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The Tropical Cyclones Portal

P:TC

A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center, a closed low-level circulation and a spiral arrangement of numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rainfall. Tropical cyclones feed on the heat released when moist air rises, resulting in condensation of water vapor contained in the moist air. They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as Nor'easters, European windstorms and polar lows, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems. Most tropical cyclones originate in the doldrums, approximately ten degrees from the Equator.

The term "tropical" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in tropical regions of the globe, as well as to their formation in maritime tropical air masses. The term "cyclone" refers to such storms' cyclonic nature, with anticlockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on its location and intensity, a tropical cyclone may be referred to by names such as "hurricane", "typhoon", "tropical storm", "cyclonic storm", "tropical depression" or simply "cyclone".

Types of cyclone: 1. A "Typhoon" is a tropical cyclone located in the North-west Pacific Ocean which has the most cyclonic activity and storms occur year-round. 2. A "Hurricane" is also a tropical cyclone located at the North Atlantic Ocean or North-east Pacific Ocean which have an average storm activity and storms typically form between May 15 and November 30. 3. A "Cyclone" is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans.

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Amphan near peak intensity over the Bay of Bengal on 18 May

Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan was an extremely powerful and catastrophic tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage in Eastern India, specifically in West Bengal and Odisha, and in Bangladesh, in May 2020. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Ganges Delta. It was also the fourth super cyclone that hit West Bengal and Kolkata since 2015 as well as being one of the strongest storms to impact the area. Causing over US$13 billion of damage, Amphan is also the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean, surpassing the record held by Cyclone Nargis of 2008.

The first tropical cyclone of the 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Amphan originated from a low-pressure area persisting a couple of hundred miles (300 km) east of Colombo, Sri Lanka, on 13 May 2020. Tracking northeastward, the disturbance organized over exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the system to a tropical depression on 15 May while the India Meteorological Department (IMD) followed suit the following day. On 17 May, Amphan underwent rapid intensification and became an extremely severe cyclonic storm within 12 hours. (Full article...)

List of selected named cyclones
Typhoon Tip Tropical Storm Barry (2001) Hurricane Isabel Hurricane John (2006) Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Fabian Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Georges Hurricane Pauline Hurricane Ivan Hurricane Floyd Typhoon Ketsana Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Gilbert Hurricane Gloria Tropical Storm Allison Typhoon Paka Cyclone Tracy Hurricane Audrey Hurricane Patricia Racer's hurricane Hurricane Edith (1971) Tropical Storm Leslie (2000) Cyclone Seroja Cyclone Tauktae Cyclone Yaas Cyclone Fani Cyclone Tracy Cyclone Mahina Cyclone Debbie Cyclone Marcia Cyclone Larry Cyclone Gonu Cyclone Idai Cyclone Sidr Cyclone Hudhud Cyclone Yasa Cyclone Pam Cyclone Winston Cyclone Komen Cyclone Eloise Cyclone Kenneth Hurricane Kenna Cyclone Zoe Hurricane Irene (2005) Hurricane Lenny Typhoon Pongsona Typhoon Ewiniar (2006) Hurricane Alice (December 1954) Hurricane Ava Cyclone Gene Hurricane Wilma Typhoon Wayne (1986) Tropical Storm Rolf Hurricane Irene Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Harvey Hurricane Irma Hurricane Maria Hurricane Lane (2018) Hurricane Florence Hurricane Michael Hurricane Dorian Hurricane Gordon (1994) 1991 Perfect Storm Cyclone Numa Cyclone Zorbas Cyclone Ianos Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal Subtropical Cyclone Katie Tropical Storm Imelda Hurricane Isaias Hurricane Sally Typhoon Surigae Hurricane Iniki Hurricane Manuel Hurricane Catarina Hurricane Beryl Hurricane Olivia (2018) Hurricane Barry (2019) Hurricane Bud (2018) Hurricane Alex (2010) Hurricane Pali Hurricane Alex (2016) Hurricane Andrew Hurricane Ida Hurricane Agatha Cyclone Freddy

