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((Short description|Process of erosion))
((more citations needed|date=October 2014))
[[Image:Glacial-abrasion-ss-2006.jpg|thumb|[[Glacier|Glacially]] abraded [[rock (geology)|rocks]] in western [[Norway]] near [[Jostedalsbreen]] gntration]]

'''Abrasion''' is a process of [[erosion]] that occurs when material being transported wears away at a surface over time, commonly happens in ice and glaciers. The primary process of abrasion is physical weathering. Its the process of [[friction]] caused by scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, and rubbing away of materials. The intensity of abrasion depends on the [[hardness]], [[concentration]], [[velocity]] and [[mass]] of the moving particles. Abrasion generally occurs in four ways:<ref>((cite journal |last1=Westgate |first1=Lewis G. |title=Abrasion by Glaciers, Rivers, and Waves |journal=The Journal of Geology |date=February 1907 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=113–120 |doi=10.1086/621381 |bibcode=1907JG.....15..113W |s2cid=129042164 |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref>Monroe, James Stewart, Reed Wicander, & Richard W. Hazlett. (2011) Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth. Cengage Learning ((ISBN|9781111795658)). pg 465,591</ref> [[glaciation]] slowly grinds rocks picked up by ice against rock surfaces;<ref>((cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Matthew M. |last2=Glasser |first2=Neil F. |chapter=Glacial abrasion |pages=109–116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6X0M5hAQj8C&pg=PA109 |title=Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-96669-2 ))</ref> solid objects transported in river channels make abrasive surface contact with the bed and walls; objects transported in waves breaking on coastlines; and by wind transporting [[sand]] or small stones against surface rocks. Abrasion is the natural scratching of bedrock by a continuous movement of snow or glacier downhill. This is caused by a force, friction, vibration, or internal deformation of the ice, and by sliding over the rocks and sediments at the base (that also causes an avalanche) that causes the glacier to move. 

Abrasion, under its strictest definition, is commonly confused with [[attrition (erosion)|attrition]] and sometimes [[Hydraulic action#:~:text=Hydraulic action is the erosion,dislodge and transport rock particles.|hydraulic action]] however, the latter less commonly so. Both abrasion and attrition refers to the wearing down of an object. Abrasion occurs as a result of two surfaces rubbing against each other, resulting in the wearing down of one or both of the surfaces. However, attrition refers to the breaking off of particles (erosion) which occurs as a result of objects hitting against each other. Abrasion leads to surface-level destruction over a period of time, whereas attrition results in more change at a faster rate. Today, the [[geomorphology]] community uses the term "abrasion" in a looser way, often interchangeably with the term "wear".<ref>((cite journal |last1=Chatanantavet |first1=Phairot |last2=Parker |first2=Gary |title=Physically based modeling of bedrock incision by abrasion, plucking, and macroabrasion |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=25 November 2009 |volume=114 |issue=F4 |pages=F04018 |doi=10.1029/2008JF001044 |bibcode=2009JGRF..114.4018C |doi-access=free ))</ref>

==In channel transport==
Abrasion in a stream or river channel occurs when the sediment carried by a river scours the bed and banks, contributing significantly to erosion. In addition to [[chemical weathering|chemical]] and [[physical weathering]] of [[hydraulic action]], [[Frost weathering|freeze-thaw]] cycles, and more, there is a suite of processes which have long been considered to contribute significantly to [[bedrock]] channel erosion include [[plucking (glaciation)|plucking]], abrasion (due to both [[bedload]] and [[suspended load]]), [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]], and [[cavitation]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Whipple |first1=Kelin X. |last2=Hancock |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Anderson |first3=Robert S. |title=River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 March 2000 |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=490–503 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<490:RIIBMA>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..490W ))</ref><ref>Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. (2007). Stream ecology: the structure and function of running waters. Springer Science & Business Media. ((ISBN|978-1-4020-5582-9)).((page needed|date=October 2021))</ref>
In terms of a glacier, it is a similar principal; the moving of rocks over a surface wears it away with friction, digging a channel that, when the glacier moves away, is called a [[U-shaped valley]].

Bedload transport consists of mostly larger [[clasts]], which cannot be picked up by the velocity of the [[streamflow]], rolling, sliding, and/or [[Saltation (geology)|saltating]] (bouncing) downstream along the bed. Suspended load typically refers to smaller particles, such as silt, clay, and finer grain sands uplifted by processes of [[sediment transport]]. Grains of various sizes and composition are transported differently in terms of the threshold flow velocities required to dislodge and deposit them, as is modeled in the [[Hjulström curve]]. These grains polish and scour the bedrock and banks when they make abrasive contact.((citation needed|date=October 2021))

==In coastal erosion==
[[File:Plataforma de abrasión (6111819085).jpg|thumb|Abrasion platform in the [[Parque Natural del Estrecho]], at the Strait of Gibraltar coast in Andalusia, Spain]] 
Coastal abrasion occurs as breaking [[Wind wave|ocean waves]] containing a sand and larger fragments erode the [[shoreline]] or headland. The hydraulic action of waves contributes heavily. This removes material, resulting in undercutting and possible collapse of unsupported overhanging cliffs. This erosion can threaten structure or infrastructure on coastlines, and the impact will very likely increase as [[global warming]] increases [[sea level rise]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Keqi |last2=Douglas |first2=Bruce C. |last3=Leatherman |first3=Stephen P. |title=Global Warming and Coastal Erosion |journal=Climatic Change |date=1 May 2004 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=41 |doi=10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024690.32682.48 |s2cid=154185819 ))</ref> [[Seawalls]] are sometimes built-in defense, but in many locations, conventional [[coastal engineering]] solutions such as sea walls are increasingly challenged and their maintenance may become unsustainable due to changes in climate conditions, sea-level rise, land subsidence, and sediment supply.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Temmerman |first1=Stijn |last2=Meire |first2=Patrick |last3=Bouma |first3=Tjeerd J. |last4=Herman |first4=Peter M. J. |last5=Ysebaert |first5=Tom |last6=De Vriend |first6=Huib J. |title=Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change |journal=Nature |date=December 2013 |volume=504 |issue=7478 |pages=79–83 |doi=10.1038/nature12859 |pmid=24305151 |bibcode=2013Natur.504...79T |s2cid=4462888 ))</ref>

Abrasion platforms are shore platforms where wave action abrasion is a prominent process. If it is currently being fashioned, it will be exposed only at low tide, but there is a possibility that the wave-cut platform will be hidden sporadically by a mantle of beach shingle (the abrading agent). If the platform is permanently exposed above the high-water mark, it is probably a [[raised beach]] platform, which is not considered a product of abrasion but may be undercut by abrasion as sea level rises.((citation needed|date=October 2021))

==From glaciation==
Glacial abrasion is the surface wear achieved by individual clasts, or rocks of various sizes, contained within ice or by subglacial sediment as the glacier slides over bedrock.<ref name=":0" /> Abrasion can crush smaller grains or particles and remove grains or multigrain fragments, but the removal of larger fragments is classified as plucking (or quarrying), the other major erosion source from glaciers. Plucking creates the debris at the base or sides of the glacier that causes abrasion. While plucking has generally been thought of as a greater force of geomorphological change, there is evidence that in softer rocks with wide joint spacing that abrasion can be just as efficient.<ref name=":0">((cite journal |last1=Krabbendam |first1=Maarten |last2=Glasser |first2=Neil F. |title=Glacial erosion and bedrock properties in NW Scotland: Abrasion and plucking, hardness and joint spacing |journal=Geomorphology |date=July 2011 |volume=130 |issue=3–4 |pages=374–383 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.022 |bibcode=2011Geomo.130..374K |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/14105/1/Krabbendam_Glasser_Glacial_Erosion_2011.pdf ))</ref> A smooth, polished surface is left behind by glacial abrasion, sometimes with [[glacial striations]], which provide information about the mechanics of abrasion under temperate glaciers.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Iverson |first1=Neal R. |title=Morphology of glacial striae: Implications for abrasion of glacier beds and fault surfaces |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 October 1991 |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1308–1316 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1308:MOGSIF>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=1991GSAB..103.1308I ))</ref>

==From wind==
Much consideration has been given to the role of wind as an agent of geomorphological change on Earth and other planets (Greely & Iversen 1987). [[Aeolian processes]] involve wind eroding materials, such as exposed rock, and moving particles through the air to contact other materials and deposit them elsewhere. These forces are notably similar to models in [[fluvial]] environments. Aeolian processes demonstrate their most notable consequences in [[arid]] regions of sparse and abundant unconsolidated sediments, such as sand. There is now evidence that bedrock canyons, landforms traditionally thought to evolve only from the fluvial forces of flowing water, may indeed be extended by the aeolian forces of wind, perhaps even amplifying bedrock canyon incision rates by an order of magnitude above fluvial abrasion rates.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Perkins |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Finnegan |first2=Noah J. |last3=de Silva |first3=Shanaka L. |title=Amplification of bedrock canyon incision by wind |journal=Nature Geoscience |date=April 2015 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=305–310 |doi=10.1038/ngeo2381 |bibcode=2015NatGe...8..305P ))</ref> Redistribution of materials by wind occurs at multiple geographic scales and can have important consequences for regional [[ecology]] and landscape evolution.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Okin |first1=G.S. |last2=Gillette |first2=D.A. |last3=Herrick |first3=J.E. |title=Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |date=April 2006 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=253–275 |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.029 |bibcode=2006JArEn..65..253O ))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

((Rivers, streams and springs))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Abrasion (Geology)))
[[Category:Sedimentology]]
[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Erosion]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]

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