You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.222.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 10:53, 20 August 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:57, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:57, 18 September 2024
Your current IP address is 44.222.213.68. The blocked range is 44.222.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Use dmy dates|date=May 2022))
((About|a classification of rivers|rivers named "Blackwater"|Blackwater River (disambiguation)||Blackwater (disambiguation)))
((short description|Slow-moving, dark-colored river flowing through forested swamps or wetlands))
[[File:LeonSinksBlackWtrMay05.jpg|thumb|A swamp-fed stream in northern [[Florida]], showing tannin-stained undisturbed blackwater]]

A '''blackwater river''' is a type of [[River#Classification|river]] with a slow-moving channel flowing through forested [[swamp]]s or [[wetland]]s. Most major blackwater rivers are in the [[Amazon Basin]] and the [[Southern United States]]. The term is used in [[fluvial]] studies, [[geology]], [[geography]], [[ecology]], and [[biology]].  Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black [[loam]], are simply black due to the color of the soil; these rivers are ''black mud rivers''. There are also black mud [[Estuary|estuaries]].

Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than [[Whitewater river (river type)|whitewater rivers]] and have [[Ionic strength|ionic concentrations]] higher than rainwater.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.2307/2989823 |last=Janzen |first=D. H. |title=Tropical Blackwater Rivers, Animals, and Mast Fruiting by the [[Dipterocarpaceae]] |journal=Biotropica |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=July 1974 |pages=69–103 |jstor=2989823))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last=Sioli |first=Harald |year=1975 |title=Tropical rivers as expressions of their terrestrial environments |journal=Tropical Ecological Systems/Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research |pages=275–288 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |location=[[New York City]]))</ref> The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ from both whitewater and [[Clearwater river (river type)|clearwater rivers]].<ref name="Duncan">((cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=W. P. |last2=Fernandes |first2=M. N. |date=2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230692696 |title=Physicochemical characterization of the white, black, and clearwater rivers of the Amazon Basin and its implications on the distribution of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae) |journal=PanamJAS |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=454–464 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113075416/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wallice-Duncan/publication/230692696_Physicochemical_characterization_of_the_white_black_and_clearwater_rivers_of_the_Amazon_Basin_and_its_implications_on_the_distribution_of_freshwater_stingrays_Chondrichthyes_Potamotrygonidae/links/0fcfd5032ba0ebcae3000000/Physicochemical-characterization-of-the-white-black-and-clearwater-rivers-of-the-Amazon-Basin-and-its-implications-on-the-distribution-of-freshwater-stingrays-Chondrichthyes-Potamotrygonidae.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2021))</ref> The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear, and whitewater was first proposed by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] in 1853 based on water colour, but the types were more clearly defined by chemistry and physics by ((ill|Harald Sioli|de)) from the 1950s to the 1980s.<ref name="Duncan" /><ref name="Sioli1984">((cite book| editor-last=Sioli |editor-first=H. | year=1984 | title=The Amazon: Limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin | isbn=978-94-009-6544-7))</ref> Although many Amazonian rivers fall clearly into one of these categories, others show a mix of characteristics and may vary depending on season and flood levels.<ref name="Goulding1982">((cite journal | last1=Goulding |first1=M. | first2=M. L. |last2=Carvalho | year=1982 | title=Life history and management of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characidae): an important Amazonian food fish | journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=107–133 | doi=10.1590/S0101-81751982000200001 | doi-access=free ))</ref>

