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((Short description|Pacific typhoon in 1981))
((Hatnote group|
((Redirect-distinguish|Typhoon Dinang|Typhoon Binang|Typhoon Didang|Typhoon Ditang))
((For|other storms named Dinang|List of storms named Dinang))
))
((good article))
((infobox weather event
| name = Typhoon Lee (Dinang)
| image = Lee Dec 25 1981 0000Z.png
| caption = Lee on December 25
| formed = December 22, 1981
| dissipated = December 29, 1981
))((infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 80
| pressure = 950
))((infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 95
| pressure = 
| basin = WPac
))((infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1981
| fatalities = 188
| damage = 74000000
| areas = [[Philippines]]
| refs = 
))((infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1981 Pacific typhoon season]]
))
'''Typhoon Lee''', known in the Philippines as '''Typhoon Dinang''', was the second storm to affect the Philippines during December&nbsp;1981. Lee originated from an area of thunderstorm activity near the [[Truk Atoll]] towards the end of December. Following an increase in organization, the system was classified as a [[tropical cyclone]] on December&nbsp;22. After becoming a tropical storm, Lee began to slowly strengthen, and attained typhoon status on December&nbsp;24. While turning west towards the Philippines, Lee began to intensify more rapidly. It is estimated to have reached peak intensity the next day, with winds of ((convert|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5)). At peak intensity, the storm moved ashore the central Philippines later on December&nbsp;25. Lee emerged into the [[South China Sea]] the following day as a tropical storm. Initially, the storm maintained its intensity, but soon began to weaken due to increased [[wind shear]]. By December&nbsp;28, all of the thunderstorm activity was removed from the center, and on December&nbsp;29, Lee dissipated. However, the remnants of the cyclone was last noted a few hundred kilometers south of [[Hong Kong]].

Across the Philippines, Typhoon Lee killed 188 people. In addition, 674,619 people were directly affected by the typhoon. Furthermore, 76,169 dwellings were demolished while 39,586 families, or 208,336 people, were rendered as homeless. A total of 53,314&nbsp;houses were partially damaged. Also, 548,525&nbsp;people sought refuge in shelters. Additionally, 1,586 individuals were injured due to Lee. Overall, damage totaled to $74.1&nbsp;million (1981&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]]), $46.4&nbsp;million of which was from infrastructure and an additional $2.2 million came from agriculture.((#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1983&year_result=1986&countryE Philippines Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1981.|group=nb))

The island of [[Samar]] sustained the worst damage caused by the storm. There, 82&nbsp;fatalities were reported and 56 were injured. A total of 19,390&nbsp;people were displaced; roughly 8,000&nbsp;families or 48,000&nbsp;people was forced to move to evacuation centers. Elsewhere, in the coastal town of [[Calapan]], 5,600&nbsp;dwellings received damage, and 85% of the coastal town's residents were displaced from their homes.

==Meteorological history==
((storm path|Lee 1981 track.png))
On December&nbsp;21, 1981, an area of [[atmospheric convection|convection]] began to organize west of the Truk Atoll. Despite strong wind shear, [[Hurricane Hunter]] aircraft data yielded winds of near-[[gale]] force and a [[barometric pressure]] of ((convert|1002|mbar|inHg|comma=off|abbr=on)) the next day. Initially, the aircraft did not find any evidence of a closed [[atmospheric circulation|low-level circulation]]. At 1000&nbsp;[[UTC]] on December&nbsp;22, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA) for the system. Two hours later, the JTWC upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Depression 29 following the discovery of a closed surface circulation by Hurricane Hunters. By that evening, thunderstorm activity had become more concentrated towards the center;<ref name="JTWC ATCR">((cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1981|access-date=March 26, 2014|year=1982|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1981atcr.pdf|author2=Naval Western Oceanography Center|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053159/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1981atcr.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref> as such, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) first classified the system as a [[tropical cyclone]].<ref name="JMA">((cite report|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data &ndash; 1980&ndash;1989|access-date=March 26, 2014|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|format=[[.TXT]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205202709/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|archive-date=December 5, 2014|url-status=dead))</ref>((#tag:ref|The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>((cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo &ndash; Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=March 26, 2014|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3))</ref>|group="nb")) Following a further increase in organization, both the JMA and JTWC upgraded the cyclone into Tropical Storm Lee early on December&nbsp;23.<ref name="IBTRACS">((cite report |author1=Kenneth R. Knapp |author2=Michael C. Kruk |author3=David H. Levinson |author4=Howard J. Diamond |author5=Charles J. Neumann |year=2010 |work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1981 Lee (1981355N07149) |publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=March 26, 2014 |url=http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1981355N07149))</ref>((#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are [[maximum sustained winds|sustained]] over 10&nbsp;minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1&nbsp;minute. 10&nbsp;minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1&nbsp;minute winds.<ref name="FAQD4">((cite book|author=Christopher W Landsea|author2=Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions|chapter=Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|access-date=March 26, 2014|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html |date=April 26, 2004))</ref>|group="nb")) Meanwhile, the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) also monitored the storm and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it with the local name]] ''Dinang''.<ref name=NDCC /><ref name="NDCC2" />

Initially, Lee veered west-northwest due to a mid-latitude [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] exiting off the Asia mainland. At 0600 UTC on December&nbsp;23, the JTWC classified Lee as a typhoon.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> At 0000 UTC on December 24, the JMA upgraded Lee into a [[tropical cyclone scales|severe tropical storm]].<ref name=JMA /> Six hours later, the agency classified Lee as a [[typhoon]].<ref name=IBTRACS /> Around this time, the JTWC predicted that Lee would turn north after entering the South China Sea due to the influence of an [[extratropical cyclone]]. However, as the storm turned west because the trough had moved away, the JTWC kept prolonging the northward turn. Moving in the general direction of the Philippines, Lee began to [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensify]]. At 0600&nbsp;UTC on December&nbsp;25, the JTWC reported winds of ((convert|180|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on)), equivalent to a high-end Category 2 hurricane on the United States-based [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale]]. According to the JTWC, this would be the storm's peak intensity.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Meanwhile, the JMA estimated peak intensity of ((convert|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5)) and a minimum pressure of ((convert|950|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|round=5)).<ref name=JMA /> That afternoon, the typhoon made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] along the central portion of the Philippines.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /><ref name=JMA />

After landfall, rapid weakening occurred, and when the storm entered the [[South China Sea]] on December&nbsp;26, the JTWC reduced the winds of Lee to ((Convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5)).<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Despite this, data from the JMA suggests that system was stronger, with winds of ((convert|105|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5)).<ref name=JMA /> Based on additional reports from Hurricane Hunters, the JTWC revised its forecast and now anticipated the tropical cyclone to move on a westerly course and strike central [[Vietnam]]. Moving into an area of decreased [[monsoon trough|monsoonal flow]],<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Lee maintained its intensity for 18&nbsp;hours.<ref name=IBTRACS /> [[Satellite imagery]] showed a banding-type [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. However, by December&nbsp;27, Lee began to feel the effects of an extratropical cyclone located to the north of the storm; consequently, Lee began to make a gradual turn towards the northwest. Lee began to encounter increased vertical wind shear,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> and early on December&nbsp;27, the JMA lowered the intensity of Lee to ((convert|105|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5)).<ref name=JMA /> Later that day, a Hurricane Hunter investigation recorded a pressure of ((convert|998|mbar|inHg|abbr=on)) as the storm began to turn towards the north,<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> exiting PAGASA's warning zone.<ref name="NDCC2" /> By 0000&nbsp;UTC on December&nbsp;28, all of the deep convection was displaced from the center.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> Six hours later, the JMA estimated that Lee weakened to winds below tropical storm force.<ref name=JMA /> By midday, satellite imagery suggested that Lee was no longer a tropical cyclone; however, the JTWC continued to issue warnings on the system until 0000&nbsp;UTC on December&nbsp;29.<ref name="JTWC ATCR" /> At 1800&nbsp;UTC, the JMA stopped watching the system.<ref name="IBTRACS" /> The remnants of Lee were last noted by the JTWC roughly ((convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5)) south of [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR" />

