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((Short description|Format used to deliver movies to cinemas))
((More citations needed|date=June 2017))

A '''Digital Cinema Package''' ('''DCP''') is a collection of digital files used to store and convey [[digital cinema]] (DC) audio, image, and [[data stream]]s.

The term was popularized by [[Digital Cinema Initiatives|Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC]] in its original [[Specification (technical standard)|recommendation]]<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.dcimovies.com/archives/spec_v1/ |title=DCI Digital Cinema System Specification v. 1.0 |orig-year=2005 |date=July 20, 2005 |publisher=Digital Cinema Initiatives |page=1))</ref> for packaging DC contents. However, the industry tends to apply the term to the structure more formally known as the composition.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2015-08-11-Interop-DCP-Whittlesey-V5-handout.pdf|publisher=SMPTE|author=Jim Whittlesey|title=InterOP vs SMPTE DCP|page=5|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2016-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112520/https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2015-08-11-Interop-DCP-Whittlesey-V5-handout.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref>) A DCP is a [[container format]] for compositions,<ref name="Cinepedia">((Cite web |url=https://cinepedia.com/packaging |publisher=Cinepedia |title=DCP))</ref> a hierarchical file structure that represents a title version. The DCP may carry a partial composition (e.g. not a complete set of files), a single complete composition, or multiple and complete compositions.<ref name="Cinepedia"/>

The composition consists of a Composition Playlist (in [[XML]] format) that defines the playback sequence of a set of Track Files. Track Files carry the [[essence (media)|essence]], which is wrapped using [[Material Exchange Format|Material eXchange Format]] (MXF). Two track files at a minimum must be present in every composition (see [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]] ST429-2 D-Cinema Packaging – DCP Constraints, or Cinepedia<ref>((Cite web |url=https://cinepedia.com/packaging |publisher=Cinepedia |title=Composition))</ref>): a track file carrying picture essence, and a track file carrying audio essence. The composition, consisting of a Composition Playlist (CPL) and associated track files, are distributed as a Digital Cinema Package (DCP). A composition is a complete representation of a title version, while the DCP need not carry a full composition. However, as already noted, it is commonplace in the industry to discuss the title in terms of a DCP, as that is the deliverable to the cinema.

The Picture Track File essence is compressed using [[JPEG 2000]] and the Audio Track File carries a 24-bit linear [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] uncompressed [[Surround sound|multichannel]] [[WAV]] file. Encryption may optionally be applied to the essence of a track file to protect it from unauthorized use. The encryption used is [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] 128-bit in [[Block cipher modes of operation#Cipher-block chaining .28CBC.29|CBC]] mode.

In practice, there are two versions of composition in use. The original version is called Interop DCP.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://cinepedia.com/interop| publisher=Cinepedia |title=Interop DCP))</ref> In 2009, a specification was published by [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]] (SMPTE ST 429-2 Digital Cinema Packaging – DCP Constraints) for what is commonly referred to as SMPTE DCP. SMPTE DCP is similar but not backwards compatible with Interop DCP, resulting in an uphill effort to transition the industry from Interop DCP to SMPTE DCP.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/what’s-wrong-dcp |publisher=Digital Cinema Report |author=Michael Karagosian |title=What's Wrong With the DCP?|date=6 March 2015 ))</ref> SMPTE DCP requires significant constraints to ensure success in the field, as shown by ISDCF.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://isdcf.com/SMPTE-DCP-Content/ISDCF-SMTPE-DCP-authoring-guidelines-V1.pdf |publisher=ISDCF |title=SMPTE DCP Authorizing Guidelines v1 |access-date=2018-08-20 |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217074024/https://isdcf.com/SMPTE-DCP-Content/ISDCF-SMTPE-DCP-authoring-guidelines-V1.pdf |url-status=dead ))</ref> While legacy support for Interop DCP is necessary for commercial products, new productions are encouraged to be distributed in SMPTE DCP.