==Comparison between white and black waters==
{| id="table1" class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+ Table 1: Mean ionic composition, specific conductivity (μS/cm), and pH in Amazon waters.<ref name="Darwich">((cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=J. S. B. |first2=A. J. |last2=Darwich |title=Phytoplanktonic primary production of a fluvial island lake in the Central Amazon (Lago do Rei, Ilha do Careiro) |journal=Amazoniana |publisher=Kiel |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=365–383 |year=1993))</ref>
|-
!
! [[Solimões River|Solimões]] or<br /> [[Amazon River]]<br /> – whitewater
! [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]<br /> – blackwater
|-
| [[Sodium|Na]] (mg/L)
| 2.3 ± 0.8
| 0.380 ± 0.124
|-
| [[Potassium|K]] (mg/L)
| 0.9 ± 0.2
| 0.327 ± 0.107
|-
| [[Magnesium|Mg]] (mg/L)
| 1.1 ± 0.2
| 0.114 ± 0.035
|-
| [[Calcium|Ca]] (mg/L)
| 7.2 ± 1.6
| 0.212 ± 0.066
|-
| [[Chlorine|Cl]] (mg/L)
| 3.1 ± 2.1
| 1.7 ± 0.7
|-
| [[Silicon|Si]] (mg/L)
| 4.0 ± 0.9
| 2.0 ± 0.5
|-
| [[Strontium|Sr]] (μg/L)
| 37.8 ± 8.8
| 3.6 ± 1.0
|-
| [[Barium|Ba]] (μg/L)
| 22.7 ± 5.9
| 8.1 ± 2.1
|-
| [[Aluminum|Al]] (μg/L)
| 44 ± 37
| 112 ± 29
|-
| [[Iron|Fe]] (μg/L)
| 109 ± 76
| 178 ± 58
|-
| [[Manganese|Mn]] (μg/L)
| 5.9 ± 5.1
| 9.0 ± 2.4
|-
| [[Copper|Cu]] (μg/L)
| 2.4 ± 0.6
| 1.8 ± 0.5
|-
| [[Zinc|Zn]] (μg/L)
| 3.2 ± 1.5
| 4.1 ± 1.8
|-
| [[electrical conductivity|Conductivity]]
| 57 ± 8
| 9 ± 2
|-
| [[pH]]
| 6.9 ± 0.4
| 5.1±0.6
|-
| Total [[Phosphorus|P]] (μg/L)
| 105 ± 58
| 25 ± 17
|-
| Total [[Carbon|C]] (mg/L)
| 13.5 ± 3.1
| 10.5 ± 1.3
|-
| [[HCO3|HCO<sub>3</sub>]]-C (mg/L)
| 6.7 ± 0.8
| 1.7 ± 0.5
|}
Black and [[Whitewater river (river type)|white waters]] differ significantly in their ionic composition, as shown in [[#table1|Table 1]].  Black waters are more [[acid]]ic, resulting in an [[aluminum]] concentration greater than that of the more neutral white waters.  The major difference is the concentrations of [[sodium]], [[magnesium]], [[calcium]], and [[potassium]]; these are very low in black waters.  This has ecological implications. Some animals need more calcium than is available in blackwaters, so for example, [[snail]]s, which need much calcium to build shells, are not abundant in blackwaters. The lack of dissolved ions in black waters results in a low [[electrical conductivity|conductivity]], similar to that of rainwater.((Cn|date=February 2021))

Black and white waters differ in their [[plankton]]ic fauna and flora. [[#table2|Tables 2]] and [[#table3|3]] compare the number of planktonic animals caught in black and white water localities only a few meters apart. The black water was not as extreme an example as the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] system. However, it can be seen that the black water held greater numbers of [[rotifer]]s but fewer [[crustacean]]s and [[mite]]s. These crustaceans are important foods for [[larval fish]]. The zones where the two waters mix are attractive to [[ostracod]]s and young fish. These mixing zones tend to have many animals. The abundance is shown in Table((nbsp))3, which compares animals in ((convert|10|L)) of water.<ref>((cite web |title=Comparison between white and black waters |access-date=21 May 2006 |url=http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/indexc30.html |work=Amazonian Fishes and their Habitats |publisher=Pisces Conservation Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122850/http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/indexc30.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