==Preparations and impact==
Prior to landfall, twelve provinces, including some in [[Luzon]], were placed on [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|typhoon alert]].<ref name=TD>((cite news|title=Typhoon Smashed Philippines|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19811227&id=JGEeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eMgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3349,5831589|access-date=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Times Daily|date=December 27, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> Upon moving through the central Philippines,<ref name=UPI1>((cite news|title=International News |date=December 25, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> Typhoon Lee affected some of the same areas devastated by [[Typhoon Irma (1981)|Typhoon Irma]] earlier that month, which was considered the strongest storm to affect the island since 1970.<ref name=UPI2 /> Lee knocked out communications and left many coconut-producing areas isolated. Railway services to and from Manila was suspended.<ref name=UPI1 /> Even though nine domestic flights were canceled,<ref name=UPI3 /> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]] remained open throughout the passage of the typhoon. Across [[Manila]], some flooding was reported and high winds tore off some Christmas decorations in hotels along the bay.<ref name=UPI2>((cite news|title=Typhoon Lee hits Philippines|date=December 26, 1981|author=Marilyn Odchimar|agency=United Press International))</ref> The [[Sorsogon Province]] was one of the hardest hit areas by the typhoon; 20&nbsp;casualties happened there because of flooding.<ref name=AP2>((cite news|title=Typhoon Kills 28 in Philippines|date=December 27, 1981|agency=Association Press))</ref> In the coastal region of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Legazpi|Legaspi]], home to a large volcano, 150&nbsp;houses were demolished due to [[storm surge]], 25 of which were swept out at sea. Telephone lines were also cut off for four days in the city. [[Storm surge]] was also noted in coastal towns in the Sorsogon, [[Masbate]], and [[Albay]] provinces.<ref name=UPI6>((cite news|title=Typhoon Lee kills 137 -- emergency declared|date=December 29, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> In the latter, three villages were damaged.<ref name=OSB>((cite news|title=Typhoon Lee lashes Philippines |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19811227&id=9KpPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EgYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4699,5350759|access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=Ocala Star-Banner|date=December 27, 1981|agency=Associated Press))</ref> Just south of the capital city of Manila, in the coastal town of [[Calapan]] on [[Mindoro Island]],<ref name=AP3>((cite news|title=AROUND THE WORLD; 7 Die as New Typhoon Ravages Philippines|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 28, 1981))</ref> 5,600 houses were damaged,<ref name=UPI5 /> and 20,000&nbsp;persons or 85% of the town's residents were left without a home.<ref name=AP3 /> Two fatalities were reported in the city.<ref name=NYT>((cite news|title=7 Die as New Typhoon Ravages Philippines|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=December 28, 1981))</ref> In the fishing village of San Fernando on [[Masbate Island]], 50&nbsp;thatched huts were flattened.<ref name=UPI7 /> Elsewhere, four people were killed and three others injured in [[Naujan]], where 86 homes were either damaged or destroyed.<ref name=AP3 />

According to officials, 82 people were killed on the island of [[Samar]].<ref name=TSM>((cite news|title=Typhoon Lee toll |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19811228&id=WIUgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0tgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4879,6555828|access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Southeast Missourian|date=December 28, 1981))</ref> Throughout the island, the system destroyed schools, residences, an airport terminal,<ref name=UPI4>((cite news|title=Typhoon kills 50, leaves 320,000 homeless|date=December 28, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> the government house in [[Catarman, Northern Samar|Catarman]],<ref name=UPI5>((cite news|title=International News|date=December 28, 1981 |author=Fernado Del Mundo|agency=United Press International))</ref> and a jail, enabling 11&nbsp;prisoners to escape.<ref name=UPI4 /> Most of damage to Samar was caused by collapsing houses and uprooted coconut trees hurled by the gusty winds. A total of 19,390&nbsp;people were displaced;<ref name=NST>((cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Typhoon Lee death toll rises to 137|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19811230&id=eOdLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=140DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3686,6696866|access-date=March 26, 2014|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=December 30, 1981))</ref> roughly 8,000&nbsp;families or 48,000&nbsp;people of which were forced to move to evacuation centers. An additional 56&nbsp;people were hurt province-wide.<ref name=UPI5 /> Ten homes were washed away along a coastal village in the [[Marinduque Province]].<ref name=AP1>((cite news|title=International News|date=December 26, 1981|agency=Associated Press))</ref> One person also perished due to electrocution outside of [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga City]].<ref name=UPI3>((cite news|title=International News|date=December 26, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref>