List of selected named cyclones

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The radius of maximum wind (RMW) is the distance between the center of a cyclone and its band of strongest winds. It is a parameter in atmospheric dynamics and tropical cyclone forecasting. The highest rainfall rates occur near the RMW of tropical cyclones. The extent of a cyclone's storm surge and its maximum potential intensity can be determined using the RMW. As maximum sustained winds increase, the RMW decreases. Recently, RMW has been used in descriptions of tornadoes. When designing buildings to prevent against failure from atmospheric pressure change, RMW can be used in the calculations. (Full article...)

List of selected articles
Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma Tropical cyclone naming Eye (cyclone) Saffir–Simpson scale Typhoon 1970 Bhola cyclone Great Hurricane of 1780 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane 1970 Canada hurricane 1926 Nova Scotia hurricane Effects of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclone forecasting Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone scales Central dense overcast History of tropical cyclone naming Meteorological history of Hurricane Harvey Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System Effects of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Mexico History of Atlantic hurricane warnings Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Paleotempestology Project Stormfury Effects of Typhoon Bopha on Micronesia and Palau Effects of Hurricane Charley in Jamaica Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Lesser Antilles Effects of Hurricane Dorian in the Caribbean Subtropical Storm Four (1974) Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America Meteorological history of Hurricane Patricia Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana 2005 Azores subtropical storm Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Maryland and Washington, D.C. 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina Deep Depression ARB 02 (2008) Effects of Hurricane Georges in Cuba Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Virginia 1942 Belize hurricane 1827 North Carolina hurricane 1903 New Jersey hurricane 1943 Surprise Hurricane October 1996 India cyclone Meteorological history of Hurricane Dennis Meteorological history of Hurricane Gustav Meteorological history of Hurricane Gordon Atlantic hurricane 1999 Odisha cyclone 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone 1737 Calcutta cyclone Storm surge 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 1900 Galveston hurricane Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma South Atlantic tropical cyclone Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy

List of selected articles

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Selected image - show another

Crew members on the Space Shuttle Endeavour captured this image around Noon CDT of Hurricane Dean in the Caribbean. At the time the shuttle and International Space Station passed overhead, the Category 4 storm was moving westerly at 17 mph nearing Jamaica carrying sustained winds of 150 mph.

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Selected season - show another

The 1994 Pacific hurricane season was the final season of the eastern north Pacific's consecutive active hurricane seasons that started in 1982. The season officially started on May 15, 1994, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1994, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1994. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone formed on June 18, while the last system dissipated on October 26. This season, twenty-two tropical cyclones formed in the north Pacific Ocean east of the dateline, with all but two becoming tropical storms or hurricanes. A total of 10 hurricanes occurred, including five major hurricanes. The above average activity in 1994 was attributed to the formation of the 1994–95 El Niño.

Of note in this season is an unusual spree of very intense storms; the season was the first on record to see three Category 5 hurricanes, later tied in 2002 and 2018. Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, John, and Olivia all reached a pressure below 930 millibars. Hurricane John was the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone on record at 13,180 km (8,190 mi). Elsewhere, Hurricane Rosa caused four casualties in Mexico as the basin's only landfalling tropical storm or hurricane, and later was responsible for flooding in Texas. (Full article...)

List of selected seasons
2005 Atlantic hurricane season 1933 Atlantic hurricane season 1998 Atlantic hurricane season 2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season 1983 Atlantic hurricane season 1988 Atlantic hurricane season 1988 Pacific hurricane season 1995 Pacific hurricane season 1996 Pacific hurricane season 1997 Pacific hurricane season 1998 Pacific hurricane season 2002 Pacific hurricane season 2003 Atlantic hurricane season 2003 Pacific hurricane season 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2007 Atlantic hurricane season 2007 Pacific hurricane season 1969 Atlantic hurricane season 2016 Atlantic hurricane season 2017 Atlantic hurricane season 2018 Atlantic hurricane season 2019 Atlantic hurricane season 2020 Atlantic hurricane season 2015 Pacific hurricane season 2016 Pacific hurricane season 2017 Pacific hurricane season 2018 Pacific hurricane season 2019 Pacific hurricane season 2020 Pacific hurricane season 2007–08 Australian region cyclone season 2015–16 Australian region cyclone season 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

List of selected seasons

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Related portals

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Currently active tropical cyclones

Italicized basins are unofficial.

North Atlantic (2023): Post-Tropical Cyclone Idalia; Tropical Storm Gert; Tropical Storm Katia

East and Central Pacific (2023): No active systems

West Pacific (2023): Typhoon Saola (Goring); Typhoon Haikui (Hanna); Severe Tropical Storm Kirogi

North Indian Ocean (2023): No active systems

Mediterranean (2023–24): No active systems

South-West Indian Ocean (2023–24): No active systems

Australian region (2023–24): No active systems

South Pacific (2023–24): No active systems

South Atlantic (2023–24): No active systems

Last updated: 08:51, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

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Tropical cyclone anniversaries

September 2

1937 - A powerful typhoon struck Hong Kong, killing over 11,000 people in the British colony.
1985 - Hurricane Elena (pictured) made landfall as a major hurricane over southern United States, killing 9 and causing $1.3 billion in damages.

September 3

1935 - The 1935 Labor Day hurricane passed over the Florida Keys as a Category 5 hurricane with a central pressure of 892 hPa (mbar), making it the most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the United States measured solely by landfall intensity. It caused over $40 million of damage in Florida.
1988 - Hurricane Uleki (pictured) reaches peak intensity at Category 3 major hurricane intensity to the south of Hawaii where two people were also killed.

September 4

1930 - The 1930 Dominican Republic hurricane made landfall on the island of Hispaniola, killing between 2,000 and 8,000 people, mostly in the Dominican Republic.
2007 - Hurricane Felix (pictured) made landfall over in Belize as a Category 5 major hurricane, with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). Total fatalities were reported at 130 people and damages up to $720 million (2007 USD).

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Did you know…

…that the Joint Typhoon Warning Center considers that Typhoon Vera (pictured) of 1986 is actually two distinct systems, formed from two separated low-level circulations?
…that Hurricane Agatha (pictured) was the strongest Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico in May since records began in 1949?
…that Cyclone Raquel (track pictured) travelled between the Australian and South Pacific basins between the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons, spanning both seasons in both basins?
…that Cyclone Amphan (pictured) in 2020 was the first storm to be classified as a Super Cyclonic Storm in the Bay of Bengal since 1999?

Did you know archive

General images - load new batch

The following are images from various tropical cyclone-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 12017 Atlantic hurricane season summary map (from Cyclone)
Image 2Subtropical Storm Alex in the north Atlantic Ocean in January 2016 (from Cyclone)
Image 3All but the most expensive bottles of water were sold out at this Publix supermarket before Hurricane Irma; in the week preceding the storm, water sold out soon after shipments arrived (from Tropical cyclone preparedness)
Image 4
Australian region cyclone
(from Cyclone)
Image 5Hurricane Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 (from Cyclone)
Image 6The initial extratropical low-pressure area forms at the location of the red dot on the image. It is usually perpendicular (at a right angle to) the leaf-like cloud formation seen on satellite during the early stage of cyclogenesis. The location of the axis of the upper level jet stream is in light blue. (from Cyclone)
Image 7Surface weather map of the 1935 Labor Day hurricane moving up the west coast of Florida (from Tropical cyclone observation)
Image 8Radar image of Hurricane Erika making landfall over Northeastern Mexico (from Tropical cyclone observation)
Image 9Broken concrete utility pole in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria in 2017, which ranks fourth in costliest US tropical cyclones. (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 10A fictitious synoptic chart of an extratropical cyclone affecting the UK and Ireland. The blue arrows between isobars indicate the direction of the wind, while the "L" symbol denotes the centre of the "low". Note the occluded, cold and warm frontal boundaries. (from Cyclone)
Image 11The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in Gulfport, Mississippi. (from Tropical cyclone preparedness)
Image 12A polar low over the Sea of Japan in December 2009 (from Cyclone)
Image 13
Pacific typhoon
(from Cyclone)
Image 14Comparison between extratropical and tropical cyclones on surface analysis (from Cyclone)
Image 15
North Indian Ocean cyclone
(from Cyclone)
Image 16
Pacific hurricane
(from Cyclone)
Image 17Aerial image of destroyed houses in Tacloban, following Typhoon Haiyan (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 18Personnel and equipment from the National Guard of the United States en route to Hurricane Florence response efforts in 2018
Image 19The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in Gulfport, Mississippi. Katrina was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history. (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 20An extratropical cyclone near Iceland (from Cyclone)
Image 21The number of $1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal areas. (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 22Flooding in Port Arthur, Texas caused by Hurricane Harvey. Harvey was the wettest and second-costliest tropical cyclone in United States history. (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 23
Atlantic hurricane
(from Cyclone)
Image 24Hurricane response involves working in hazardous conditions, including contamination and electrocution hazards from floodwater.
Image 25Chart with concurrent information for Hurricane Arlene and Tropical Storm Bret logged and plotted (from Tropical cyclone preparedness)
Image 26Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters. (from Cyclone)
Image 27
South Pacific cyclone
(from Cyclone)
Image 28An example of a chart for Matthew showing its five-day forecast track (from Tropical cyclone preparedness)
Image 29Cyclone on Mars, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope (from Cyclone)
Image 30
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone
(from Cyclone)
Image 31Hurricane Isabel (2003)'s effect on the North Carolina Outer Banks (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 32Environment (from Effects of tropical cyclones)
Image 33The dangerous semicircle is the upper-right corner, with the arrow marking the direction of motion of a Northern Hemisphere storm. Note that typhoons, etc. are asymmetrical, and semicircle is a convenient misnomer. (from Effects of tropical cyclones)

Featured list - show another

This is a featured list, which represents some of the best list articles on English Wikipedia.

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was the most active season since the 1994 season, producing 24 tropical depressions, 19 of which became tropical storms or hurricanes. The season officially started on May 15, 1997 in the Eastern Pacific—designated as the area east of 140°W—and on June 1, 1997 in the Central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W. The season officially ended in both basins on November 30, 1997. These dates typically limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin. This timeline documents all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation. The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released, meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on, has been included.

The first storm formed on June 1 and the final storm crossed into the western Pacific on December 6, thus ending the season. There were 24 cyclones in both the eastern and central Pacific, including 5 unnamed tropical depressions. Of these, 19 were in the east Pacific; 8 peaked at tropical storm intensity, while 10 reached hurricane status. Seven of these reached Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, including central Pacific cyclones Super Typhoons Oliwa and Paka, which became typhoons after crossing into the Western Pacific. (Full article...)

List of Featured lists
List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States Tropical cyclone naming List of Arabian Peninsula tropical cyclones List of Arizona hurricanes List of Bermuda hurricanes List of California hurricanes List of Category 2 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes (1900–1949) List of Florida hurricanes (1950–1974) List of Florida hurricanes (1975–1999) List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900) List of Maryland hurricanes (1950–present) List of New York hurricanes List of North Carolina hurricanes (pre-1900) List of North Carolina hurricanes List of North Carolina hurricanes (1900–1949) List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–1979) List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–1999) List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present) List of South America hurricanes List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present) List of United States hurricanes List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes Timeline of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak List of Delaware hurricanes List of New Jersey hurricanes List of New Mexico hurricanes Timeline of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1982 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season Timeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season Timeline of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2005 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2007 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2007–08 South Pacific cyclone season Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2010 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2012 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2013 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Timeline of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season Timeline of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Rita tornado outbreak Hurricane Isaias tornado outbreak Timeline of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season