{| id="table2" class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+ Table 2: Planktonic organisms collected in black ([[Japura River|Japura]]) and white ([[Solimões River|Solimões]]) waters.<ref name="Darwich" />
|-
! Animal groups<br /> present
! Black<br /> water
! Mixed<br /> water
! White<br /> water
|-
| [[Rotifer]]a
| 284
| 23
| 0
|-
| [[Cladocera]]
| 5
| 29
| 43
|-
| [[Ostracod]]a
| 39
| 97
| 29
|-
| [[Calanoida]]
| 11
| 51
| 66
|-
| [[Cyclopoida]]
| 22
| 49
| 61
|-
| [[Chironomidae]]
| 0
| 3
| 3
|-
| [[Acari]] (mites)
| 0
| 0
| 2
|}
{| id="table3" class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+ Table 3: Number of planktonic organisms collected in 10((nbsp))L of black, white, and mixed waters.<ref name="Darwich" />
|-
! 
! colspan="2" | Black water
! colspan="2" | Mixed water
! colspan="2" | White water
|-
! Animal groups<br /> present
! Open<br /> water
! Forest
! Open<br /> water
! Forest
! Open<br /> water
! Forest
|-
| [[Volvocaceae]]
| 42
| &nbsp;
| 38
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Rotifer]]a
| 87
| 5
| 34
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Cladocera]]
| 6
| &nbsp;
| 5
| &nbsp;
| 8
| 1
|-
| [[Ostracod]]a
| 2
| 11
| 3
| &nbsp;
| 7
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Calanoida]]
| 23
| 3
| 10
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Cyclopoida]]
| 5
| 27
| 19
| 1
| 13
| 1
|-
| [[Mysidacea]]
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Diptera]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Acari]] (mites)
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
|-
| Larval fish
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
| 1
| &nbsp;
|}

==Comparison between clear and black waters==
Blackwater rivers resemble [[Clearwater river (river type)|clearwater rivers]] in having a low conductivity and relatively low levels of [[Total dissolved solids|dissolved solids]], but clearwater rivers have water that often only is somewhat acidic (typical pH ~6.5)<ref name="Duncan" /> and very clear with a greenish color.<ref name="Giovanetti">((cite book | first1= Thomas A. |last1=Giovannetti | first2= Matthew M. |last2=Vriends | title = Discus Fish | url = https://archive.org/details/discusfishacompl00giov | url-access = limited | publisher = Barron's | location = Hauppauge, NY | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-8120-4669-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/discusfishacompl00giov/page/n16 15]))</ref> The main Amazonian clearwater rivers have their source in the [[Brazilian Plateau]] (such as [[Tapajós River|Tapajós]], [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]] and some right tributaries of the [[Madeira River|Madeira]]), but some originate in the [[Guiana Shield]] (such as [[Nhamundá River|Nhamundá]], [[Paru River|Paru]], and [[Araguari River (Amapá)|Araguari]]).<ref>((cite journal |last1=Junk |first1=W. J. |last2=Piedade |first2=M. T. F. |last3=Schöngart |first3=J. |last4=Cohn-Haft |first4=M. |last5=Adeney |first5=J. M. |last6=Wittmann |first6=F. A. |date=2011 |title=Classification of Major Naturally-Occurring Amazonian Lowland Wetlands |journal=Wetlands |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=623–640|doi=10.1007/s13157-011-0190-7 |s2cid=36001397 ))</ref>

== Blackwater rivers of the world ==
((More citations needed section|date=January 2021))
((expand list|date=May 2014))

===Amazonia===
*[[Apaporis River]]: a tributary of the [[Japurá River]]
*[[Arapiuns River]]: a tributary of the [[Tapajós River]]
*[[Coari River]]
*[[Mazaruni River]]
*[[Mirití-Paraná River]]
*[[Piorini River]]
*[[Potaro River]]: a tributary of the [[Mazaruni River]]
*[[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]: The largest blackwater river in the world; one of the largest Amazonian tributaries.
*[[Tahuayo River]]
*[[Tefé River]]
*[[Uatumã River]]
*[[Urubu River (Amazonas)|Urubu River]]
*[[Vaupés River]]

===Orinoco basin===
* [[Morichal Largo River]]
* [[Atabapo River]]: from the [[Guiana highlands]] of [[Venezuela]] west into the [[Orinoco]]
* [[Caroní River]]: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco.
* [[Caura River (Venezuela)|Caura River]]: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco
* [[Inírida River]]: from [[Colombia]] northeast into the [[Guaviare River]] which flows into the Orinoco
* [[Ventuari River]]: from eastern Venezuela southwest into the Orinoco
* [[Vichada River]]: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
* [[Tomo River]]: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
* [[Tuparro River]]: from Colombia east into the Orinoco

===Southern United States===
[[File:LumberRiverStatePark.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Lumber River]] as seen from the boat launch at Princess Ann near [[Orrum, North Carolina]]]]
*[[Ashepoo River]]: along with the [[Edisto River|Edisto]] and the [[Combahee River]]s in South Carolina makes up the [[ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge]].
*[[Big Cypress Bayou|Big Cypress, Black Cypress, and Little Cypress]] and the small rivers in the watershed of [[Caddo Lake]] in [[Texas]] and [[Louisiana]]
*[[Blackwater River (Chowan River)|Blackwater River]]: a tributary of the [[Chowan River]] in Virginia
*[[Blackwater River (Florida)|Blackwater River]]: a major river in the western [[Florida panhandle]]
*[[Blackwater River (West Virginia)|Blackwater River]], West Virginia: Located in the [[Blackwater Canyon]] in Tucker County. Blackwater Falls, a five-story waterfall, is located along this river with rapids ranging from Class((nbsp))III-V+.
*[[Black River (South Carolina)|Black River]]: a tributary of the [[Pee Dee River]] in [[North Carolina|North]] and South Carolina
*[[Cape Fear River]], North Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
*[[Cashie River]], North Carolina: flows into [[Albemarle Sound]].
*[[Caloosahatchee River]], [[Florida]]: flows west from [[Lake Okeechobee]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].
*[[Chowan River]], North Carolina: flows into [[Albemarle Sound]].
*[[Edisto River]], South Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
*[[Econlockhatchee River]], a [[tributary]] of the [[St. Johns River]] in Central Florida.
*[[Forked Deer River]]: located in West Tennessee
*[[Four Hole Swamp]], a tributary of the Edisto River in South Carolina.
*[[Little Manatee River]], Florida: flows into [[Tampa Bay]].
*[[Great Coharie Creek (Black River tributary)|Great Coharie Creek]], North Carolina: flows into the Black River.
*[[Little Pee Dee River]], South Carolina: flows into the [[Pee Dee River]].
*[[Lynches River]], South Carolina:  flows into the [[Pee Dee River]].
*[[Lumber River|Lumber]]/[[Drowning Creek]]: located in North and South Carolina. Part of [[Lumber River State Park]]
*[[Myakka River]]: 66 mile-long river with its headwaters in [[Manatee County, Florida]]. The Myakka River discharges into [[Charlotte Harbor (estuary)|Charlotte Harbor]].
*[[Obion River]]: located in Northwest Tennessee
*[[Ochlockonee River]]: a river in northern Florida
*[[Ogeechee River]]: a 245-mile river in eastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] that passes to the south of the city of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] and enters the Atlantic Ocean at [[Ossabaw Sound]].
*[[Ohoopee River]]: a 119-mile-long (192&nbsp;km) river in east-central [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. It is a tributary of the [[Altamaha River]], which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.
*[[Pasquotank River]]: a river in Northeastern [[North Carolina (U.S. state)|North Carolina]]. Located between Camden and Pasquotank counties, the Pasquotank connects directly to the [[Albemarle Sound]] and is part of the Intracoastal Waterway via [[Elizabeth City]].
*[[Peace River (Florida)|Peace River]]: located in central Florida, flows into [[Charlotte Harbor (estuary)|Charlotte Harbor]].
*[[Pithlachascotee River]]: a small river in central [[Florida]]
*[[Pocomoke River]]: a river in southern [[Delaware]] and southeastern [[Maryland]] on the [[Delmarva Peninsula]]. The river is a tributary to the [[Chesapeake Bay]].
*[[Santa Fe River (Florida)|Santa Fe River]]: a river in northern Florida
*[[Satilla River]]: a river in southeast [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] that flows through the city of [[Waycross, Georgia|Waycross]] and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near [[Cumberland Island]].
*[[Scuppernong River (North Carolina)|Scuppernong River]]: a small river in [[Washington County, North Carolina|Washington]] and [[Tyrrell County, North Carolina|Tyrrell Counties]] in eastern [[North Carolina]] at [[Pettigrew State Park]]
*[[Sopchoppy River]]: a river in northern Florida
*[[St. Marys River (Florida–Georgia)|St. Mary's River (Florida–Georgia):]] a 130-mile river  located in southeast Georgia and is bordered by the Satilla River Basin to the north and the Suwannee River Basin to the west.
*[[St. Johns River]]: The largest river in Florida. Flows north through [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and into the Atlantic. 
*[[St. Sebastian River]], Indian River County, Florida.
*[[Suwannee River]]: a large river in southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and northern Florida flowing into the Gulf of Mexico
*[[Upper Little River]], North Carolina: flows into the [[Cape Fear River]].
*[[Nanticoke River|Upper Nanticoke River]], Delaware and Maryland: flows into the Chesapeake Bay.
*[[Village Creek (Texas)|Village Creek]], a 63 Mile long stream in the [[Big Thicket]] region of southeast Texas: flows into the [[Neches River]].
*[[Waccamaw River]], North and South Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
*[[White Oak River]], North Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
*[[Wolf River (Mississippi)|Wolf River]]: arises in Northern Mississippi and runs through southwest Tennessee/Memphis into Mississippi River

