital sector) have emerged.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=Boho Zone |url=https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/business/find-premises/boho-zone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125449/https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/business/find-premises/boho-zone |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Middlesbrough Council))</ref>

=== Engineering ===
Middlesbrough also remains a stronghold for engineering based manufacturing and engineering contract service businesses. To help support this, the new TeesAMP advanced manufacturing park is designed to accommodate businesses associated with advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=TeesAMP: Tees Advanced Manufacturing Park |url=http://www.teesamp.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125436/http://www.teesamp.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=TeesAMP Website))</ref> Announced in September 2020, TeesAMP will be the location of the UK's first hydrogen transport centre.<ref>((Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title=Teesside to be clean energy leader and home of UK's first hydrogen transport centre |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/18757094.teesside-clean-energy-leader-home-uks-first-hydrogen-transport-centre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017201755/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/18757094.teesside-clean-energy-leader-home-uks-first-hydrogen-transport-centre/ |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=The Northern Echo))</ref>

===Port===
[[File:The offices of PD Ports, Queen's Square, TS1 (geograph 3559297).jpg|thumb|right|[[PD Ports]]'s offices on Queen's Square]]
[[Teesport]], owned by [[PD Ports]], is a major contributor to the economy of Middlesbrough and the port owners have their offices in the town. The port is ((convert|1|mi|0)) from the [[North Sea]] and ((convert|4|mi|0)) east of Middlesbrough, on the [[River Tees]]. In 2019 it handled over 4,350 vessels each year and around 27 million tonnes of cargo with the estate covering approximately 779 acres.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=PD Ports: Teesport |url=https://www.pdports.co.uk/our-locations/teesport/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301022844/https://www.pdports.co.uk/our-locations/teesport/ |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=PD Ports))</ref> Steel, petrochemical, agribulks, manufacturing, engineering and high street commerce operations are all supported through Teesport, in addition to the renewable energy sector, in both production and assembly facilities.

===Former===
In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough, beginning the transition from iron production to steel and, by the turn of the century, the area had become one of the major steel centres in the country and possibly the world. In 1900, [[Bolckow Vaughan|Bolckow, Vaughan & Co]] had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain. In 1914, [[Dorman Long]], another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain, employing a workforce of over 20,000, and by 1929 it was the dominant steel producer on Teesside after taking over Bolckow, Vaughan & Co and acquiring its assets. It was possibly the largest steel producer in Britain at the time.<ref>((Cite web |title=Theory why a Spennymoor church includes a flamboyant 17th Century Spanish altar |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/17352632.theory-spennymoor-church-includes-flamboyant-17th-century-spanish-altar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817163818/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/17352632.theory-spennymoor-church-includes-flamboyant-17th-century-spanish-altar/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=The Northern Echo))</ref>

The steel components of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] (1932) were engineered and fabricated by [[Dorman Long]] of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the [[Tyne Bridge|New Tyne Bridge]] in [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Newcastle]].<ref name="DLong201407">((Cite web |title=Dorman Long Historical Information |url=http://www.dormanlongtechnology.com/en/Dorman%20Long%20historical%20information.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160341/http://www.dormanlongtechnology.com/en/Dorman%20Long%20historical%20information.htm |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=dormanlongtechnology.com))</ref>

Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the [[Sir Raylton Dixon|Sir Raylton Dixon & Company]], which produced hundreds of steam freighters including the infamous [[SS Mont-Blanc]], the steamship which caused the 1917 [[Halifax Explosion]] in Canada.

The area is still home to the nearby large [[Wilton International|Wilton International industrial site]] which until 1995 was largely owned by [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI). The fragmentation of that company led to smaller manufacturing units being owned by multinational organisations. The last part of ICI itself completely left the area in 2006 and the remaining companies are now members of the [[Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster]] (NEPIC).

==Culture==
((see also|Smoggie))
===Festivals and fairs===
[[File:Central Gardens, Middlesbrough - geograph.org.uk - 318740.jpg|thumb|Wilkinson Lake]]
The [[Middlesbrough Mela]] is an annual, multi-cultural festival attracting an audience of up to 40,000 to enjoy a mix of live music, food, craft and fashion stalls. It began in Middlesbrough's Central Gardens, now Centre Square, and is either held there or in Albert Park.<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough MELA – Teesside Live |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/all-about/middlesbrough-mela |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818180726/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/all-about/middlesbrough-mela |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=gazettelive.co.uk))</ref>

===Theatres and music venues===
Middlesbrough also has a healthy musical heritage. A number of bands and musicians hail from the area, including [[Paul Rodgers]], [[Chris Rea]], and [[Micky Moody]].

[[Middlesbrough Town Hall]] is the pre-eminent theatre venue in Middlesbrough. It has two concert halls: the first is a classic Victorian concert hall with a [[proscenium]] stage and seating 1,190; the second, under the main hall, is called the Middlesbrough Crypt and has a capacity of up to 600. The venue is run by Middlesbrough Council and is funded, in part, by Arts Council England as a [[National Portfolio Organisation]] specialising in music.<ref>((Cite web |title=North ((!)) Page 16 ((!)) Arts Council England |url=https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/taxonomy/term/1223/calderdaleindustrial.co.uk?page=15 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=artscouncil.org.uk))((Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> It was refurbished with the assistance of the [[National Lottery Heritage Fund]] and reopened in 2018.<ref>((Cite web |last=Lodge |first=Bethany |date=28 March 2018 |title=See inside revamped Middlesbrough Town Hall after £7m facelift |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-town-hall-transformed-modern-14469621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811164255/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-town-hall-transformed-modern-14469621 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=gazettelive))</ref>

The [[Middlesbrough Theatre]] (formerly the Little Theatre) is in the suburb of [[Linthorpe]]. It was designed by architects Elder & De Pierro<ref>((Cite web |title=Elder and De Pierro – Partnership ((!)) Architects of Greater Manchester |url=https://manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/index.php/partnerships/elder-and-de-pierro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102221425/https://manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/index.php/partnerships/elder-and-de-pierro |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk))</ref> and was the first purpose designed theatre to be erected in post-war England when it was opened on 22 October 1957 by [[John Gielgud|Sir John Gielgud]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Theatre turns 50 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/09/12/little_theatre_anniversary_feature.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102212313/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/09/12/little_theatre_anniversary_feature.shtml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=BBC))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Theatres and Halls |url=http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MiddlesbroughTheatres.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104024136/http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MiddlesbroughTheatres.htm |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=arthurlloyd.co.uk))</ref>

===Art and galleries===
[[File:MIMA in Middlesbrough.jpg|thumb|[[MIMA Gallery]]]] 
The town has three art galleries. [[Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art]], known locally as mima, is a purpose built contemporary art gallery which opened in January 2007. It replaced the Cleveland Gallery (closed 1999), and Cleveland Crafts Centre (closed 2003).

