You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.202.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 21:04, 17 October 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 September 2024
Your current IP address is 44.202.229.202. The blocked range is 44.202.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((redirect|Xpro|the Social media application, a currently known as "XPro"|TweetDeck|))
((More citations needed|date=July 2009))
((Alternative photography))

'''Cross processing''' (sometimes abbreviated to '''Xpro''') is the deliberate processing of [[photographic]] film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.<ref>((Cite book |first=JOHN |last=CHILD |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1007930292 |title=STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY : essential skills. |date=2017 |publisher=FOCAL |isbn=978-1-138-47231-0 |oclc=1007930292))</ref> The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of [[C-22 process|C-22]] and [[E-4 process|E-4]]. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.<ref>((Cite web |date=2013-06-16 |title=cross-processing ((!)) More than Photography |url=http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616203950/http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ |archive-date=2013-06-16 ))</ref> The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.

== Processes ==

=== Analogue ===
Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods.<ref name=":0">((Cite book |first=Mark |last=Galer |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/48932514 |title=Location photography |date=2002 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=0-240-51669-9 |oclc=48932514))</ref>
* Processing positive color [[reversal film]] in [[C-41 process|C-41]] chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base.
* Processing negative [[color print film]] in [[E-6 process|E-6]] chemicals, resulting in a positive image but with the orange base of a normally processed color [[Negative (photography)|negative]].
However, cross processing can take other forms, such as negative color print film or positive color reversal film in [[black and white]] developer. Another form of cross-processing involves processing [[Eastman Color Negative|ECN-2]] motion picture film in C-41 still picture chemistry, although doing so requires removal of the [[remjet]] layer before processing. This results in a higher contrast than normal, but without any effect on the colors.

The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film.<ref name=":0" />

=== Digital ===
Cross processing effects can be simulated in digital photography by a number of techniques involving the manipulation of contrast/brightness, hue/saturation and curves. However, these digital tools lack the unpredictable nature of regular cross processed images.<ref>((Cite book |last=Davis |first=Harold |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1152554324 |title=Practical Artistry : Light & Exposure for Digital Photographers |oclc=1152554324))</ref> These digital techniques are most often executed in photo editing programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]], but can also be reproduced through filters in apps such as [[Instagram]] or [[VSCO]].<ref name=":1">((Cite book |first=BEIL |last=KIM |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1151897271 |title=GOOD PICTURES;A HISTORY OF POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHY |date=2020 |publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS |isbn=978-1-5036-1232-7 |oclc=1151897271))</ref>

== Cross processing in artistic practice ==
Cross processing was most prominently used in fashion photography in the 1990s.<ref>((Cite book |last=Prakel |first=David |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1238680431 |title=The Visual Dictionary of Photography |isbn=978-1-000-21285-3 |oclc=1238680431))</ref><ref>P.K. (1995). Try cross processing. ''Popular Photography.'', ''59''(4), 46–50.</ref> Some notable pioneers of the fashion photography craze include [[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]] and [[Anton Corbijn]].<ref name=":1" />

Cross processing has been used as a cinematography technique in various movies beginning in the 1990s. Some of these movies include ''[[Clockers (film)|Clockers]]'', ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U-Turn]],'' and ''[[Get on the Bus]].''<ref>((Cite journal |last=Prince |first=Stephen |date=2004-01-01 |title=The Emergence of Filmic Artifacts: Cinema and Cinematography in the Digital Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/57/3/24/41608/The-Emergence-of-Filmic-Artifacts-Cinema-and |journal=Film Quarterly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=24–33 |doi=10.1525/fq.2004.57.3.24 |issn=0015-1386|hdl=10919/25812 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> Newton Thomas Sigel, who used the technique for the "Demon-Vision" sequences in ''[[Fallen (1998 film)|Fallen]],'' noted in a 1999 interview that "working with cross-processed film is a tricky thing", and that it is more difficult than working with still photographs.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Holben |first=Jay |date=November 1999 |title=Unusual developments |url=http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505842326&site=ehost-live |journal=American Cinematographer |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=101–104))</ref>

== Popular reception ==
It is overall unclear when cross processing became a prominent technique, with some believing that it began to rise in popularity in the early 1970s.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Drafahl |first1=Jack |last2=Drafahl |first2=Sue |date=April 2003 |title=Cross-Processing |journal=Petersen's Photographic Magazine |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=36–39))</ref> By 1995, the technique was best known for its use in fashion photography. The rise in popularity is occasionally attributed to being an act of rebellion against the rise of [[digital photography]], as cross processing was a very manual process that left much to chance.<ref name=":1" /> When cross-processing became more commonly used in the 1990s, development labs that offered the service for film were sparse due to film companies considering it to be a conflict of interest to process film using a competitor's technique.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Probst |first=Christopher |date=November 1998 |title=Soup du jour |url=http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505773135&site=ehost-live |journal=American Cinematographer |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=82))</ref> However, a major consequence of the rise of digital photography was that custom film labs that provided analogue cross processing began to shut down, and by the end of the 1990s cross processing fell out of popularity.<ref name=":1" />

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Supermodels.jpg|Agfa CT Precisa 100 film, shot at EI 80 then cross processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Seats and tables at Wikimedia Foundation office, cross processed.JPG|200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Young man in bar, cross processed.JPG|200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Ice Cream Dreams, by Chris Marchant.jpg|Kodak Color Plus negative film shot with a [[Holga]], processed with E-6 chemistry
File:Central Camera Company.jpg|Fuji Sensia slide film cross processed with C-41 chemistry
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Redscale]]
* [[Photographic processes]]

==References==
((reflist))
	
==External links==
* Michael Elliott discusses [https://www.michael-elliott.photography/post/art-of-cross-processing-film the art of cross processing film]
((Commons category|Cross processing))
((Photography))

((DEFAULTSORT:Cross Processing))
[[Category:Photographic film processes]]
[[Category:Photographic techniques]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Cross processing (edit)
Xpro (edit)
Template:Alternative photography (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Photography (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Cross processing.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing"