You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Group of chemical compounds))
((Distinguish|Cicutoxin))

((Refimprove|date=July 2015))

[[image:ciguatoxin.svg|thumb|300px|right|Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin '''CTX1B''']]
'''Ciguatoxins''' are a class of [[toxic]]  [[Polycyclic compound|polycyclic]] [[polyether]]s found in fish that cause [[ciguatera]].

There are several different chemicals in this class. "CTX" is often used as an abbreviation.
* ((PubChem|5311333)) - Ciguatoxin 1
* ((PubChem|6441260)) - Ciguatoxin 2
* ((PubChem|6444399)) - Ciguatoxin 3
* ((PubChem|6450530)) - Ciguatoxin 4B (Gambiertoxin 4b)

==Toxic effect on humans==
Ciguatoxins do not seem to harm the fish that carry them, but they are poisonous to humans. They cannot be smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking.<ref name="Swift-1993">((cite journal|vauthors=Swift AE, Swift TR|year=2008|title=Ciguatera|journal=Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.3109/15563659309000371|pmid=8433404|s2cid=222017205 ))</ref> Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard.

Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage-gated [[sodium channel]]s in the [[nervous system]]. Opening a sodium channel causes [[depolarization]], which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart arrhythmia, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as [[ciguatera]].

Ciguatoxins are [[lipophilic]], able to cross the [[blood–brain barrier]], and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms.

The major symptoms will develop within 1–3 hours of toxin ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, muscle and joint aches. The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation. There is no known antidote, though several therapeutic targets have been identified.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Vetter I, Touska F, Hess A, Hinsbey R, Sattler S, Lampert A, Sergejeva M, Sharov A, Collins LS, Eberhardt M, Engel M, Cabot PJ, Wood JN, Vlachová V, Reeh PW, Lewis RJ, Zimmermann K | title = Ciguatoxins activate specific cold pain pathways to elicit burning pain from cooling | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 31 | issue = 19 | pages = 3795–808 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22850668 | pmc = 3463840 | doi = 10.1038/emboj.2012.207 ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Patel R, Brice NL, Lewis RJ, Dickenson AH | title = Ionic mechanisms of spinal neuronal cold hypersensitivity in ciguatera | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 42 | issue = 11 | pages = 3004–11 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26454262 | pmc = 4744673 | doi = 10.1111/ejn.13098 ))</ref> The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of ciguatoxin in mice is around 200 to 300 [[nanograms|ng]]/kg.<ref>((Cite book|last1=Fusetani|first1=Nobuhiro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfhDAAAAQBAJ&q=ciguatoxin+ld50&pg=PA9|title=Marine Toxins as Research Tools|last2=Kem|first2=William|date=2009-01-31|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-87895-7|language=en))</ref>

==Bioaccumulation==
Ciguatoxin is produced by ''[[Gambierdiscus toxicus]]'', a type of [[dinoflagellate]]. The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, and [[roe]] of big reef fish like [[grouper]], [[wrasse]], [[triggerfish]], [[lionfish]], and [[amberjack]]. It also affects [[barracuda]], [[Lutjanidae|snapper]], [[hogfish]], [[king mackerel]], and [[sea bass]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Fishes Carrying This Incurable Poison Are on the Rise|url=https://medium.com/microbial-instincts/fishes-carrying-this-incurable-poison-are-on-the-rise-2de5de37509b|last=Yong|first=Shin Jie|date=2020-04-19|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Brevetoxin]]
* [[Domoic acid]]
* [[Okadaic acid]]
* [[Saxitoxin]]
* [[Tetrodotoxin]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* ((MeshName|Ciguatoxins))

((Toxins))

[[Category:Ion channel toxins]]
[[Category:Marine neurotoxins]]
[[Category:Phycotoxins]]
[[Category:Polyether toxins]]
[[Category:Sodium channel openers]]
[[Category:Spiro compounds]]
[[Category:Non-protein ion channel toxins]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Ciguatoxin (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:MeSH name (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MeshName (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:PubChem (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Toxins (edit)
Template:WikidataCheck (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataCheck (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Ciguatoxin.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatoxin"