2023 European heat waves
Land surface temperature on 17 July 2023
TypeHeat wave
Areas
Start dateJune 2023
End dateOngoing
Losses
Deaths6 (Italy)

In 2023, Europe has been affected by heat waves. The most significant of these so far has been the ongoing named heat wave, Cerberus Heatwave, which is expected to bring the hottest temperatures ever recorded in Europe. Starting on 10 July 2023, the record-breaking Cerberus anticyclone affected many European countries, with the effects felt most severely in parts of Southeast and Southwest Europe such as Cyprus, Greece, Italy, and Spain. The Italian Meteorological Society named the extreme weather event after the hound of Hades from Greek mythology. It is one of the first major named heatwaves in history; temperatures were predicted to exceed 48 °C (118 °F) and break the record for the hottest ever recorded in Europe. The European Space Agency predicted temperatures in Italy exceeding 50 °C (122 °F). The event also led to record-breaking high temperatures in the Arctic following a week of the hottest global average temperatures ever recorded. Several regional temperature records have also been broken, and the heatwave has prompted health warnings and government action in several countries.

According to the British Met Office, 2023 is expected to have more intense heatwaves than those experienced in 2022.[1] In June, the European Environment Agency warned that schools and hospitals were at risk of high temperatures.[2]

Background

Further information: Climate change in Europe

On 1 January 2023, at least eight European countries recorded their warmest January day ever: Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands, Belarus, Lithuania, Denmark and Latvia.[3] This was attributed to climate change.[4]

By country

Austria

On 18 June, temperatures above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching 31.3 °C (88.3 °F) in Bludenz and marking the beginning of a heat wave that was expected to peak on 22 June.[5] Prior to 18 June, a temperature of 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) was not recorded at any official station in Austria since the beginning of 2023, marking the country's latest first occurrence of the value in a calendar year since 1990.[5] On 22 June, temperatures of 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) or higher were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) in Bad Goisern.[6]

The second heat wave of 2023 was expected to affect Austria between 10 July and 13 July, with maximum temperatures of up to 36 °C (97 °F) predicted to occur during the first two days.[7] After two days of heavy thunderstorms, temperatures in excess of 30 °C (86 °F) were expected to return on 14 July and reach as high as 38 °C (100 °F) in areas north of the Alps on 15 July.[8] During the week starting on 17 July, heavy thunderstorms kept forming in western and southern Austria on a daily basis. They were especially intense in Styria and Carinthia, and also affected parts of Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.[9][10]

See also: § Storms

Belgium

On 12 June 2023, officials issued a heat wave health warning.[11]

Bulgaria

Temperatures in Bulgaria reached 41°C during the Cerberus heat wave. Temperatures stayed above 35 °C for more than 2 weeks. Another heat wave is expected starting July, 18th. Expected temperatures are up to 43°C.

Croatia

Temperatures reached 40 °C (104 °F) by 13 July, sparking a significant wildfire near Šibenik.[12]

See also: § Storms

Cyprus

Temperatures in Cyprus neared 45 °C (113 °F) inland during the heatwave, with even elevated mountainous areas such as the Troodos region reaching a record-breaking 36 °C (97 °F).[13] Government officials issued heat warnings and set up "heat shelters" in various cities.[14]

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic experienced the hottest day of the year so far on July 15. In several places it was above 38 degrees Celsius, the warmest in Plzeň-Bolevec and Řež near Prague, 38.6 degrees. Nearly 100 of the 160 or so stations measuring 30 years or more recorded temperature highs for July 15.[15]

France

By 1 June 2023, 26 departments of France were under red alert, with another 50 under orange vigilance and 24 under yellow vigilance.[16]

Germany

Germany saw warmer than usual temperatures.[17] The German government has promised a plan to prevent heatwave deaths.[18] On 22 June Temperatures rose to 35.7 °C during the Nations first Heatwave of 2023.[19] A second Period of high Temperatures in early July lead the Temperatures to rise to 38°C on 9 July.[20] On 15 July Temperatures reached 38.8°C.[21]

On 20 July Robert Koch Institute estimated that at least 830 heat related excess death occured in the country between 10 April and 9 July.[22]

Greece

On 14 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Thiva registered 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) making it the highest temperature in the country for that day.[23][24][25] On the same day Athens recorded 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) in the suburb of Filothei.[26] Officials in Athens announced midday closure of the Acropolis.[27] On 15 July 2023, the National Observatory of Athens station in Elafonisi also recorded a maximum temperature of 44.2 °C (111.6 °F). [28]

On 15 July, 5 people in Athens Urban Area were reported to have suffered from hyperthermia, while at least 10 more reportedly fainted, though it isn't clear how many of them did so due to the heat. The Hellenic National Meteorological Service issued an Orange Warning for Extremely High Temperatures.[29] On that day the highest temperature in the Athens metropolitan area was 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) in Aspropyrgos. [30]

On 20 July 2023, a delivery driver in Chalcis died from cardiac arrest, a few hours after he ended his shift. The man was found out to be uninsured and the owner of the grill house was later arrested. He was working for hours outdoors with tempratures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). [31] [32]

On 22 July 2023, Kato Tithorea registered 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) making it the highest temperature in the country for that day,[33] while the World Meteorological Organization station in Lefkohori recorded 44.1 °C (111.4 °F). [34] [35]

Throughout the prolonged heat wave wildfires devastated the country, mostly in Athens metropolitan area and Rhodes. [36]

Ireland

In June 2023, Ireland had a "mini heat wave".[37]

Italy

Since 11 July, at least six men[38][39][40][41][42][43] have died after collapsing while working due to the intense heat. Most of Italy saw temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F), with temperatures as high as 48 °C (118 °F) estimated to hit Sicily and Sardinia by the middle of July.[44]

The European Space Agency predicted that temperatures would exceed 48 °C (118 °F) in Sardinia some time in July, marking the hottest temperature ever recorded in Europe.[45] Tourists throughout the country were also observed to suffer from heat stroke, with a British visitor fainting at the Colosseum.[46] It is also expected that an anticyclone dubbed "Charon" originating from North Africa may raise the temperature to above 45 °C (113 °F) in parts of Italy early in the week beginning 17 July.[47]

Norway

On 13 July, temperatures of 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) were observed at northern Norway's Slettnes Lighthouse, breaking a record previously held for 80 years.[48]

Romania

A first heat wave struck Romania after July 3, with temperatures exceeding 35 degrees Celsius. A second heat wave arrived after July 12, with temperatures reaching 39 Celsius degrees, prompting Romanian authorithies to issue yellow and orange alerts. On July 16, Elena Mateescu, the director of Romania's National Administration of Meteorology stated this month could be the warmest July in Romania in 120 years.[49] As of July 17, temperatures are expected to go even heigher, eventually surpassing 40 degrees Celsius.

See also: § Storms

Slovenia

The first heat wave of 2023 in Slovenia began on 19 June and ended on 23 June, when many parts of the country experienced heavy thunderstorms due to the arrival of a cold front.[50] Between 21 June and 23 June, the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) recorded temperatures in excess of 34 °C (93 °F) at several stations in their network. The highest temperature during the period was 35.5 °C (95.9 °F), recorded at the ARSO station at Cerklje ob Krki Airport on 21 June, whilst temperatures at the ARSO station in Dobliče reached 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) on both 21 June and 23 June.[51]

The second heat wave of 2023 was expected to affect Slovenia from 9 July to 13 July, and the ARSO predicted that maximum daytime temperatures between 30 °C (86 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F) would occur on 10 July.[52] That day, several stations in the ARSO network recorded temperatures between 33 °C (91 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F), a temperature of 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) was recorded in Osilnica, followed by temperatures reaching 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) in Bilje and Podnanos.[53] The second heat wave ended on 13 July, when heavy rain and high winds affected much of Slovenia.[54]