The Middlesbrough Art Weekender is a contemporary art festival organised by the Auxiliary that has been held in central Middlesbrough since 2017.<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Art Weekender 2019 |url=https://www.lovemiddlesbrough.com/case-studies/1314/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804011156/https://www.lovemiddlesbrough.com/case-studies/1314/ |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Love Middlesbrough))</ref> In 2019, it was held over the weekend of 26–29 September and included the works of artists such as [[Emily Hesse]] and [[Karina Smigla-Bobinski]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Art Weekender 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/middlesbroughartweekender/docs/maw_2019_a5_issuu |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Issuu))((Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> The Auxiliary Warehouse space, which was opened also as part of the 2019 Middlesbrough Art Weekender, is a recent addition to the contemporary art community.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Auxiliary – Tees Valley |url=https://www.enjoyteesvalley.com/things-to-do/the-auxiliary-p1004831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320183736/https://www.enjoyteesvalley.com/things-to-do/the-auxiliary-p1004831 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=enjoyteesvalley.com))</ref> 

The Platform A Gallery is a contemporary art space at the end of platform 1 of Middlesbrough Railway Station.<ref>((Cite web |title=Platform A Gallery – Tees Valley |url=https://www.enjoyteesvalley.com/things-to-do/platform-a-gallery-p965341 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320183916/https://www.enjoyteesvalley.com/things-to-do/platform-a-gallery-p965341 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=enjoyteesvalley.com))</ref>

===Cuisine===
((Main|Parmo))
[[File:Authentic Middlesbrough Parmo.jpg|thumb|Parmo with chips and salad]]
The [[Parmo]] originated in Middlesbrough. It consists of a breaded cutlet of meat with cheese and white sauce toppings. The parmo is widely available at takeaways in Middlesbrough.

== Public services ==
===Healthcare===
[[File:A^E James Cook University Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 3604852.jpg|thumb|James Cook University Hospital]]
The [[South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust]] has the [[James Cook University Hospital]] in the town. It adds to the economy through innovative projects; such as South Tees bio-incubator which acts as a launch-pad for research, innovation and collaboration between health, technology and science. It is a facility used by GlycoSeLect (UK) Ltd. as a client of the trust in strategic partnership with The Northern Health Science Alliance which has contributed £10.8&nbsp;billion to the UK economy.<ref>((Cite news |date=11 February 2018 |title=Innovation – South Tees bio-incubator |url=https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/about/teaching/research/innovation-south-tees-bio-incubator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213907/https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/about/teaching/research/innovation-south-tees-bio-incubator/ |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=South Tees Hospitals))</ref>

[[Roseberry Park Hospital]], operated by [[Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust]] (TWEV), is north of James Cook Hospital. The hospital is [[psychiatric]] orientated and replaced [[St Luke's Hospital, Middlesbrough|St Luke's Hospital]].<ref>((Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Mental health trust told 'keep patients safe' and make urgent improvements after serious incident |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/mental-health-trust-told-keep-20257909 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183431/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/mental-health-trust-told-keep-20257909 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021))</ref> Acklam Road Hospital is operated by [[Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust]] which took over from TWEV. During the transition it was renamed from West Lane to its current name.<ref>((Cite web |title=West Lane Hospital reopens with new name |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19215943.west-lane-hospital-reopens-new-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182733/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19215943.west-lane-hospital-reopens-new-name/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021))</ref>

There is also the Middlesbrough One Life Medical Centre and North Ormesby Health Village in town. [[Ramsay Health Care UK|Ramsey Health]] operate the private Tees Valley Hospital in Acklam.<ref>((Cite web |title=£23m Tees Valley hospital opens on historic Middlesbrough site |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16132233.23m-tees-valley-hospital-opens-historic-middlesbrough-site/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190217/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16132233.23m-tees-valley-hospital-opens-historic-middlesbrough-site/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021))</ref>

=== Police ===
[[File:Cleveland Police, Middlesbrough HQ - geograph.org.uk - 4017629.jpg|thumb|Cleveland Police Middlesbrough Headquarters]]
[[Cleveland Police]] serve Middlesbrough out of their headquarters on Bridge Street West. The [[British Transport Police]] also maintain a presence at Middlesbrough Station.
== Facilities ==
=== Parks ===
[[File:Lower Lake, Albert Park, Middlesbrough - geograph.org.uk - 139238.jpg|thumb|Albert Park]]
[[Albert Park, Middlesbrough|Albert Park]] was donated to the town by Henry Bolckow in 1866. It was formally opened by [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] on 11 August 1868, and consists of a ((convert|30|ha|acre|abbr=off|adj=on)) site. The park underwent a considerable period of restoration from 2001 to 2004, during which a number of the park's landmarks saw either restoration or revival.

[[Stewart Park, Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]] was donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1928 by Councillor Thomas Dormand Stewart and encompasses Victorian stable buildings, lakes and animal pens. It is also home to the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum. During 2011 and 2012, the park underwent major refurbishment. It hosted the [[BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend]] in the summer of 2019.<ref>((Cite web |last=Corrigan |first=Naomi |last2=McNeal |first2=Ian |last3=Glover |first3=Andrew |last4=Brown |first4=Mike |last5=Huntley |first5=David |last6=Lunn |first6=Katie |last7=Cooper |first7=Ian Robert |last8=Jones |first8=Samuel |date=27 May 2019 |title=Big Weekend live: The full story of an amazing weekend |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/radio-1-big-weekend-middlesbrough-16302171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523151604/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/radio-1-big-weekend-middlesbrough-16302171 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=gazettelive))</ref>

[[Newham Grange Leisure farm]] in the suburb of Coulby Newham has operated continuously in this spot since the 17th century, becoming a [[Farm parks|farm park]] and conservation centre farm with the first residential development of the suburb in the 1970s.
((clear left))

===Libraries===
[[File:Middlesbrough Central Library - geograph.org.uk - 279412.jpg|thumb|Middlesbrough Central (Public) Library]]
[[File:Middlesbrough public library the reference room (27973400174).jpg|thumb|Inside the public Library reference room]]
There are multiple libraries serving Middlesbrough. A notable library is the Middlesbrough Central [[Carnegie library]] which dates from 1912.<ref>((Cite web |date=9 November 2016 |title=Central Library |url=https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/leisure-events-libraries-and-hubs/community-hubs-and-libraries/find-librarycommunity-hub/central-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220725/https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/leisure-events-libraries-and-hubs/community-hubs-and-libraries/find-librarycommunity-hub/central-library |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=middlesbrough.gov.uk))</ref>

== Landmarks ==
((As of|2022)) there are 129 [[listed building]]s in the council area. [[Acklam Hall]] is the only one at grade I,<ref name="nhle-acklam">((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Council:Listed Buildings Overview |url=http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/planning-services/conservation/listed-buildings/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125165048/http://middlesbrough.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/planning-services/conservation/listed-buildings/ |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=6 April 2011))</ref> and [[Grade_I_and_Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Middlesbrough_(borough)#Grade_II*|11 are at grade II*]],<ref name="nhle-th">((NHLE|num=1136659|desc=Town Hall and municipal buildings|access-date=11 May 2022))</ref> including [[Middlesbrough Town Hall|the town hall]]<ref name="nhle-th" /> and the [[Tees Transporter Bridge|Transporter Bridge]].<ref name="nhle-tb">((NHLE|num=1139267|desc=Transporter bridge|access-date=11 May 2022))</ref>

===Buildings===
((multiple images
| total_width       = 300px
| perrow            = 2
| header            = Buildings of Middlesbrough
| image1            = AcklamHall Grounds1.jpg
| image2            = Grey Towers - Western Aspect - geograph.org.uk - 1224408.jpg
| image3            = Former Bell Brothers and Dorman Long office building designed by Phillip Speakman Webb.jpg
| image4            = The Empire, Middlesbrough.jpg
| footer            = Landmarks from top left to bottom right:<br />[[Acklam Hall]], Grey Towers, Webb House/ The Dorman Long Office and The Middlesbrough Empire
))

The terraced [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] streets surrounding the town centre are elements of Middlesbrough's social and historical identity, and the vast streets surrounding Parliament Road and Abingdon Road a reminder of the area's wealth and rapid growth during industrialisation.

The outer areas of the town have multiple country halls, most are of Victorian origin. Former halls include Marton Hall (on the grounds of [[Stewart Park, Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]]), Gunnergate Hall ([[Coulby Newham]]), [[Tollesby]] Hall and [[Park End, Middlesbrough|Park End]] House.<ref>((Cite web |title=A Lost World: The Country Houses Of South Middlesbrough |url=https://www.fmttmboro.com/articles/?p=165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924203302/https://www.fmttmboro.com/articles/?p=165 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022))</ref> They are multiple halls that are still in existence such as Newham Hall,<ref>((NHLE|num=1136584|desc=Newham Hall|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> Nunthorpe Hall,<ref>((NHLE|num=1139809|desc=Nunthorpe Hall|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> Grey Towers,<ref>((NHLE|num=1139813|desc=Grey Towers|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> and Coulby Manor.<ref>((NHLE|num=1139870|desc=Coulby Manor|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> The oldest domestic building is [[Acklam Hall]] of 1678. Built by Sir [[William Hustler]], it is also the only [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed building]] in Midddlesbrough.<ref name="nhle-acklam" /><ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Council:PDF of Listed Buildings |url=http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=16182285 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928030222/http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=16182285 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=6 April 2011))</ref> Within a mile of the council area there are [[Normanby Hall, Redcar and Cleveland|Normanby Hall]],<ref>((NHLE|num=1159489|desc=Normanby Hall|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> Upsall Hall<ref>((NHLE|num=1139758|desc=Upsall Hall|accessdate=10 May 2022))</ref> and the [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] [[Ormesby Hall]].<ref>((NHLE|num=1311002|desc=Ormesby Hall, Adjoining Outbuildings and Screen Walls|accessdate=11 May 2022))</ref>

[[Middlesbrough Town Hall]], designed by [[George Gordon Hoskins]] and built between 1883 and 1889 is a Grade&nbsp;II* [[listed building]]<ref name="nhle-th" /> used for municipal purposes and as an entertainment venue. The Middlesbrough Empire, built in 1897 as a theatre, is a nightclub (since 1993) designed by Ernest Runtz. The first artist to perform in building as a [[Music Hall]] was [[Lillie Langtry]].<ref>((Cite web |date=18 November 2005 |title=The palace of varieties |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/the-palace-of-varieties-3786783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711231829/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/the-palace-of-varieties-3786783 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=12 July 2019 |website=gazettelive))</ref> It became an early nightclub (1950s), then a bingo hall and is now once again a nightclub. In Linthorpe, is the [[Middlesbrough Theatre]] opened by Sir [[John Gielgud]] in 1957; it was one of the first new theatres built in England after the [[Second World War]].

The Dorman Long office on Zetland Road, constructed between 1881 and 1891, is the only commercial building ever designed by [[Philip Webb]], the architect who worked for Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.

===Bridges===
((multiple images
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 300px
| header            = Bridges of Middlesbrough
| image1            = Tees Transporter Bridge (geograph 5723411).jpg
| image2           = Tees (Newport) Bridge, Middlesbrough (geograph 7379398).jpg
| footer            = Left: [[Tees Transporter Bridge]], built in 1911<br />Right: [[Tees Newport Bridge]]
))
Via a 1907 [[Act of Parliament]], [[Sir William Arrol & Co.]] of Glasgow built the [[Tees Transporter Bridge]] (1911) which spans the river between Middlesbrough and [[Port Clarence]]. It is a Grade&nbsp;II* [[listed building]].<ref name="nhle-tb" /> Some of the film ''[[Billy Elliot]]'' was filmed on the bridge.<ref name="visitmiddlesbrough.com" /> At ((convert|850|ft|m)) long and ((convert|225|ft|m)) high, it is one of the largest of its type in the world. Since reopening after restoration and flood protection work in 2013 and 2015<ref>((Cite news |title=Revamped bridge set to reopen |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-tees-31789514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816120240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-tees-31789514 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=BBC News))</ref><ref>((Cite news |date=26 July 2015 |title=Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge reopens after flood work |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-33668679 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816120241/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-33668679 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=BBC News))</ref> the bridge has been closed for long periods due to safety concerns.<ref>((Cite news |date=23 December 2020 |title='Death risk' Tees Transporter Bridge repair fund approved |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-55421779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816120533/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-55421779 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=BBC News))</ref> In August 2022, the Mayor of Middlesbrough announced that one of the legs is sinking, and that the estimated costs of repairs have been increasing: the bridge's future remains under consideration.<ref>((Cite news |date=5 August 2022 |title=Middlesbrough: Transporter Bridge is sinking, says mayor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-62437240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816120534/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-62437240 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=BBC News))</ref> 

The [[Tees Newport Bridge]] opened further up the river in 1934. Newport bridge still stands and is passable by traffic: it formerly lifted vertically in the centre.

===Artworks===
((multiple images
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 300px
| image3            = Temenos Sculpture, Middlesbrough.jpg
| image2            = Claes Oldenburg's Bottle O' Notes.jpg
| image1            = Benedict Carpenter Middlesbrough sculpture.jpg
| footer            = Sculptures: 40,000 Years of Modern Art, Bottle O' Notes and the [[Temenos Sculpture]]
))
The [[Temenos Sculpture]], designed by sculptor [[Anish Kapoor]] and designer [[Cecil Balmond]], is a steel structure near to the north west side of the Riverside Stadium. The steel structure, consisting of a pole, a circular ring and an oval ring, stands approximately 110 m long and 50 m high and is held together by steel wire. It was unveiled in 2010 at a cost of £2.7&nbsp;million.

Near the town hall is the "Bottle of Notes", it was unveiled in 1993 and is the UK's only public sculpture by [[Claes Oldenburg]], it is inspired by [[James Cook|Captain James Cook]].<ref>((Cite news |date=2 October 2013 |title=Middlesbrough Bottle of Notes anniversary exhibition opens |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-24348143 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326073506/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-24348143 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=BBC News Website))</ref>

==Transport==
===Air===
[[File:Teesside International Airport 2019 branding.jpg|thumb|Teesside Airport]]
[[Teesside Airport|Teesside]], [[Newcastle International Airport|Newcastle]] and [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds Bradford]] are the closest international airports to the town; they are all connected by a rail journey with at least one change. [[Manchester Airport]] is connected directly by TransPennine's railway service.<ref>((Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title=Getting to northern England by air |url=https://www.visitengland.com/northernengland/plan-your-visit/getting-northern-england#/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021164115/https://www.visitengland.com/northernengland/plan-your-visit/getting-northern-england |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=6 March 2017 |publisher=Visit England))</ref> 

===Railway===
[[File:Middlesbrough station buildings, Zetland Road or Exchange Place, TS1 (geograph 3553062).jpg|thumb|250px|Middlesbrough station, from Albert Road]]
[[Middlesbrough railway station]] is the fourth busiest in the [[North East England]] region.<ref>((Cite web |title=Estimates of station usage |url=http://orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625013846/http://www.orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=14 January 2020 |publisher=Office of Rail and Road Website))</ref> It opened in 1877 at its current site and was built in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic architectural]] style.<ref>((Cite web |year=2011 |title=Railway Architecture of North East England : Middlesbrough Station |url=http://www.railwayarchitecture.org.uk/Location/Middlesbrough/Middlesbrough%20Station.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073139/http://www.railwayarchitecture.org.uk/Location/Middlesbrough/Middlesbrough%20Station.htm |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=W. Fawcett))</ref> It is the [[Esk Valley line]]'s northern terminus, the [[Durham Coast line]]'s southern terminus and is on the [[Tees Valley line]]. 

The station is served by three [[train operating companies]]:
* [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] operates local stopping services to ((rws|Newcastle)), ((rws|Sunderland)), ((rws|Darlington)), ((rws|Redcar Central)) and ((rws|Whitby))<ref>((Cite web |title=Timetables and engineering information for travel with Northern |work=Northern Railway |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables |quote= |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705171120/https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables |url-status=live ))</ref>
* [[TransPennine Express]] provides services to ((rws|Leeds)), York, ((rws|Liverpool Lime Street)) and ((rws|Manchester Piccadilly))<ref>((Cite web |work=TransPennine Express |title=Timetables |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |url=https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/travel-updates/timetables |quote= |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416155909/https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/travel-updates/timetables |url-status=live ))</ref>
* [[London North Eastern Railway|LNER]] operates limited inter-city services to ((rws|Thornaby)), ((rws|York)) and ((rws|London Kings Cross)).<ref>((Cite web |title=Our timetables |work=LNER |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |url=https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |quote= |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922141135/https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite news |date=13 December 2021 |title=LNER launches first direct train between Middlesbrough and London |url=https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2021-12-13/full-steam-ahead-first-direct-train-between-middlesbrough-and-london-sets-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216153747/https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2021-12-13/full-steam-ahead-first-direct-train-between-middlesbrough-and-london-sets-off |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |publisher=[[ITV News]]))</ref>

Other stations in Middlesbrough are ((rws|Nunthorpe)), ((rws|Gypsy Lane)), ((rws|Marton|North Yorkshire)) and ((rws|James Cook)) (the latter operates near [[James Cook University Hospital]]) which are stops on the [[Esk Valley line]]. [[South Bank railway station (England)|South Bank station]] is a stop on the [[Tees Valley Line]].

====Trams====
The town had electric tramway services between 1921 and 1934, operated by the [[Middlesbrough Corporation Tramways]].<ref>The Golden Age of Tramways. Published by Taylor and Francis.</ref>

===Buses===
[[Arriva North East]] and [[Stagecoach North East]] provide the majority of bus services in the area, with [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] and [[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]] operating long-distance coach travel from [[Middlesbrough bus station]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough Bus Services |work=Bus Times |date=2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |url=https://bustimes.org/localities/middlesbrough |quote= |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131072757/https://bustimes.org/localities/middlesbrough |url-status=live ))</ref>

===Road===
[[File:A66, Middlesbrough - geograph.org.uk - 274831.jpg|thumb|A66 from a multi-storey car park in 2006 (the road is raised with Wilson Street running adjacent)]]

Middlesbrough is served by a number of major roads:
* [[A19 road|A19]] (north–south) passes to the west of the town
* [[A66 road|A66]] (east–west) runs through the northern part of the town centre 
* [[A171 road|A171]], [[A172 road (England)|A172]] and [[A174 road|A174]] are other main routes linking the town. 
The A19 / A66 major interchange lies just to the west of the town.

===Paths===
Several long-distance footpaths pass near to the town. Two paths from Cumbria are:
* [[Teesdale Way]] which goes through the town to [[South Gare]] (it is part of the [[E2 European long distance path]]) 
* [[Coast to Coast Walk]] (a planned<ref>((Cite web |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=11 August 2022 |title=Alfred Wainwright’s coast-to-coast walk to be made National Trail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/aug/12/alfred-wainwrights-coast-to-coast-walk-made-national-trail |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811234330/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/aug/12/alfred-wainwrights-coast-to-coast-walk-made-national-trail |url-status=live ))</ref> national trail between [[St Bees]] and [[Robin Hood Bay]] via [[Great Broughton, North Yorkshire|Great Broughton]]).

Two paths include [[Roseberry Topping]]:
* [[Cleveland Way]], a national trail around the [[North York Moors]] between [[Helmsley]] and [[Filey]]
* [[White Rose Walk]] between the hill and Kilburn Horse.

A trial [[Scooter-sharing system|e-scooter hire system]] is operating in Middlesbrough during 2020.<ref>((Cite news |date=13 July 2020 |title=UK's first ever e-scooter trial gets rolling in Teesside |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/18579957.uks-first-ever-e-scooter-trial-gets-rolling-teesside/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713201304/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/18579957.uks-first-ever-e-scooter-trial-gets-rolling-teesside/ |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=Northern Echo))</ref>

==Education==
=== Museums ===
[[File:Dorman Museum - geograph.org.uk - 764314.jpg|thumb|[[Dorman Museum]]]]
The [[Dorman Memorial Museum]], which was founded by Sir [[Arthur Dorman]] and specialises in social and local history.

The [[Captain Cook Birthplace Museum]], which was opened on 28 October 1978 in celebration of the 250th anniversary of [[James Cook|Captain James Cook's]] birth in nearby Marton.
[[File:Ormesby Hall (geograph 4595450).jpg|thumb|[[Ormesby Hall]]]]
Though just outside the boundary of Middlesbrough, within a joint preservation area with Redcar and Cleveland, [[Ormesby Hall]] is an 18th-century palladian mansion, once owned by the [[Pennyman baronets|Pennyman]] family; it is now a [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] property

In July 2000 the Transporter Bridge Visitor Centre was opened to commemorate the building of the [[Tees Transporter Bridge|Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge]].<ref name="allan111">((Cite book |last=Allan |first=Dave |title=The Transporter 100 Years of the Tees Transporter Bridge |date=2011 |publisher=Middlesbrough Council |isbn=978-0860830894 |page=111))</ref>

===University===
[[Teesside University]] traces back to 1930 at the opening of Constantine Technical College, located on Borough Road, in the town centre. The then college expanded through acquiring adjacent buildings, such as Middlesbrough High School, and by building Middlesbrough Tower. It became ''Teesside Polytechnic'' in 1969.<ref>((Cite web |title=History of the University |url=http://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/History2.cfm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227102449/http://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/History2.cfm/ |archive-date=27 February 2009 |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=University of Teesside))</ref>

In 1992, the polytechnic gained university status, becoming the ''University of Teesside''. Extramural classes had previously been provided by the [[University of Leeds]] [[Adult Education|Adult Education Centre]] on Harrow Road, from 1958 to 2001.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Chase |first=Malcolm |date=Spring 2007 |title=Leeds in Linthorpe |journal=Cleveland History, Bulletin of the Cleveland and Teesside Local History Society |issue=92 |page=5))</ref> It was rebranded, in 2009, to ''Teesside University''. It further expanded in size and courses available, until, student numbers increased to approximately 20,000 studying at the university.<ref>((Cite web |title=University statistics 2018/19 HESA student record |url=https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/public_information/factsandfigures.cfm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615104913/https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/public_information/factsandfigures.cfm |archive-date=15 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Teesside University))</ref>[[File:Teesside University Library - geograph.org.uk - 3196878.jpg|thumb|Teesside University Library]]
The university is a major presence in the town.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=Teesside University: About Us |url=https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125440/https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/about/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Teesside University Website))</ref> It has a growing reputation for developing digital businesses particularly in the field of [[digital animation]] and for hosting the Animex festival.<ref>((Cite news |date=22 March 2019 |title=Animex 20 at Teesside University |url=http://animex.tees.ac.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125438/http://animex.tees.ac.uk/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Teesside University Website))</ref> The Boho zone in the town now houses a large number of these start-up digital businesses.<ref>((Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=Middlesbrough highlighted in Tech Nation 2018 |url=https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/news/pressreleases_story.cfm?story_id=6838&this_issue_title=May%202018&this_issue=300%2F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804013847/https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/news/pressreleases_story.cfm?story_id=6838&this_issue_title=May%202018&this_issue=300%2F |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Teesside University Website))</ref> The university has 18,000 students, 2,400 staff and operates a £250,000,000 campus in Middlesbrough town-centre. The university campus has benefited from approx £250&nbsp;million of investment in recent years, including the £30&nbsp;million Campus Heart scheme.

Teesside University supports a total of 2,570 full-time jobs across the Tees Valley, North East and UK economies per annum. The university contributes additional wealth to the local, regional and national economies as measured by Gross Value Added (GVA). It is estimated this contributes a total of £124&nbsp;million GVA per annum. The total direct, indirect and induced spending impacts associated with full-time international students and UK students from outside of the North East is approximately £18.9&nbsp;million per annum. It is estimated this spending supports 158 full-time jobs per annum in Tees Valley and contributes additional wealth of £9.3&nbsp;million per annum to the local economy.<ref>((Cite news |date=2 February 2017 |title=Middlesbrough Council Invest Brochure 2 |url=https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Investment_brochure_21-02-17.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213802/https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Investment_brochure_21-02-17.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Middlesbrough Borough Council))</ref>

Current university departments include: business, arts-and-media, computing, health-and-life-sciences, Science-and-Engineering and Social-Sciences-and-Law. In addition to teaching [[computer animation]] and games design, it co-hosts the annual [[Animex International Festival of Animation and Computer Games]]. The university has links with [[James Cook University Hospital]] in the town.
===Other institutions===
((See also|List of schools in Middlesbrough))
[[File:Middlesbrough College (geograph 5359855).jpg|thumb|240px|[[Middlesbrough College]]]]
The town's largest college is [[Middlesbrough College]], with 16,000 students. Others include [[Trinity Catholic College, Middlesbrough|Trinity Catholic College]] in Saltersgill,<ref>((Cite web |last=Emily Diamand Workshops |title=Trinity Catholic College website |url=http://www.trinitycatholiccollege.middlesbrough.sch.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081309/http://www.trinitycatholiccollege.middlesbrough.sch.uk/ |archive-date=31 August 2009 |access-date=28 February 2014 |publisher=Trinitycatholiccollege.middlesbrough.sch.uk))</ref> [[Macmillan Academy]] on Stockton Road and [[Askham Bryan College]] which has a site in Stewart Park.

[[The Northern School of Art]] (established in 1870) is also based in Middlesbrough, it has another site in [[Hartlepool]]. It is one of only four specialist art and design further education colleges in the United Kingdom.

==Religion==
===Christianity===
((multiple images|
|perrow=2
|total_width=260px
|image4=Former Park Methodist Church on Linthorpe Rd, Middlesbrough (geograph 7664163).jpg
|caption4=The former Park Methodist Church on Linthorpe Road, currently apartments
|image3=2006StMarysRCCathedralof1985.JPG
|caption3=St Mary's Cathedral RC
|image2=St Johns Church - geograph.org.uk - 8390.jpg
|caption2=[[St John's Church, Middlesbrough|St John's Church CoE]]
|image1=Middlesbrough, parish church of St. Columba - geograph.org.uk - 796568.jpg
|caption1=St Columba's Church CoE))
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Hierarchy
! Denomination
! Top tier !! 2nd !! 3rd !! 4th
|-
| [[Church of England]] || [[Province of York]] || [[Diocese of York]] || [[Archdeaconry of Cleveland]] || Deanery of Middlesbrough
|-
| [[Roman Catholic]] || [[Archdiocese of Liverpool]] || [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough|Diocese of Middlesbrough]]
|colspan=2| Northern Vicariate
|-
| [[Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain#List of districts and circuits|Methodist]]
|colspan=2|District of Darlington
|colspan=2|Circuit of Middlesbrough and Eston
|}
The [[Church of England]] Middlesbrough [[deanery]] is in the [[Archdeaconry of Cleveland]] with [[Stokesley]] (west), [[Guisborough]] (east), [[Whitby]] (south east) and Northern [[River Rye, Yorkshire|Ryedale]] (south) and [[Vale of Mowbray|Mowbray]] (south west). It is in the [[Diocese of York]] and [[Province of York]].

Middlesbrough is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough]], created on 20 December 1878 from the [[Diocese of Beverley]]. [[Middlesbrough Cathedral|St. Mary's Cathedral]] is the diocese's [[mother church]], it is in Coulby Newham as a replacement to the original St Mary's in the town centre. The present bishop is the [[Terry Drainey|Right Reverend Terence Patrick Drainey]], 7th Bishop of Middlesbrough, who was ordained on Friday 25 January 2008. Churches of the [[Sacred Heart Church, Middlesbrough|Sacred Heart]], [[St Bernadette's, Nunthorpe|St Bernadette's]] and [[St Clare of Assisi, Middlesbrough|St Clare of Assisi]] are also in the town.

===Judaism===
[[File:Lugs Lodge Synagogue - geograph.org.uk - 609300.jpg|thumb|The [[synagogue]] in Park Road South, which opened in 1938 and closed in 1998]]
[[Ashkenazi Jews]] started to settle in Middlesbrough from 1862 and formed Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation in 1870 with a [[synagogue]] in Hill Street. The synagogue moved to Brentnall Street in 1874 and then to a new building in 
Park Road South in 1938.<ref name="JCR">((Cite web |date=2 January 2017 |title=Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation & Jewish Community |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/Community/middel/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213920/http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/Community/middel/index.htm |archive-date=23 February 2017 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=Jewish Communities & Records))</ref>

Editions of the ''[[Jewish Year Book]]'' record the growth and decline of Middlesbrough's Jewish population. It was about 100 in 1896–97 and peaked at 750 in 1935. It then declined to 30 in 1998, in which year the synagogue in Park Road South was ceremonially closed.<ref name="JCR" />

===Islam===
[[File:Jamia Mosque - geograph.org.uk - 764319.jpg|thumb|Jamia Mosque, Waterloo Road]]
The [[Islam]]ic community is represented in several mosques in Middlesbrough. [[Muslim]] [[sailor]]s visited Middlesbrough from about 1890.<ref name="multiple">((Cite web |title=Visit Middlesbrough – The Middlesbrough Faith Trail: Muslims in Middlesbrough. |url=http://www.visitmiddlesbrough.com/dbimgs/MiddlesbroughFaithTrail.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007102754/http://www.visitmiddlesbrough.com/dbimgs/MiddlesbroughFaithTrail.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=4 September 2011))</ref> and, in 1961, Azzam and Younis Din opened the first [[Halal]] [[butcher]] shop.<ref name="multiple" /> The first [[mosque]] was a house in Grange Road in 1962.<ref name="multiple" /> The Al-Madina Jamia Mosque, on Waterloo Road, the Dar ul Islam Central Mosque, on Southfield Road, and the Abu Bakr Mosque & Community Centre,<ref>((Cite web |title=Abu Bakr Mosque, Middlesbrough |url=http://www.abubakr.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903043402/http://www.abubakr.org.uk/ |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Abubakr.org.uk))</ref> which is on Park Road North.

===Sikhism===
The Sikh community established its first [[gurdwara]] in Milton Street in 1967.<ref name="multiple" /> After a time in Southfield Road, the centre is now in Lorne Street and was opened in 1990.<ref name="multiple" />

===Hinduism===
There is a Hindu Cultural Centre in Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, which was opened in 1990.<ref name="multiple" />

==Media==
Local news and television programmes are [[BBC North East and Cumbria]] and [[ITV Tyne Tees]], the local based-television station [[Local TV Teesside|TalkTeesside]] also broadcast to the town. Television signals are received from the [[Bilsdale transmitting station|Bilsdale]] TV transmitter.<ref>((Cite web |date=1 May 2004 |title=Bilsdale (North Yorkshire, England) Full Freeview transmitter |url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=UK Free TV |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903034040/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale |url-status=live ))</ref> 

Local radio stations are [[BBC Radio Tees]] which broadcast from its studios on Newport Road in the town, [[Heart North East]], [[TFM Radio|Hits Radio Teesside]], [[Capital North East]], [[Smooth North East]], [[Greatest Hits Radio Teesside]] and CVFM Radio, a community based station. <ref>((Cite web |title=CVFM Radio |url=https://www.cvfm.org.uk/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318094235/http://www.cvfm.org.uk/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

Middlesbrough is served by the local newspaper, ''[[Evening Gazette (Teesside)|Evening Gazette]]''. <ref>((Cite web |date=9 July 2013 |title=Evening Gazette |url=https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-ne/evening-gazette/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=British Papers |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214151148/https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-ne/evening-gazette/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Television and filmography==
Middlesbrough has featured in many television programmes, including ''[[The Fast Show]]'', ''[[Inspector George Gently]]'', ''[[Steel River Blues]]'', ''[[Spender]]'', ''[[Play for Today]]'' (''The Black Stuff''; latterly the drama ''[[Boys from the Blackstuff]]'') and ''[[Auf Wiedersehen, Pet]]''.<ref name="visitmiddlesbrough.com">((Cite web |title=Tees Transporter Bridge And Visitor Centre |url=http://visitmiddlesbrough.com/venues/tees-transporter-bridge-and-visitor-centre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630030352/http://visitmiddlesbrough.com/venues/tees-transporter-bridge-and-visitor-centre |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=11 March 2015 |website=Love Middlesbrough))</ref>

Film director [[Ridley Scott]] is from the North East and based the opening shot of ''[[Blade Runner]]'' on the view of the old ICI plant at Wilton. He said: "There's a walk from Redcar … I'd cross a bridge at night, and walk above the steel works. So that's probably where the opening of ''Blade Runner'' comes from. It always seemed to be rather gloomy and raining, and I'd just think "God, this is beautiful." You can find beauty in everything, and so I think I found the beauty in that darkness." It has been claimed that the site was also considered as a shooting location for one of the films in Scott's [[Alien (franchise)|''Alien'' franchise]].<ref>((Cite news |title=The Blade Runner Connection |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2009/03/30/tees_tf_blade_runner_feature.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144951/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2009/03/30/tees_tf_blade_runner_feature.shtml |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Online]]))</ref>

In the 2009 action thriller ''[[The Tournament (2009 film)|The Tournament]]'' Middlesbrough is that year's location where the assassins' competition is being held. In November 2009, the mima art gallery was used by the presenters of ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' as part of a challenge. The challenge was to see if car exhibits would be more popular than normal art.<ref>((Cite news |title=Top Gear stars in Middlesbrough visit |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/2009/11/23/top-gear-stars-in-middlesbrough-visit-84229-25231605/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181021/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/2009/11/23/top-gear-stars-in-middlesbrough-visit-84229-25231605/ |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=4 September 2011 |work=Evening Gazette))</ref>

In 2010, filmmaker [[John Walsh (filmmaker)|John Walsh]] made the satirical documentary ''[[ToryBoy The Movie]]'' about the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]] in [[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|the Middlesbrough constituency]] and sitting MP [[Stuart Bell]]'s alleged laziness as an MP.<ref>((Cite news |date=8 September 2011 |title=No surgeries for 14 years – is Sir Stuart Bell Britain's laziest MP? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/no-surgeries-for-14-years--is-sir-stuart-bell-britains-laziest-mp-2350953.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/no-surgeries-for-14-years--is-sir-stuart-bell-britains-laziest-mp-2350953.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=5 August 2017 |work=The Independent))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Moss |first=Richard |date=9 September 2011 |title=Sir Stuart Bell – the laziest MP? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14847291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028063739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14847291 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=5 August 2017 |work=BBC News))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=6 September 2011 |title=Are Teessiders getting enough from Sir Stuart Bell? |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/teessiders-getting-enough-sir-stuart-3693031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145111/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/teessiders-getting-enough-sir-stuart-3693031 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |website=gazettelive.co.uk))</ref>

In March 2013, Middlesbrough was used as a stand in for [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] 1969 in BBC's ''[[Inspector George Gently]]'' starring [[Martin Shaw]] and [[Lee Ingleby]]; the footage appeared in the episode "Gently Between The Lines" (episode 1 of series 6).<ref>((Cite news |last=Pleasance |first=Chris |date=19 March 2013 |title=Riot in Middlesbrough as BBC films George Gently episode |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/teesside/10299526.riot-middlesbrough-bbc-films-george-gently-episode/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=The Northern Echo |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418143622/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/teesside/10299526.riot-middlesbrough-bbc-films-george-gently-episode/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Sport==
===Football and rugby union===
[[File:Middlesbrough Walk (39245238251).jpg|thumb|Riverside Stadium]]
[[Middlesbrough FC]] is a [[EFL Championship|Championship]] [[association football|football]] team, owned by local haulage entrepreneur [[Steve Gibson (businessman)|Steve Gibson]] and managed by [[Michael Carrick]]. The 34,000 capacity<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough |url=https://www.efl.com/clubs-and-competitions/sky-bet-championship/clubs/middlesbrough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826110146/https://www.efl.com/clubs-and-competitions/sky-bet-championship/clubs/middlesbrough/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=efl.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Brown |first=Mike |date=8 July 2017 |title=Riverside Stadium's new capacity confirmed after Boro's relegation to Championship |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/riverside-stadiums-new-capacity-confirmed-13298568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711070245/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/riverside-stadiums-new-capacity-confirmed-13298568 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017))</ref> [[Riverside Stadium]] is owned and host to home games by the club since 1995, when they left [[Ayresome Park]]. Founder members of the [[Premier League]] in [[FA Premier League 1992-93|1992]], Middlesbrough won the [[Football League Cup]] in [[2004 Football League Cup Final|2004]],<ref>((Cite news |date=29 February 2004 |title=Boro lift Carling Cup |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112101928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=2 January 2008 |work=BBC Sport))</ref> and were beaten finalists in the [[2005-06 UEFA Cup]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Sevilla end 58-year wait |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2005/intro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703133128/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UEFACup/history/Season=2005/intro.html |archive-date=3 July 2006 |access-date=2 January 2008 |publisher=[[UEFA]]))</ref> In 1905, they made Britain's first £1,000 transfer when they signed [[Alf Common]] from local rivals [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]].<ref name="Proud">((Cite news |last=Proud |first=Keith |date=18 August 2008 |title=The player with the Common touch |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071758/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch/ |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=12 February 2012 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |publisher=[[Newsquest]]))</ref> [[Middlesbrough Ironopolis FC]] was briefly based in the town during the late 19th century, it later dissolved. These days, Middlesbrough have players such as [[Darragh Lenihan]], [[Hayden Hackney]] and [[Morgan Rogers]].

[[Middlesbrough RUFC]], founded in 1872 having have played their home games at [[Acklam Park]] since 1929, and Acklam RUFC are in [[Durham/Northumberland 1|Durham/ Northumberland Division One]]. Both are members of [[Yorkshire Rugby Football Union]].

===Racing===
Middlesbrough hosts multiple road races through the year, including the annual Middlesbrough 10k (formerly Tees Pride 10k) road race. First held in 2005, the one-lap circuit event and associated fun runs were held in the [[Acklam, Middlesbrough|Acklam]] area of the town before being moved to the town centre in 2021.<ref>((Cite web |title=Middlesbrough 10k road race |url=http://www.middlesbrough10krun.com/ccm/portal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418185849/http://www.middlesbrough10krun.com/ccm/portal/ |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=30 March 2012 |website=Middlesbrough Council "runmiddlesbrough"))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=Asda Foundation: MIDDLESBROUGH 10K Event Information |url=https://www.runforall.com/events/10k/middlesbrough-10k/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620224046/https://www.runforall.com/events/10k/middlesbrough-10k/ |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021))</ref>

On 1 May 2016, Middlesbrough hosted the start of Stage 3 to the [[2016 Tour de Yorkshire]]. The stage and race ended in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]].<ref>((Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=Middlesbrough to host Tour de Yorkshire final day start before route pits cyclists against gruelling Sutton Bank |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/14133724.middlesbrough-host-tour-de-yorkshire-final-day-start-route-pits-cyclists-gruelling-sutton-bank/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607161441/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/14133724.middlesbrough-host-tour-de-yorkshire-final-day-start-route-pits-cyclists-gruelling-sutton-bank/ |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021))</ref>

===Other===
[[File:Middlesbrough Golf Club, Brass Castle Lane - geograph.org.uk - 27282.jpg|thumb|Middlesbrough Golf Club]]
[[Middlesbrough Cricket Club]] have played at Acklam Park since 1930 and play in [[North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League]]. [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] have played 45 [[County Championship]] games in Middlesbrough. The most recent being in 1996.

[[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway racing]] was staged at Cleveland Park Stadium from 1928 until the 1990s, with the [[Middlesbrough Bears]].

[[Tees Valley Mohawks]] and [[Teesside Lions]] basketball teams play in the [[National Basketball League (England)|NBL Division 3]]. Athletics has two local clubs serving Middlesbrough and the surrounding area, Middlesbrough-and-Cleveland Harriers and Middlesbrough AC (Mandale). Training facilities at the Middlesbrough Sports Village opened in 2015, replacing Clairville Stadium.<ref>((Cite news |title=Middlesbrough Sports Village: Athletes hail £21m facility ahead of open weekend |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-sports-village-athletes-hail-9263476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105232455/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-sports-village-athletes-hail-9263476 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=7 November 2015 |work=The Gazette))</ref> Notable athletes to train at both facilities are World and European Indoor Sprint Champion [[Richard Kilty]], British Indoor Long Jump record holder [[Chris Tomlinson]]. The sports village includes a running track with grandstand, an indoor gym and café, football pitches, as well as a cycle circuit and velodrome. Next to the sports village is a skateboard park and Middlesbrough Tennis World.<ref>((Cite news |last=Price |first=Kelley |date=4 July 2018 |title=Tennis World has £200,000 makeover - see what's new |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/tennis-world-200000-makeover-see-14867400 |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=Teesside Live |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209173703/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/tennis-world-200000-makeover-see-14867400 |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Notable people==
((see also|List of people from Middlesbrough))

==Twinned towns==
Middlesbrough is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* ((flagicon|GER)) [[Oberhausen]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany. Middlesbrough and Oberhausen entered into a town twinning partnership in 1974, close ties having existed for over 50 years. Those ties began in 1953 with youth exchanges, the first of which was held in 1953. Both towns continue to be committed to twinning activities today.<ref name="Middlesbrough twinning">((Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Town Twinning |url=http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320101412/http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4791 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Middlesbrough Council))</ref>
* ((flagicon|FRA)) [[Dunkirk]], [[Nord (French department)|Nord]], [[Hauts-de-France]], France<ref name="Archant twinning">((Cite web |title=British towns twinned with French towns |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Complete France))</ref> Although Middlesbrough is also officially twinned with the town, twinning events have ceased.<ref name="Middlesbrough twinning" />
* ((flagicon|ZIM)) [[Masvingo]], [[Masvingo District]], [[Masvingo Province]], Zimbabwe, since 1989<ref>((Cite web |date=21 July 2009 |title=Civic visit from Mayor of Masvingo, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4504786.civic-visit-mayor-masvingo-zimbabwe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720140320/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4504786.civic-visit-mayor-masvingo-zimbabwe/ |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=[[Northern Echo]]))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Parmo]]
* [[Zoe's Place Baby Hospice]]
* [[Demographics of Tees Valley]]

==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* Bell, Lady Florence. ''At the Works, a Study of a Manufacturing Town'' (1907) [https://archive.org/details/atworksastudyam00bellgoog online].
* Briggs, Asa. ''Victorian Cities'' (1965) pp 245–82.
* Doyle, Barry. "Labour and hospitals in urban Yorkshire: Middlesbrough, Leeds and Sheffield, 1919–1938." ''Social history of medicine'' (2010): hkq007.
* Glass, Ruth. ''The social background of a plan: a study of Middlesbrough'' (1948)
* Warwick, Tosh. ''Central Middlesbrough through time'' (2013).

==External links==
((commons category|Middlesbrough))
* ((Wikivoyage-inline))
* [https://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk Official Middlesbrough Council Website]

((Middlesbrough))
((NE England))
((North Yorkshire))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Middlesbrough| ]]
[[Category:Towns in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Areas within Middlesbrough]]
[[Category:Places in the Tees Valley]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1830]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Towns with cathedrals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]

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