The Berlin International Film Festival (German: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin), usually called the Berlinale, is a film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany.[1] Founded in West Berlin in 1951,[2] the festival has been held every February since 1978 and is one of the "Big Three" alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Cannes Film Festival in France.[3][4] Since 2019, Mariette Rissenbeek has been the festival's executive director; Carlo Chatrian is its artistic director.[5]
With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions each year, it has the largest public attendance of any annual film festival.[6] Up to 400 films are shown in several sections across cinematic genres. Around twenty films compete for the festival's top awards, called the Golden Bear and several Silver Bears.[6]
The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit.[7] The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers and co-production agents. The Berlinale Talents, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, is a gathering of young filmmakers held in partnership with the festival.[8]
The film festival, EFM, and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries every year.[9] More than 4,200 journalists produce media coverage in over 110 countries.[10] At some high-profile feature film premieres held during the festival, movie stars and celebrities are present and photographed on a red carpet.[11]
History
During the peak of the Cold War in 1950, Oscar Martay, a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American High Commissioner for Germany stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.[12][13][14][2] The proposal was put through a committee including members of the Senate of Berlin and people from the German film industry on 9 October 1950.[2] Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951[2][12][15] with film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer as its first director, a position he would hold until 1976.[16] Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in Steglitz on 6 June 1951.[17] The first festival ran from 6–17 June[17] with Waldbühne being another festival venue.[17][2]
The winners of the first awards in 1951 were determined by a West German panel, and there were five winners of the Golden Bear, divided by categories and genres.[18]Cinderella, which won the Golden Bear for a Music Film,[19] also won the audience award.[17] The FIAPF (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) banned the awarding of jury prizes at the festival[17] so between 1952 and 1955, the winners of the Golden Bear were determined by the audience members.[20] In 1956, FIAPF formally accredited the festival[17] and since then the Golden Bear has been awarded by an international jury.[20]
During the Cold War, a selection of the films were also screened in East Berlin.[21]
The 20th edition of the festival in 1970 was cut short and awards not issued following controversy over the showing of Michael Verhoeven's film o.k..[17] The following year, the festival was reformed and a new International Forum for New Cinema was created.[17]
Bauer was succeeded by film journalist Wolf Donner in 1976,[22] who gave German films higher priority.[17] After his first Berlinale in June 1977, he successfully negotiated the shift of the festival from the June to February (22 February – 5 March 1978), a change which has remained ever since.[23] That festival, the 28th edition, saw the jury award the Golden Bear to Spain for its contribution to the festival rather than a specific film.[17] The three Spanish films which were screened at the festival and won it were short film Ascensor directed by Tomás Muñoz and feature films La palabras de Max by Emilio Martínez Lázaro and Las truchas by José Luis García Sánchez.[24] The 1978 festival also saw the start of the European Film Market.[17]
After only three years in the role, Donner was followed by Moritz de Hadeln who held the position from 1980[25] until director Dieter Kosslick took over in 2001.[26]
In 2000, the Theater am Potsdamer Platz, known as the Berlinale Palast during the festival, became the festival's principal venue.[17] Since 2009, Friedrichstadt-Palast has also been used.
In June 2018, it was announced that Mariette Rissenbeek would serve as the new executive director alongside artistic director Carlo Chatrian. They assumed their posts after Kosslick's final edition in 2019. Rissenbeek became the first woman to lead the Berlinale.[27][28]
A new Series section, devoted to longform television series, was introduced in 2015.[29]
Venues of the festival are spread throughout the central city districts
The Berlinale Palast is the venue for the competition premieres
As of 2021[update] the festival is composed of nine different sections:[32]
Competition: feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, which compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production.[33]
Berlinale Special (a diverse selection of films, events and people) & Berlinale Series (for television series)[29]
Encounters (established 2020, when Culinary Cinema was dropped[34])
In 2021, the directors of six previous Golden-Bear-winning films determined the awards for the Competition of the 71st Berlinale. There was no President of the Jury that year. The jury members were Mohammad Rasulof, Nadav Lapid, Adina Pintilie, Ildikó Enyedi, Gianfranco Rosi and Jasmila Žbanić.[36]
The Silver Bear was introduced in 1956 as an award for individual achievements in direction and acting, and for best short film.[citation needed]
In 1965 a special film award for the runner-up to the Golden Bear was introduced. Although its official name was the Special Jury Prize from 1965 to 1999, and has been the Jury Grand Prix since 2000, it is commonly known as the Silver Bear (just like the awards for individual achievements) as it is regarded as a second place award after the Golden Bear.[citation needed]
The European Film Market (EFM) is one of three largest movie markets in the world.[38] Started in 1978,[17] it is the business centre during the time of the Berlinale. The EFM is the major venue for film producers, buyers, financiers, sales agents, and distributors. Being the first Film Market of the year together with the Marché du Film in Cannes in May and the American Film Market in November, the EFM is one of the three major meetings of the film industry.
It is a professional trade event, therefore it is open to registered industry insiders. In 2020, 971 screenings of 732 registered movies took place with 525 films celebrating their premiere.[39]
The EFM is the follow-up event of the Filmmesse, which was led by Aina Bellis from 1980 to 1987. In 1988, Aina Bellis was succdeeded by Beki Probst. From 2014 to October 2020, Matthijs Wouter Knol took over the position. In November 2020, Dennis Ruh became the director of the EFM.[40]
The trade fair provides exhibition space for companies presenting their current line-up. It organizes over 1000 screenings of new films, which take place at movie theatres around Potsdamer Platz. In 2007, the CinemaxX and CineStar were used to showcase new productions. In 2010, the Astor Film Lounge showed market screenings in three dimensions using digital RealD technology.
The Berlinale Co-Production Market is a three-day networking platform for producers and financiers, as well as broadcasting and funding representatives who are participating in international co-productions. At the Berlinale Co-Production Market, producers can introduce selected projects and find co-production partners and/or financiers in one-on-one meetings.
Wim Wenders attended the Talent Campus as a lecturer
Commencing in 2003, the Berlinale has partnered with the Berlinale Talents (previously Berlinale Talent Campus), which is a winter school for "up-and-coming filmmakers" that takes place at the same time as the festival. The Talent Campus accepts about 250 applicants each year; the attendees come from around the world, and represent all of the filmmaking professions.[41]
The event runs six days during the Berlinale and features lectures and panel discussions with well-known professionals addressing issues in filmmaking. Workshops, excursions, personal tutoring, coaching, and training of participants from different fields of work are part of the programme.
