5th century in Lebanon
Key event(s):
Christianization of Lebanon
Icon of Maron, whose followers, after his death, founded a religious Christian movement that became known as the Maronite Church,
Chronology:
← 4th century 5th century 6th century →

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This article lists historical events that occurred between 401–500 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

Constantine's province of Augusta Libanensis was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice c. 400 into the Phoenice I or Phoenice Paralia (Greek: Φοινίκη Παραλία, "coastal Phoenice"), and Phoenice II or Phoenice Libanensis (Lebanese Phoenicia);(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals.^[1] In the Notitia Dignitatum, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a consularis, while Libanensis is governed by a praeses, with both provinces under the Diocese of the East.^[2] Only two governors of Phoenice were known from the reign of Theodosius II (408–450) to that of Justin I (518–527).^[3]

Events

400s

Around the year 400, Rabbula, the future bishop of Edessa, attempts to have himself martyred by interrupting and disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but he was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion.^[4]
A village featuring a luxurious building with Roman thermal baths and two large winepresses is established in the modern region of Zaarour, c. 400.^[5]
In 404 AD, towards the end of the reign of Arcadius, numerous Isaurian robbers gather in great numbers and ravage cities and villages as far as Phoenicia.^[6]
John Chrysostom writes to Maron around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking him to pray for him.^[7]

410s

The Christianization of Lebanon begins. The followers of Maron (a Syriac Christian hermit monk who practiced his religion in the Taurus Mountains) put a foundation to the religious Christian movement after his death in 410 AD that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church. The peoples who belong to the religious community which developed from this movement are the modern Maronites.^[8]^[9]

420s

Roman ruins of Berytus, in front of Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in modern-day Beirut.

The school's exact location is uncertain, but it is thought to have lain just north of Nejmeh Square (pictured), next to the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral.

By the 5th century, the law school of Berytus had established its leading position and repute among the Empire's law schools; its teachers were highly regarded and played a chief role in the development of legal learning in the East to the point that they were dubbed “ecumenical masters”.^[10]^[11] From 425, the law school of Constantinople becomes a rival center of law study.^[12]

430s

Marcellinus, bishop of Arqa, participates at the Council of Ephesus in 431.^[13]^[14]^[15] in which Cyrus, bishop of Tyre (?–431), is deposed as a supporter of Nestorius.^[16] and Berenicianus is ordained as his successor as the bishop of Tyre. (431–?)^[16]

440s

In 440, Anatolius (Greek: Ανατόλιος, fl. 421 – 451) a diplomat and general of the Eastern Roman Empire and Consul directs some works at the Heliopolis of Phoenicia.^[17]
In the summer of 2017 a Greek inscription, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination.^[18]
Epiphanius, bishop of Arqa, takes part in a synod at Antioch in 448.^[13]^[14]^[15]
A council is held in Tyre, February, 449, to discuss and examine the nestorian beliefs of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. This council had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the Council of the Three Chapters in 553.^[19]

450s

in 450 AD Berytus obtains from Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre.
Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, Porphyrius, a bishop from Batroun,^[20] and Thomas, the bishop of Porphyreon (Jieh),^[21] participate in the Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD, in which the Maronites reject miaphysitisim and maintain full communion with the then united Orthodox Catholic Church.^[22] It's also decided in the council to restore the jurisdiction of the six sees Berytus obtained, back to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis.^[23] Thus, from 451 AD Berytus is an exempt metropolis which depends directly on the Patriarch of Antioch.^[24]

In 452, after the Council of Chalcedon, the Maronite Beth-Maron monastery at Apamea (present day Qalaat al-Madiq) get expanded by the Byzantine emperor Marcian.^[25]
Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, signs the letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Phoenicia sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian to protest about the murder of Proterius of Alexandria.

460s

In 460 AD, the emperor Leo I issues an edict that orders candidates for the bar of the Eastern praetorian prefecture to produce certificates of proficiency from the law teachers who instruct them at one of the recognized law schools of the Empire. As a result, learning law at the law school of Berytus becomes highly desired.^[27]^[28]

470s

John II Codonatus, archbishop of Tyre, becomes patriarch of Antioch (477).^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]
A mosaic from Upper Galilee, then part of Phoenice Paralios (Maritima), is completed on 16 April 478 in the celebration of the visit of Longinus, the archbishop of Tyre and several other ecclesiastical figures on the first Sunday after Easter.^[35]

480s

The synod of Sidon is convened in 486 AD.^[36]
The Metropolitan of Tyre establishes himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.^[37]
In 487, Zacharias Rhetor travels to Berytus to study law at its law school. He stayed there, and led an ascetic life.^[38]
In 488, Severus of Antioch is baptised at the Church of Saint Leontius at Tripolis (modern-day Tripoli) with Evagrius as his sponsor.^[36]^[39]

490s

In 491/492, during the reign of Anastasius I, Lakhmid Arabs invade Phoenicia Libanensis, reaching as far as Emesa.^[40]

Ecclesiastical administration

The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided c. 400, Damascus, rather than Emesa, became the metropolis of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the Patriarchate of Antioch, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of Berytus c. 450; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.^[37]

Professors

Professors:^[41]

Dates (uncertain dates in italic)	Names (uncertain names in italic)
400–410, 438	Cyrillus
420–450	Patricius
450–490	Domninus
	Demosthenes
	Eudoxius
May–June 460	Euxenius
480–500	Amblichus
Before 487/488 –	Leontius
End of the 5th century, early 6th century	Sabinus
End of the 5th century, early 6th century	Anonymous, mentioned in the Scholia Sinaitica

Architecture

Hamatoura monastery (Arabic: دَيْر رُقَاد ٱلسَّيِّدَة حَمَاطُورَة), Kousba.^[42]^[43]^[44]
Anastasi Romano-Byzantine Cathedral, modern-day Nejmeh Square, Beirut.^[45]
Church of the Theotokos, Berytus (Beirut), city center, beside the port.^[46]^[47]
Church of Saint Judas, Beirut.^[48]
Martyrion of Saint Stephen, Beirut.^[49]
A Christian basilica with columns built towards the end of the 5th century, Yanouh.^[50]
Saint-Zakhia church, near Amsheet.^[51]^[52]
A Christian basilica with mosaics, dated to AD 498, Shheem.^[53]

References

Bibliography

Jolowicz, Herbert F. (1972). Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. Cambridge, Cambs.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521082532.
Mousourakis, George (2003). The Historical Institutional Context of Roman Law. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754621089.
Collinet, Paul (1925). Histoire de l'école de droit de Beyrouth (in French). Paris: Société Anonyme du Recueil Sirey.
Riddle, John M. (2008). A History of the Middle Ages, 300–1500. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442210042.
Cook, Arthur B. (1914). Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky. Cambridge.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Eißfeldt, Otto (1941). "Phoiniker (Phoinike)". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon–Pignus. pp. 350–379.

v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus ¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus ¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites ² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon