The Berlin International Film Festival (German: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin), usually called the Berlinale (German pronunciation: [bɛʁliˈnaːlə](listeni)), is a major international film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951 and originally run in June, the festival has been held every February since 1978 and is one of Europe's "Big Three" film festivals alongside the Venice Film Festival held in Italy and the Cannes Film Festival held in France. Furthermore, it is one of the "Big Five", the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The festival regularly draws tens of thousands of visitors each year.
About 400 films are shown at multiple venues across Berlin, mostly in and around Potsdamer Platz. They are screened in nine sections across cinematic genres, with around twenty films competing for the festival's top awards in the Competition section. The major awards, called the Golden Bear and Silver Bears, are decided on by the international jury, chaired by an internationally recognisable cinema personality. This jury and other specialised Berlinale juries also give many other awards, and in addition there are other awards given by independent juries and organisations.
The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers and co-production agents. The Berlinale Talents, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, is a gathering of young filmmakers held in partnership with the festival.
History
Delphi Filmpalast
First festival
During the peak of the Cold War in 1950, Oscar Martay, a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American High Commissioner for Germany stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.[1][2][3][4] The proposal was put through a committee, which included members of the Senate of Berlin and people from the German film industry, on 9 October 1950.[4] Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951.[4][1][5] Film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer was the festival's first director, a position he would hold until 1976.[6]
Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca opened the first festival at the Titania-Palast in Steglitz on 6 June 1951. The festival ran from 6 to 17 June,[7] with Waldbühne being another festival venue.[7][4]
The winners of the inaugural awards in 1951 were determined by a West German panel, and there were five winners of the Golden Bear, divided by categories and genres.[8]Cinderella, which won the Golden Bear for a Music Film,[9] also won the audience award.[7]
Early years and awards
The FIAPF (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) banned the awarding of jury prizes at the festival,[7] so between 1952 and 1955, the winners of the Golden Bear were determined by the audience members.[10] In 1956, FIAPF formally accredited the festival[7] and since then the Golden Bear has been awarded by an international jury.[10]
During the Cold War, a selection of the films were also screened in East Berlin.[11] The Berlin Wall did not go up until 1961.[1]
In 1957, the Zoo Palast became the main venue for the festival, and remained so until the move to Potsdamer Platz in 2000 (see Venues below).[1]
1970s
The 20th edition of the festival in 1970 was cut short and awards not issued following controversy over the showing of Michael Verhoeven's anti-war film o.k..[7] The jury, headed by American film director George Stevens, decided after a 7–2 vote to remove the film from the competition, justifying their decision by citing a FIAPF guideline that said: "All film festivals should contribute to better understanding between nations". Stevens claimed that the film, which includes a gang rape of a Vietnamese woman by American soldiers during the Vietnam War, was anti-American.[12] One jury member, Dušan Makavejev, protested against this measure, stood up for the film and supported Verhoeven and producer Rob Houwer.[13] Verhoeven defended his film by stating in these terms: "I have not made an anti-American film... The biggest part of the American people today is against the war in Vietnam".[14] Other directors taking part in the festival withdrew their films in protest, and the jury was accused of censorship and eventually disbanded, so no prizes were awarded and the competition was suspended.[15]
This scandal had such a big effect that it was unclear if the festival would continue to take place the next year.[16] The following year, the festival was re-formed and a new International Forum for New Cinema was created.[7]
Bauer was succeeded by film journalist Wolf Donner in 1976,[17] who gave German films higher priority.[7] After his first Berlinale in June 1977, Donner successfully negotiated the shift of the festival from the June to February (22 February – 5 March 1978), a change which has remained ever since.[18]
That festival, the 28th edition, saw the jury award the Golden Bear to Spain for its contribution to the festival rather than a specific film.[7] The three Spanish films which were screened at the festival and won it were short film Ascensor directed by Tomás Muñoz and feature films La palabras de Max by Emilio Martínez Lázaro and Las truchas by José Luis García Sánchez.[19] The 1978 festival also saw the start of the European Film Market.[7]
Berlinale Palast (aka Theater am Potsdamer Platz), main venue since 2000
1980–2000
After only three years in the role, Donner was followed by Moritz de Hadeln, who held the position from 1980[20] until director Dieter Kosslick took over in 2001.[21]
21st century
Kosslick started making some changes to the festival, moving the emphasis from Hollywood in order to focus more on German and international cinema. He introduced various events to assist the development of emerging talent in German cinema.[1]
In 2010, for the 60th edition of the festival, Werner Herzog was appointed president of the jury. Also in that year, the city of Berlin unveiled its Boulevard of the Stars [de], with the first of 40 stars devoted to actors and filmmakers of the German-speaking film and TV industry. First to be honoured in the Boulevard was German-American actress Marlene Dietrich.[1]
A new Series section, devoted to longform television series, was introduced in 2015.[22]
In June 2018, it was announced that Mariette Rissenbeek would serve as the new executive director alongside artistic director Carlo Chatrian. They assumed their posts after Kosslick's final edition in 2019. Rissenbeek became the first woman to lead the Berlinale.[23][24]
The Berlinale is considered one of the three major film festivals in the world, alongside the Venice and Cannes,[28][29] and is the largest based on attendance. As of 2020, around 325,000 tickets were sold, and nearly 16,000 film industry professionals from 130 countries attended the festival.[1] It is held in Berlin.[30] It attracts tens of thousands of visitors each year. For the 2022 event, still feeling the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, 156,472 tickets were sold.[31]
About 400 films are shown in several sections across cinematic genres, with around twenty films competing for the festival's top awards, the Golden Bear and Silver Bears.[31]
In 2022, festival was receiving €10.3 million from the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media. There was consideration given by the federal government to help compensate for revenue lost and additional expenditure owing to the pandemic, with funds drawn from the Neustart Kultur programme.[31]
The festival is open to films of every length and genre, but there is priority given to international and European premieres, and the films need to have been completed within the year preceding the festival. Submissions open in September of the preceding year.[33]
As of 2022[update] the festival is composed of nine different sections:[34]
Competition: feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, which compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production[35]
Berlinale Special (a diverse selection of films, events and people) & Berlinale Series (for television series)[22]
Encounters, to foster "daring works" (established 2020)[36][37]
Berlinale Shorts, for short films since 2007 a separate section; short films were honoured with Golden and Silver Bears from 1955, with a separate jury for shorts established in 2003[38]
Forum & Forum Expanded: reflections on the medium of film; a selection of around 40 films, independently curated and organised by Arsenal Institute for Film and Video Art [de] as part of the Berlinale, since 1971[40] Barbara Wurm, the author and curator, was appointed new head of Berlinale Forum on 7 March 2023 succeeding Cristina Nord. She is to take charge from 1 August 2023.[41]
Generation: comprising Generation Kplus and Generation 14plus, two competition programmes screening international cinema exploring the worlds of children and teenagers; started in 1978 with a selection "Cinema for People Six and up"; then Kinderfilmfest ("Children’s Film Festival"); expanded to include the 14plus competition in 2004; renamed Generation in 2007, with the two sections[42]
Perspektive Deutsches Kino (Perspectives on German Cinema), created in 2002 by incoming director Dieter Kosslick with Alfred Holighaus[43]
A section called Culinary Cinema had also been introduced by Kosslick in 2007, as well as a series called NATIVe (for indigenous filmmakers) in 2013; however, these were dropped after his departure in 2019.[36]
A Golden Bear statueThe Silver Bear statueJafar Panahi with Silver Bear, 2006
The Golden Bear (Goldener Bär) is the highest prize awarded for the best film at the Berlin International Film Festival. In its first year in 1951, it was awarded to the best film in each of five categories,[45] by an all-German jury.[46]
From 1952 to 1955 the Golden and Silver Bears were awarded by audience voting, as the FIAPF had determined after the first festival that only Cannes and Venice Film Festivals were allowed to appoint official juries.[45][47] A Silver Bear (Silberner Bär) and a Bronze Berlin Bear, determined by audience vote, were also awarded from 1952 to 1955.[48][49] After the FIAPF ruled to allow it, an official international jury determined the prizes from 1956 onwards,[45] and in the same year a second Golden Bear was added, for best short film, as well as a second category of award, the Silver Bear, for individual achievements in acting or directing. In 1965, a runner-up prize to the Golden Bear was added.[46]
The statuettes awarded as trophies are based on the Bär first created by sculptor Renée Sintenis (1888–1965) in 1932. The bear, based on the coat of arms of Berlin and depicting a bear standing on its hind legs with its arms raised, became popular in the 1930s, bringing wealth to Sintenis. Since the 3rd edition of the festival in 1953, replicas of the bear have been produced by the Noack Foundry.[50][51]
International jury prizes
The main prizes in the festival are those awarded by the international jury since 1956, which today include the Golden Bear and various Silver Bears.[52] In 1956, apart from the Golden Bear, there were also Silver Bears awarded by the new international feature film jury for best director, best actress, best actor, best outstanding single achievement, outstanding artistic contribution, and a Silver Bear International Prize.[53]
Awards for short films are awarded by a separate international short film jury consisting of three filmmakers and artists. As of 2022[update] the short film award are:[57]
Crystal Bears (Gläserner Bär), Grand Prix and special prizes are awarded in the Generation section (grouped separately into Generation Kplus and Generation 14plus)[58]
GWFF Best First Feature Award (since 2006), worth 50,000 Euros, is funded by Gesellschaft zur Wahrnehmung von Film- und Fernsehrechten.[59]
Three prizes are awarded in the Encounters section (since 2020).[60]
Berlinale Documentary Award (since 2017), worth 40,000 Euros, sponsored by public broadcaster Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (rbb), with entries from the Competition, Encounters, Panorama, Forum, Generation, Berlinale Special and Perspektive Deutsches Kino sections.[61]
Berlinale Series Award, established in 2023, is given to the winning series. The first award was won by the Italian series The Good Mothers by Julian Jarrold and Elisa Amoruso.[62]
Silver Bear for Outstanding Single Achievement (1956–2005, occasional)[65]
Silver Bear for Special Artistic Achievement (1956–2007, occasional) (replaced by Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Contribution)[66]
Alfred Bauer Prize (1987-2020) (replaced by Silver Bear Jury Prize, after it came to light that the role played by Berlinale founding director Alfred Bauer in the Reich Film Office (German: Reichsfilmintendanz) during Nazi period was more substantial than had previously been realised, and had been covered up by Bauer after the Second World War)[67]
The Theater am Potsdamer Platz, a theatre for musicals which is known as the Berlinale Palast during the festival, is the venue for the premieres of Competition film and several Special Gala films, as well as the opening and awards ceremonies.[71]
The CinemaxX Potsdamer Platz, which has 19 screens, has been the main Berlinale screening cinema since 2000, two years after its opening in 1998.[72]
Other venues for the festival include or have included the following:[73]
The first festival was screened at the Titiana-Palast in Steglitz, as well as the open-air cinema at Waldbühne, in June 1951.[7][4][74] The Titiana Palast building, dating from 1926, still bears this name on a sign outside, but as of 2022[update] is known as the Cineplex Titania. It was renovated in 2014, creating seven cinemas with over 1,200 seats, along with 7.1 Dolby Digital sound technology.[75][76]
The historic Delphi Filmpalast am Zoo (aka the Delphi; built on the site of an old dance hall, was opened in 1949 by Walter Jonigkeit.[77][78] It is located near the Berlin Zoologischer Garten and has been used for the festival almost since its inception. Since 1981 it has been one of the main venues for the Forum programme, maintaining its old style as a picture palace.[77] In 2015 the stalls seating was replaced, reducing the number of seats by 114 and improving spacing and comfort.[79] Seating an audience of up to 673 people, it is one of Germany's biggest independent screens. In February 2022, ready for the 72nd edition of the festival, a state-of-the-art Christie CP4440-RGB laser cinema projector was installed.[80]
The Zoo Palast was built in 1957 to designs by cinema architect Gerhard Fritsche [de], and opened with the film Die Zürcher Verlobung, starring Liselotte Pulver, who also cut the ribbon in the opening ceremony.[81] It was purpose-built for the festival. It remained the home of the festival Until 1999, and was the venue for films premiering in competition. It closed from 2011 until late 2013 for a complete interior reconstruction and renovation, opening in time for the 2014 festival with seven cinemas and offering a total of 1,650 seats, and space for 791 in the main auditorium.[82] The renovations were designed by architect Anna Maske. Liselotte Pulver again reopened the cinema after renovations in 1994 and 2013.[81]
The exhibition space and screening hall of the Academy of Arts (Akademie der Künste) in the Tiergarten district was used as a venue before the Berlinale moved its main activities to Potsdamer Platz in 2000. It was briefly a venue for the Forum program from 2015, and once again took on duties as screening venue after the closure of the Sony Center at the end of 2019.[83][84]
The eight-screen CineStar Sony Center,[85] and later the adjoining CineStar IMAX,[86] both located in the Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz, were venues until the closure of the Sony Center at the end of 2019.[83]
In 2007, the CineStar CUBIX multiplex cinema (Cubix am Alexanderplatz,[87] styled CUBIX[88]), which opened in November 2000, started screening films for the festival on three of its screens.[86][89] From 2020, after the closure of the Sony Center, the festival expanded its use of CineStar CUBIX to use all nine screens.[83]
The Kino Babylon was a Berlinale venue from 2008 (when it hosted its new "Generation14plus" event[90][91]) to 2010,[92] but has not been listed as such since 2011.[93][94][85][73]
Since 2009, Friedrichstadt-Palast has also been used. This venue not only has the largest theatre stage in the world, but the biggest cinema of the film festival, with 1,635 seats available for screenings. Films from the Competition and Berlinale Special Gala sections are shown at Friedrichstadt-Palast, and a digital 4K laser projector is supplied for the festival.[95]
The historic Kino International, built in the 1960s to the designs of GDR architect Josef Kaiser, is an example of GDR Modernism.[96] It has been one of the venues for the Berlinale since sometime in the mid-2010s,[85][86] accommodating an audience of 555 people (originally built for 600).[96][97]
The Kino Arsenal at the Arsenal Institute for Film and Video Art [de] (formerly known as Friends of the German Film Archive until 2008) in Potsdamer Strasse is the main venue of the Forum event. The original Arsenal, in Welserstraße in Berlin-Schöneberg, was where this section was born. In 1999, Arsenal moved with Friends of German Film Archive, German Film Museum and the German Film and Television Academy Berlin into the Filmhaus on Potsdamer Platz. There are two screens here, with seating for 235 and 75.[98][99]
Urania Berlin is used for film premieres in the Generation section.[101]
The Zeiss Major Planetarium is a planetarium, which has two spaces available for film screenings, the planetarium hall with 307 seats, and a cinema hall with 160 seats. It was one of the last buildings built in the GDR, constructed in 1987.[102]
Other venues in use as of 2022[update] include the Akademie der Künste; the Marshall McLuhan Salon at the Canada House; Brotfabrik [de]; City Kino Wedding [de] at the Centre Francais; Deutsche Kinemathek; Eva Lichtspiele [de]; Filmtheater am Friedrichshain [de]; Hebbel am Ufer (HAU); Kino Intimes [de]; Neue Kammerspiele [de]; Passage Kino [de]; SAVVY Contemporary [de]; Silent Green Kulturquartier [de]; Kino Union; and the Zeughauskino (in the Deutsches Historisches Museum).[73]
The European Film Market (EFM) is a large trade fair for marketing films, which grew from an event started in 1978.[7][103]
Filmmesse was an event led by Aina Bellis from 1980 to 1987, being succeeded by Beki Probst in 1988. From 2014 to October 2020, Matthijs Wouter Knol took over the position. In November 2020, Dennis Ruh became the director of the EFM.[104]
EFM provides exhibition space for companies presenting their current line-up, organising screenings of new films in venues around Potsdamer Platz. In 2007, the CinemaxX and CineStar were used to showcase new productions. In 2010, the Astor Film Lounge showed market screenings in three dimensions using digital RealD technology.[citation needed]
It is a professional trade event, open to registered industry insiders, hosting up to 10,000 representatives of the international film and media industries (mostly producers, sales agents, distributors and financiers).[105] In 2020, 971 screenings of 732 registered movies took place, with 525 films celebrating their premiere.[106] Taking place over eight days, the event is spread across several locations, including the Gropius Bau, Marriott Hotel, modern Berliner Freiheit [de] or the historic Zoo Palast.[105]
Wim Wenders attended the Talent Campus as a lecturer
Commencing in 2003, the Berlinale has partnered with the Berlinale Talents (previously Berlinale Talent Campus), which is a winter school for "up-and-coming filmmakers" that takes place at the same time as the festival. The Talent Campus accepts about 250 applicants each year; the attendees come from around the world, and represent all of the filmmaking professions.[107][46]
The event runs six days during the Berlinale and features lectures and panel discussions with well-known professionals addressing issues in filmmaking. Workshops, excursions, personal tutoring, coaching, and training of participants from different fields of work are part of the programme.[108]
The Berlinale Co-Production Market is a five-day networking platform for producers and financiers, as well as broadcasting and funding representatives who are participating in international co-productions.[111] It was introduced by Dieter Kosslick in the 2000s.[36]
Since 1956, the jury of the Festival has been chaired by an internationally recognised personality of cinema,[112] except in 2021, when the directors of six previous Golden-Bear-winning films determined the awards for the Competition of the 71st Berlinale.[113][114]
World Cinema Fund
The World Cinema Fund (WCF) is associated with the Berlinale, and was established to provide financial support to feature film projects in countries with a weak film industry infrastructure.[33][115] It was established by Dieter Kosslick[36] in 2004 to support films "that stand out with an unconventional aesthetic approach, that tell powerful stories and transmit an authentic image of their cultural roots". It awards several projects in various stages of production with funding each year.[116]
The WCF is a collaboration with the Federal Foundation for Culture, and awarded in cooperation with the Goethe Institute, the Foreign Ministry and German producers. It aims "to develop and support cinema in regions with a weak film infrastructure, while fostering cultural diversity in German cinemas", and supports films that could not be made without extra funding. It provides funding for production and distribution of feature films and feature-length documentaries, with a focus on countries in Latin America, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Caucasus, as well as Bangladesh, Nepal, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka.[117]
Films receiving funding from the WCF have included:[117]
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