Classic of Filial Piety

Niu Shuyu's frontispiece of The Classic of Filial Piety (1826)
Author	(trad.) Confucius
Published	c. 4th century BC

Classic of Filial Piety
"Xiàojīng" in—from top to bottom—seal script and traditional and simplified characters
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	孝經
Simplified Chinese	孝经
Literal meaning	filial piety classic
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xiàojīng Wade–Giles Hsiao Ching IPA [ɕjâʊ tɕíŋ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Haau Gīng Jyutping Haau3 Ging1 IPA [haːu˧.keŋ˥] Southern Min Tâi-lô Hàu King Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *qʰˤruʔs klˤeŋ[1]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Hiếu Kinh
Chữ Hán	孝經
Korean name
Hangul	효경
Hanja	孝經
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hyogyeong
Japanese name
Kanji	孝経
Kana	こうきょう
Transcriptions Romanization Kōkyō

The Classic of Filial Piety, also known by its Chinese name as the Xiaojing, is a Confucian classic treatise giving advice on filial piety: that is, how to behave towards a senior such as a father, an elder brother, or a ruler.

The text was most likely written during the late Warring States period and early Han dynasty and claims to be a conversation between Confucius and his student Zengzi. The text was widely used during the Han and later dynasties to teach young children basic moral messages as they learned to read.^[2]

Authorship

The text dates from the 4th century BC to 3rd century BC.^[3] It is not known who actually wrote the document. It is attributed to a conversation between Confucius and his disciple Zengzi. A 12th-century author named He Yin claimed: "The Classic of Filial Piety was not made by Zengzi himself. When he retired from his conversation (or conversations) with Kung-ne on the subject of Filial Piety, he repeated to the disciples of his own school what (the master) had said, and they classified the sayings, and formed the treatise."

Content

As the title suggests, the text elaborates on filial piety, which is a core Confucian value. The text argues that people who love and serve their parents will do the same for their rulers, leading to a harmonious society. For example,^[4]

資於事父以事母，而愛同；資於事父以事君，而敬同。
As they serve their fathers, so they serve their mothers, and they love them equally. As they serve their fathers, so they serve their rulers, and they reverence them equally.

Influence

The Classic of Filial Piety occupied an important position in classical education as one of the most popular foundational texts through to late imperial China.^[5] The text was used in elementary and moral education together with the Analects, Elementary Learning, and the Biographies of Exemplary Women.^[6] Study of the text was also mentioned in epitaphs as an indication of a person's good character. It was a practice to read aloud the text when mourning one's parents. The text was also important politically, partly because filial piety was both a means of demonstrating moral virtue and entering officialdom for those with family connections to the imperial court.^[7] The text was important in Neo-Confucianism and was quoted by the influential Song figure and Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi.

Translations

Many Japanese translations of the Xiaojing exist. The following are the primary Western language translations.

• Legge, James (1879). The Hsiâo King, in Sacred Books of the East, vol. III. Oxford University Press.
• (in French) de Rosny, Leon (1889). Le Hiao-king. Paris: Maisonneuve et Ch. Leclerc. Republished (1893) as Le morale de Confucius: le livre sacré de la piété filiale. Paris: J. Maisonneuve.
• Chen, Ivan (1908). The Book of Filial Duty. London: J. Murray; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
• (in German) Wilhelm, Richard (1940). Hiau Ging: das Buch der Ehrfurcht. Peking: Verlag der Pekinger Pappelinsel.
• Makra, Mary Lelia (1961). The Hsiao Ching, Sih, Paul K. T., ed. New York: St. John's University Press.
• Goldin, Paul R. (2005). "Filial Piety" in Hawaii Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture, Victor H. Mair et al., eds. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 106-12.
• Rosemont, Henry, Jr.; Ames, Roger T. (2009). The Chinese Classic of Family Reverence: A Philosophical Translation of the Xiaojing. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.