One hundred eighty-eight people were killed,<ref name=NDCC /> primarily due to drownings.<ref name=UPI6 /> Another 674,619&nbsp;people were directly affected by the typhoon.<ref name=NDCC /> A total of 76,169&nbsp;dwellings were demolished,<ref name=AP3 /> and 39,586&nbsp;families, or 208,336 people, were displaced.<ref name=AP4 /> This total included approximately 6,000&nbsp;people in the provinces of [[Romblon]], [[Quezon]], and Albay.<ref name=UPI8>((cite news|title=International News|date=December 27, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> Overall, a total of 53,314 homes were partially damaged.<ref name=AP4>((cite news|title=International News|date=December 30, 1981|agency=Associated Press))</ref> Moreover, 548,525&nbsp;people sought refuge in shelters.<ref name=UPI7>((cite news|title=Typhoon Lee kills 137 in Philippines|date=December 29, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> Additionally, 1,586&nbsp;persons were injured due to Lee.<ref name=OR>((cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Typhoon Lee toll heavy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19811231&id=MaZdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JF0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2155,4851434|access-date=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Observer-Reporter|date=December 29, 1981))</ref> Overall, damage totaled to $74.1&nbsp;million,<ref name="NDCC2">((cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=60,20&cmd=all&Id=72 |title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003: 1981 |date=November 9, 2004 |publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council |access-date=December 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126013706/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&cmd=list&range=60%2C20&cmd=all&Id=72 |archive-date=November 26, 2004 |url-status=dead ))</ref> including $46.4&nbsp;million from infrastructure and $2.2&nbsp;million from agriculture.<ref name="NDCC">((cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&cmd=list&range=0,20&YEAR~=1981&cmd=all&Id=73 |title=Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 |date=November 9, 2004 |publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council |access-date=March 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109180831/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=60%2C20 |archive-date=November 9, 2004 |url-status=dead ))</ref> Damage was estimated at $44&nbsp;million in Samar.<ref name=AP2 />

==Aftermath==
Within a few days after the passage of Typhoon Lee, relief agencies were deployed to distribute food and medicines to families temporarily housed in schools, town halls and churches.<ref name=UPI4 /> [[Philippine President]] [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]] declared an emergency and a "state of calamity" in the provinces of [[Northern Samar]], Masbate, [[Mindoro Oriental]], and [[Romblon]].<ref name=SHT>((cite news|title=Over 137 killed in Typhoon Lee|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19811230&id=eJ0cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GWgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6878,7151702|access-date=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=December 30, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref> He subsequently released $1.8 million in order to repair roads, bridges and schools.<ref name=UPI6 /> Several evacuation centers were opened up in schools and town halls.<ref name=SDC>((cite news|title=Typhoon hits|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19811226&id=ZkJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VvkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3841,3350273 |access-date=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=December 26, 1981|agency=United Press International))</ref>

==See also==
((portal|tropical cyclones))
*[[List of storms named Lee]]
*[[Typhoon Irma (1981)]]
*[[Typhoon Nock-ten (2016)]]

==Notes==
((reflist|group=nb))

==References==
((Reflist|2))

((1981 Pacific typhoon season buttons))

((DEFAULTSORT:Lee (1982)))
[[Category:1981 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:Typhoons in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1981 disasters in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1981|Lee]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:For (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote group (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/t (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect-distinguish (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Storm categories (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Storm categories/categories (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Storm categories/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Storm categories/icons (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Typhoon Lee (1981).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Lee_(1981)"