| Year | Name | Sender of the embassy/envoy/letter/treaty/document | Receiver of the embassy/envoy/letter/treaty/document | Content | Ruler who is sending | Corresponding ruler who is receiving | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somewhere between 1432 and 1440[n 1] | No name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Lost Yarliq "In return for the Lithuanian assistance, Tokhtamısh had once granted a number of lands to Vytautas[n 2], his grant was then confirmed by Hadji Giray in [this] yarlıq addressed to Sigismund, and finally reconfirmed in the yarlıq sent to Casimir."[n 3][1] | Hacı I Giray | Sigismund Kęstutaitis | [1] |
| 22 September 1461[1] | No name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "A Polish chronicler, Jan Długosz, describes a solemn Crimean embassy that was received in Nowy Korczyn in December 1461. The envoys carried precious gifts, including a camel covered with costly textiles, and assured the king of the khan’s wish to keep friendship and face common enemies. Perhaps the aforementioned embassy brought the solemn yarlıq that is preserved today in a Polish translation... It is addressed to Casimir as the grand duke of Lithuania, and to his Lithuanian and Ruthenian councilors and subjects, whereas Poland is not even mentioned. Moreover, it lists Podolia along with its major castle of Kamjanec’ among the lands granted by the khan to Lithuania." Also this Yarliq is a reconfirmation of the previous yarliq which is a confirmation of the 1397 Yarliq[1] |
Hacı I Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [2] |
| Between April and May 1467. | No name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 5] | "In the spring of 1467, a Tatar envoy named Qoshar arrived in Poland with the official announcement of Hadji Giray’s death and the new khan’s desire to maintain the peace." | Nur Devlet | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [3] |
| No earlier than November 1467 | No name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Crimean Khanate | "On his way back to the Crimea, Qoshar was accompanied by a royal envoy, Albert (i.e., Wojciech) Borowski, who delivered Casimir’s condolences and declaration to keep peace" | Casimir IV Jagiellon | Nur Devlet | [3] |
| 17 September 1467 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "Later in the same year, Borowski returned to Poland with a treaty document issued by Nur Devlet on 17 September 1467, in his residence in Qırq Yer. The form of this document, written in quite sophisticated Latin, is unusual for the Crimean chancery and does not bear any similarity to the yarlıqs and şartnames issued by Hadji Giray and Mengli Giray." | Nur Devlet | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [3] |
| 1469 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "The new khan notified his accession to King Casimir" | Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [3] |
| 1469 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "later in the same year promptly warned him of a pending invasion by the Tatars of the Great Horde." | Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [3] |
| 1469 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Crimean Khanate | "The king reciprocated by sending Albert Borowski again to the Crimea." | Casimir IV Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [3] |
| Beginning of 1472 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Crimean Khanate | "Casimir sent to Mengli Giray another envoy, Jan Kierdej." | Casimir IV Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [4] |
| Spring of 1472 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "On his way back, Kierdej was accompanied by a Tatar envoy named Zafer (or perhaps Sefer or Djafer), who carried Mengli’s letter, anouncing his will to maintain peace" | Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [4] |
| Spring of 1472 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Kingdom of Bohemia | "congratulating the [ [[Vladislaus II of Hungary]] ] on his accession to the throne of Bohemia." | Mengli Giray | Vladislaus II of Hungary | [4] |
| 27 July 1472 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Crimean Khanate | "Finally, a formal royal instrument of peace was issued in Cracow on 27 July 1472. Having invoked the formal oath, sworn by the khan and his retinue in the presence of Kierdej, and the peaceful contents of Zafer’s embassy, the king engaged on his behalf and on behalf of his subjects to firmly observe the peace and mutual friendship. The document, drawn by the Polish chancellor, was corroborated by the archbishop of Gniezno, two bishops, and other notables, of whom eleven were mentioned by names." | Casimir IV Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [4] |
| 14 May 1474 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "a Lithuanian envoy, Bohdan Sakovyč, accompanied by a scribe Ivas’ko, was sent to the Crimea and returned with a new yarlıq issued by Mengli Giray"
"The contents of both yarlıqs [Hadji Giray's Yarliq] are almost identical. Although a few localities have been added and a few others are missing, these changes do not seem to reflect any conscious political decision. The omissions are probably due to scribal neglect, while the addition of new localities, perhaps on the insistence of Lithuanian envoys or in result of a double check with an original list that is now lost, does not really change the geographical shape of the territory “granted” to Lithuania. Again, the khan “granted” to Casimir the lands of the Duchy of Rjazan’ and the Republic of Velikij Novgorod, contested by Muscovy. |
Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [5] |
| Early in the year 1474 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Moscow | "a Crimean envoy named Hadji Baba (Azbaba) arrived at Moscow and swore an oath (Rus. pravdu dal) on behalf of Mengli Giray." | Mengli Giray | Ivan III of Russia | [6] |
| March 1475 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Moscow | "His mission was followed by a solemn Crimean embassy, headed by a member of the Shirin clan, Devletek (Eminek’s son), who brought a formal treaty instrument issued by the khan (Rus. jarlyk šertnoj) and witnessed the oath sworn by Ivan III in March 1475." | Mengli Giray | Ivan III of Russia | [6] |
| April 1480 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Moscow | Crimean Khanate | "in a fine piece of diplomatic hypocrisy, Ivan instructed his envoy to the Crimea to assure Mengli Giray that he had invited his brothers only for the khan’s own sake, so that they do not plan anything wrong against him. In 1486, Nur Devlet was put on the throne of the Khanate of Qasım (centered in Gorodec Meščerskij, renamed as Kasimov, on the Oka river), a puppet state controlled by Muscovian rulers, which served as a safe haven for dissatisfied Genghisid pretenders and simultaneously as a buffer against Tatar raids from the southeast (i.e., the Great Horde)." | Ivan III of Russia | Mengli Giray | [7] |
| April 1480[8] | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "In the spring of 1480 Hadji Baba (Azbaba), the same Crimean envoy who had sworn the treaty with Muscovy in 1474, arrived at Vilnius and swore an oath to keep peace in the presence of Casimir. The oath was pronounced on behalf of the khan, his qalga and younger brother Yaghmurcha, his other relatives, and the Crimean nobles. The envoy also promised that if the king sent his envoy to the Crimea, the peace would be personally confirmed by Mengli Giray, Eminek, and other notables." | Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [9] |
| September 1480 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | Crimean Khanate | "After a few months’ delay, in September 1480 Casimir sent to the Crimea his envoy, Prince Ivan Hlyns’kyj (Pol. Gliński), a noble descendant of Tatar settlers in Lithuania." | Casimir IV Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [9] |
| 13-20 October 1480[10]
(Bayrash arrived on October 1480, Seyyid Ahmed arrived with Hlyns’kyj on January 1481)[9] |
No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 4] | "in mid-October Mengli Giray took a solemn oath in Hlyns’kyj’s presence, promising to keep friendship and prevent his subjects from raiding Casimir’s “people, lands, or waters.” The text of the oath was recorded in the khan’s instrument of peace, referred to as “oath-letter” (Ruth. prysjažnyj lyst) and sent to Vilnius. To Casimir’s confusion, Mengli’s instrument also required the king to send him back the Tatar subjects allegedly donated by Hadji Giray to Prince Semen Olelkovyč. On his way back, Hlyns’kyj was accompanied by two Tatar envoys, Bayrash (Bajraš) and Seyyid Ahmed (Sedyxmat), who were provided with several letters. In a letter given to Bayrash, the khan apologized for the recent raid[n 6], blaming his “ill advisers” (ljudy lyxy), but also the royal side for having detained Hadji Baba for so long and temporized in sending Hlyns’kyj’s embassy." | Mengli Giray | Casimir IV Jagiellon | [9] |
| January 1481 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | "Following Ahmed’s death in January 1481, Temir, a powerful Nogay leader, whose role in the Great Horde was similar to that of Eminek’s in the Crimea, asked Mengli Giray for protection over the late khan’s sons. The protection was surprisingly granted, but soon after the relations between the two hordes deteriorated anew and later in the same year a large raid of the Great Horde devastated the Crimea."[n 7] | Temir | Mengli Giray | ||
| Spring of 1492 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Moscow | "In the spring of 1492, Mengli Giray notified Ivan III of his construction of a new fort on the lower Dnieper, on the “royal land” below the river crossing named Tavan’ (na korolevoj zemli niže Tavani), declaring his readiness to march against Kiev by harvest time, providing that he received Muscovian reinforcements. The khan expressed his hope that, God permitting, the two allies would soon take Vilnius and Cracow." | Mengli Giray | Ivan III of Russia | [11] |
| 1492 | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | "Curiously enough, Mengli Giray, still unaware of Casimir’s death, notified the Lithuanian court of his construction plans on the
lower Dnieper, not disclosing his designs of a large scale Crimean-Muscovian invasion." |
Mengli Giray | Alexander Jagiellon | [12] |
| 27 June 1492 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Crimean Khanate | "His letter was answered on 27 June 1492 already by Grand Duke Alexander, who notified the khan of his father’s
death and expressed his amazement that Mengli wished to violate his own yarlıq, in which he had granted the disputed lands to Lithuania. Referring to the new Tatar fort on the Dnieper as Tjahyn, Alexander stressed that if Mengli Giray behaved in a peaceful manner, he could receive it as a fief." |
Alexander Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [12] |
| 1505 | No Name | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 8] | Crimean Khanate | "In 1505 a Lithuanian envoy, Jakub Ivašencovyč, was sent to the Crimea with a proposal to renew the peace." | Alexander Jagiellon | Mengli Giray | [13] |
| 1505? | No Name | Crimean Khanate | Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 9] | "In reply, Mengli sent a courier named Batush, notifying Alexander that he had already sworn to keep friendship in the presence of Ivašencovyč. An oath had also been taken by Mengli’s brother Yaghmurcha, the khan’s second son Ahmed, the Shirin qaraçı Devletek, the Barın qaraçı Devlet Bakhtı, and other beys. In return for his declaration, the khan, who was surprisingly well informed of Sheikh Ahmed’s whereabouts, required that his old enemy be arrested in the presence of Batush and imprisoned in Kaunas. While Ivašencovyč was detained in the Crimea until the return of Batush, the khan asked Alexander to prepare a new great embassy, to be headed by the palatine of Trakai “as was the ancient custom,” or another person of high rank, so that the great envoy should arrive at the khan’s court and swear an oath in the king’s name. Alexander accepted the proposal, let Batush witness the imprisonment of Sheikh Ahmed, and sent him back along with a royal courier, Petr Fursovyč." | Mengli Giray | Alexander Jagiellon | [13] |
| August 1506 | No Name | Crimean Khanate also Khanate of Kazan envoy particpated |
Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Kingdom of Poland[n 9] | "Sending his new embassy, Mengli assured the king that the raid had been unauthorized and its rout well deserved.and its rout well deserved. Judging by the fact that the khan already knew the result of the raid, but did not know about Alexander’s death on 19 August, we may assume that his embassy left the Crimea in late August 1506. It was headed by Mengli’s trusted courtier, Tevkel (Tjuvikel) Ulan (not to be confused with the Manghıt leader), composed of numerous envoys sent by the Giray family members and clan leaders, and joined by Jakub Ivašencovyč, finally allowed to return home. In his letter to the king, Mengli expressed his gratitude for the imprisonment of Sheikh Ahmed and reiterated his peaceful intentions, which were to be confirmed with solemn oaths, sworn by the Crimean envoys in front of the king and his councilors. The khan again asked the king to send a great embassy, which would complete the whole somewhat prolonged procedure. The royal envoys would swear an oath by the king’s soul in front of Mengli Giray and witness an oath taken by the khan and his retinue. In conclusion, Mengli criticized Muscovian duplicity and proposed to form a triple alliance between Alexander, Mengli Giray, and Muhammed Emin, the khan of Kazan, who had recently waged war against his former protectors and successfully withheld a siege by the Muscovian troops. Muhammed Emin’s envoy also participated in the Crimean embassy, carrying his lord’s letter invoking the past friendship between Vytautas and Ulug Muhammed." | Mengli Giray also Muhammad Emin[n 10] |
Sigismund I the Old | [14] |