The third heat wave began on 15 July, and temperatures between 31 °C (88 °F) and 34 °C (93 °F) were predicted for much of Slovenia on the following day, with the possibility of reaching as high as 36 °C (97 °F) over a period of two days, especially in the south-east.[55] On 17 July, a temperature of 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) was recorded at the ARSO station in Dobliče and became the highest officially recorded temperature in Slovenia in 2023, in addition to several other ARSO stations reporting temperatures above 34 °C (93 °F) and the one in Metlika recording a temperature of 36.1 °C (97.0 °F).[56]

See also: § Storms

Spain

Spain experienced the hottest April on record, with temperatures up to 39 °C (102 °F) recorded that month.[57] Agriculture was heavily disrupted.[58]In June and July three people died by heatstroke.[59]

According to Carlos III Health Institute 659 mainly elderly people died between 8 July and 17 July due to heat.[60]Between 21 June and 8 July 309 excess deaths were recorded, bringin the total to 963.[61]

United Kingdom

On 7 June 2023, after the launch of a new high temperature alert system,[62] the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and the Met Office issued the first heat-health alert of the year.[63] A yellow heat alert was issued for London, the east and west Midlands, and the east, south-east and south-west.[64] 10 June was the hottest day of the year so far, when temperatures in London reached 30 °C (86 °F).[65][66] Northern Ireland was also under yellow alert.[67] It was the warmest average June in the UK since records began in 1884, with an average monthly temperature of 15.8 °C (60.4 °F), exceeding the previous highest, recorded in 1940 and 1976, by 0.9 °C. Records were also broken in 72 of the 97 areas where temperature data are collected.[68]

Risks of upcoming heat waves threatened the whisky industry.[69]

Storms

In late June and mid-July, the combination of daytime temperatures of 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) and high humidity led to formation of a series of uncommonly strong, supercell storms in the area ranging from Slovenia to Romania.[70] On 23 June, large hail destroyed crops in parts of Slovenia and Hrvatsko Zagorje. In Croatia, the storm also broke windows in Varaždin and tore roofs off several houses in Međimurje.[71][72] On 13 July, one such storm travelled 1,100 km (680 mi), producing hail throughout its distance with stones up to 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in diametre in Krško, Slovenia, and a wind speed in excess of 100 km/h (62 mph; 28 m/s) in Zrenjanin, Serbia.[73]

19 and 21 July storms

On 19 July, a particularly strong supercell caused extreme wind damage in Slovenia and northern Croatia. Six people were killed:[74] four in Croatia (two in Zagreb, one in Cernik, Brod-Posavina County, and an on-duty firefighter in the Vukovar-Srijem County),[75] one near Lake Bled, Slovenia, and one in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many more were injured, including at least 60 in Zagreb, 10 of them severely. The storm caused extensive wind damage and electricity outages in parts of Slovenia, northern Croatia and northern Serbia. Winds of 115 km/h (71 mph; 32 m/s) were recorded at the Zagreb Airport, and over 100 km/h in Belgrade and Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia.[76][77][78][79] A state-operated automated weather station near Županja, Croatia recorded a 180 km/h (110 mph; 50 m/s) wind gust.[80] The storm moved quickly, hitting Zagreb around 4 pm and Belgrade around 8 pm (CEST).[81] Zagreb saw 20–35 mm (0.79–1.38 in) of rainfall within 10 minutes.[80]

In the afternoon of 21 July, a similar storm travelled over northern Croatia, dealing the brunt of its damage in Istria and Rijeka, where seven people were injured and one was missing. It subsequently hit Zagreb with wind gusts up to 80 km/h (50 mph; 22 m/s), downing more trees, stopping tram traffic, and damaging the Croatian Parliament building among others.[82][83] Three deaths were recorded in Serbia.[74] In Novi Sad, a well-known celtis australis in the city center, more than 150 years old and a first-class listed natural heritage object, was obliterated, with its trunk shattered.[84]

See also

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