===Northern United States===
[[File:2009-0618-TahquamenonFalls.jpg|thumb|Chocolate-colored [[Tahquamenon Falls]]]]
*[[Black River (New York)|Black River]], [[New York (state)|New York]]: a river starting in the western [[Adirondacks]] that flows into [[Lake Ontario]].
*[[Black River (Gogebic County)]], [[Michigan]]: a river in the far western [[Upper Peninsula]] that flows into [[Lake Superior]]. The northern section of the river is listed as a [[National Wild and Scenic River]].
*[[Mullica River]] and its tributaries from the [[Pine Barrens]], [[New Jersey]], where the dark water is called cedar water
*[[Gooseberry River]]: a river in northern Minnesota that leaches from peat bogs and pine forests
*[[Ocqueoc River]], Michigan: a river in the northern Lower Peninsula that flows in [[Lake Huron]]
*[[Tahquamenon River]], [[Michigan]]: a river in the [[Upper Peninsula]] that flows into [[Lake Superior]]
*[[Tuckahoe River (New Jersey)|Tuckahoe River]], [[New Jersey]]: a short river in southern New Jersey that flows into [[Great Egg Harbor]]

===Africa===
* Most [[Congo Basin|Congo]] and [[Lower Guinean forests|Lower Guinean]] rivers that flow through rainforests are blackwater.<ref name="Allen2011">((cite book | last1=Brummett |first1=R. |first2=M. |last2=Stiassny |first3=I. |last3=Harrison | chapter=Background |editor-last1=Allen |editor-first1=D. J. |editor-first2=E. G. E. |editor-last2=Brooks |editor-first3=W. R. T. |editor-last3=Darwall | title=The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Central Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/statusdistributi00broo | url-access=limited | year= 2011| pages= [https://archive.org/details/statusdistributi00broo/page/n12 1]–20 | publisher=Gland, IUCN | isbn=978-2-8317-1326-7))</ref>
* The Congo basin lakes [[Lake Mai-Ndombe|Mai-Ndombe]] and [[Lake Tumba|Tumba]] are blackwater.<ref>((cite journal | last1=Schliewen |first1=U. K. |first2=M. L. J. |last2=Stiassny | year=2006 | title=A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo | journal = Zootaxa | volume=1169 | pages=33–46 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2 ))</ref>
* The [[New Calabar River|New Calabar]] and [[Sombreiro River]]s (both exiting in the [[Niger River Delta]]) are blackwater.<ref name="Thieme2005">((cite book | last1=Thieme |first1=M. L. | first2=R. |last2=Abell | first3=N. |last3=Burgess | first4=B. |last4=Lehner | first5=E. |last5=Dinerstein | first6=D. |last6=Olson | title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment | url=https://archive.org/details/freshwaterecoreg00thie | url-access=limited | year= 2005 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/freshwaterecoreg00thie/page/n82 60]–62 | publisher=Island Press | isbn=1-55963-365-4 ))</ref>

===Australia===
*[[Gordon River]], [[Tasmania]]: a river rising in the center of the island and flowing westward, emptying into [[Macquarie Harbour]] on the [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]]
*[[Pieman River]], Tasmania: a river on the West Coast which leaches from rainforests and heathlands
*[[Davey River]], Tasmania: a relatively small river in the southwest corner of the island which runs through extensive heathlands, peat bogs and [[Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus|button grass]] plains
*[[Noosa River]], [[Queensland]]: a small section of the Noosa River running between Lake Cootharaba and Lake Cooroibah<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.upstreampaddle.com/noosa.html|title=Noosa River Elanda Point to Campsite Fifteen Canoe Guidebook|website=www.upstreampaddle.com|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708025442/http://www.upstreampaddle.com/noosa.html|url-status=dead))</ref>
*[[Searys Creek]], Queensland: a small river running from the [[Great Sandy National Park]] to Tin Can Bay stained with [[Melaleuca alternifolia|tea-tree]] tannin.

====Intermittent blackwater events====
Other rivers in Australia may experience infrequent 'blackwater events' associated with flood waters connecting to forested floodplains and these events may be associated with hypoxic waters [low oxygen]. Examples include the [[Murray River]], [[Edward River]], [[Wakool River]] and [[Murrumbidgee River]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/habitat/threats/fish-kills/black-water-events-causing-fish-kills-in-the-murray,-murrumbidgee-and-lower-darling-river-catchments-march-2012 |title=Black water event in the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lower Darling River catchments: March 2012 |work=www.dpi.nsw.gov.au |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062137/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/habitat/threats/fish-kills/black-water-events-causing-fish-kills-in-the-murray%2C-murrumbidgee-and-lower-darling-river-catchments-march-2012 |archive-date=8 August 2014 ))</ref>

===Indonesia===
* [[Sabangau River]] 
* [[Kapuas River]]

==Images of blackwater rivers==
<gallery widths="210px" heights="170px">
Amazon blackwater.JPG|Amazon tributary classified as blackwater
Bald Cypress.JPG|Cluster of [[bald cypress]] trees in [[Trap Pond State Park]] in Southern [[Delaware]]
Manaus-Amazon-NASA.jpg|[[Manaus]], the largest city on the [[Amazon River]], from a [[NASA]] satellite image, surrounded by the muddy Amazon river and the blackwater [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]
File:Blackwater and muddy water, Big Thicket NP. Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. TX; 3 Apr 2020.jpg|A cypress slough where [[Bayhead|baygall]] blackwater (left) mixes with the more typical muddy waters (right) of the region. [[Big Thicket]] National Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 3 April 2020
File:Caño Ceima Cachivera, Mitú, Vaupés.jpg|Caño Ceima Cachivera, Mitú, Vaupés: one of the most visited waterfalls and indigenous communities In [[Mitú]], Colombia
</gallery>

==See also==
((Portal|Wetlands))
* [[Bog]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]

==References==
((reflist))

((Rivers, streams and springs))
((Wetlands))

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Rivers]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Blackwater river (edit)
Template:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category by type (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Expand list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Incomplete list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nbsp (view source) (protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Rivers, streams and springs (edit)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Spaces (view source) (protected)
Template:TDMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wetlands (edit)
Module:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/w (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Blackwater river.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_river"