List of Featured lists

Topics

Cyclones and anticyclones of the world (Centers of action)

Concepts

Anticyclone

Northern Hemisphere	North Polar High Siberian High Azores High North American High North Pacific High Ridiculously Resilient Ridge Subtropical ridge
Southern Hemisphere	South Polar High South Atlantic High South Pacific High Kalahari High Subtropical ridge

Cyclone

Synoptic scale

Surface-based

Polar

Extratropical cyclones

Concepts

Northern Hemisphere

North America

Continental

Lee Cyclone	Alberta clipper Colorado low Great basin low Bighorn Low
Other	Panhandle hook November gale

Oceanic

Europe

v t e European windstorms
14th-18th century	Grote Mandrenke Burchardi flood Great Storm of 1703 Christmas Flood of 1717
19th century	Great Storm of 1824 Night of the Big Wind Moray Firth fishing disaster Tay Bridge disaster Eyemouth disaster
20th century	Iberia 1941 North Sea flood of 1953 Debbie 1961 Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 1968 Scotland storm Quimburga 1972 Gale of January 1976 December 1981 windstorm Charley 1986 Great storm of 1987 Burns' Day storm 1990 1992 New Year's Day Storm Braer Storm 1993 Christmas Eve storm 1997 Boxing Day Storm of 1998 Anatol 1999 Lothar 1999 Martin 1999
21st century	Oratia 2000 Jeanett 2002 Gudrun 2005 Per 2007 Kyrill 2007 Emma 2008 Klaus 2009 Xynthia 2010 Berit 2011 Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 Joachim 2011 Dagmar 2011 Andrea 2012 St Jude 2013 Xaver 2013 Dirk 2013 Anne 2014 Christina 2014 Tini 2014 Niklas 2015 Egon 2017 Thomas (Doris) 2017 Zeus 2017 Xavier 2017 Ophelia 2017 Herwart 2017 Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 Friederike (David) 2018 Adrian 2018 Ciara 2020 Dennis 2020 Aurore 2021 Malik 2022 Eunice 2022 Larisa 2023
See also	List of European windstorms List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

Other

Black Sea storms
Icelandic Low
Genoa low

Asia

Asiatic Low
Western Disturbance
Continental North Asian storms
East Asian-northwest Pacific storms

Other areas

Southern Hemisphere

Australia	Australian east coast low Black nor'easter
Other areas	Southern Ocean cyclone Sudestada

Subtropical

Tropical
(Outline)

Northern Hemisphere	Atlantic hurricane Cape Verde hurricane Pacific hurricane Typhoon North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
Southern Hemisphere	South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Australian region tropical cyclone South Pacific tropical cyclone South Atlantic tropical cyclone

Upper level

Mesoscale

Mesoscale ocean eddies

Mesoscale convective system

Whirlwind

Major	Mesocyclone Supercell Low-topped supercell Wall cloud Funnel cloud Tornado Multiple-vortex tornado Satellite tornado Anticyclonic tornado Landspout Waterspout
Minor	Gustnado Dust devil Steam devil Fire whirl

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Subcategories

Category puzzle

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Related WikiProjects

WikiProject Tropical cyclones is the central point of coordination for Wikipedia's coverage of tropical cyclones. Feel free to help!

WikiProject Weather is the main center point of coordination for Wikipedia's coverage of meteorology in general, and the parent project of WikiProject Tropical cyclones. Three other branches of WikiProject Weather in particular share significant overlaps with WikiProject Tropical cyclones:

The Non-tropical storms task force coordinates most of Wikipedia's coverage on extratropical cyclones, which tropical cyclones often transition into near the end of their lifespan.
The Floods task force takes on the scope of flooding events all over the world, with rainfall from tropical cyclones a significant factor in many of them.
WikiProject Severe weather documents the effects of extreme weather such as tornadoes, which landfalling tropical cyclones can produce.

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