== Technical specifications ==
The DCP root folder (in the storage medium) contains a number of files, some used to store the image and audio contents, and some other used to organize and manage the whole playlist.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000200.shtml|title=Digital Cinema Initiative Distribution Package (DCP), Version 1.0|work=Sustainability of Digital Formats Planning for Library of Congress Collections|date=27 December 2011|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2013-08-24))<!-- This web page does not have an original date for its creation but two different dates for updates: "Last significant update: 2011-12-27" and "Last Updated: Monday, 09-Jan-2012 11:38:54 EST". --></ref>

=== Picture MXF files ===
Picture contents may be stored in one or more ''reels'' corresponding to one or more [[Material Exchange Format|MXF]] files. Each reel contains pictures as [[MPEG-2]] or [[JPEG 2000]] essence, depending on the adopted codec. MPEG-2 is no longer compliant with the DCI specification. JPEG 2000 is the only accepted [[Image compression|compression]] format.
* Supported frame rates are:
** SMPTE (JPEG 2000)
*** 24, 25, 30, 48, 50, and 60 fps @ 2K
*** 24, 25, and 30 fps @ 4K
*** 24 and 48 fps @ 2K stereoscopic
** MXF Interop (JPEG 2000) – Deprecated
*** 24 and 48 fps @ 2K (MXF Interop can be encoded at 25 frame/s but support is not guaranteed)
*** 24 fps @ 4K
*** 24 fps @ 2K stereoscopic
** MXF Interop (MPEG-2) – Deprecated
*** 23.976 and 24 fps @ 1920 × 1080
* Maximum frame sizes are 2048 × 1080 for 2K DC, and 4096 × 2160 for 4K DC. Common formats are:
** SMPTE (JPEG 2000)
*** Flat (1998 × 1080 or 3996 × 2160), = 1.85:1 [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]]
*** Scope (2048 × 858 or 4096 × 1716), ~2.39:1 aspect ratio
*** HDTV (1920 × 1080 or 3840 × 2160), 16:9 aspect ratio (~1.78:1) (although not specifically defined in the DCI specification, this resolution is DCI compliant per section 8.4.3.2).
*** Full (2048 × 1080 or 4096 × 2160) (~1.9:1 aspect ratio, official name by DCI is Full Container. Not widely accepted in cinemas.)
** MXF Interop (MPEG-2) – Deprecated
*** Full Frame (1920 × 1080)
* 12 bits per pixel precision (36 bits total)
* [[CIE 1931 color space|XYZ' colorspace]]; the prime mark indicates gamma encoding (gamma=2.6)
* Maximum [[bit rate]] is 250&nbsp;Mbit/s (1.3&nbsp;MBytes per frame at 24 frame per second)

=== Sound MXF files ===
Sound contents are also stored in reels corresponding to picture reels in number and duration. In case of multilingual features, separate reels are required to convey different languages. Each file contains linear [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] essence.
* Sampling rate is 48,000 or 96,000 samples per second
* Sample precision of 24 bits
* Linear mapping (no [[companding]])
* Up to 16 independent channels

=== Asset map file ===
List of all files included in the DCP, in XML format.

=== Composition playlist file ===
Defines the playback order during presentation. The order is saved in [[XML]] format in this file; each picture and sound reel is identified by its [[Universally unique identifier|UUID]]. In the following example, a reel is composed by picture and sound:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<Reel>
  <Id>urn:uuid:632437bc-73f9-49ca-b687-fdb3f98f430c</Id>
  <AssetList>
    <MainPicture>
      <Id>urn:uuid:46afe8a3-50be-4986-b9c8-34f4ba69572f</Id>
      <EditRate>24 1</EditRate>
      <IntrinsicDuration>340</IntrinsicDuration>
      <EntryPoint>0</EntryPoint>
      <Duration>340</Duration>
      <FrameRate>24 1</FrameRate>
      <ScreenAspectRatio>2048 858</ScreenAspectRatio>
    </MainPicture>
    <MainSound>
      <Id>urn:uuid:1fce0915-f8c7-48a7-b023-36e204a66ed1</Id>
      <EditRate>24 1</EditRate>
      <IntrinsicDuration>340</IntrinsicDuration>
      <EntryPoint>0</EntryPoint>
      <Duration>340</Duration>
    </MainSound>
  </AssetList>
</Reel>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Packing list file or package key list (PKL) ===
All files in the composition are hashed and their hash is stored here, in XML format. This file is generally used during ingestion in a digital cinema server to verify if data have been corrupted or tampered with in some way. For example, an MXF picture reel is identified by the following <code><asset></code> element:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<Asset>
  <Id>urn:uuid:46afe8a3-50be-4986-b9c8-34f4ba69572f</Id>
  <Hash>iqZ3X7TdAjAqniOxT2/hj66VCUU=</Hash>
  <Size>210598692</Size>
  <Type>application/x-smpte-mxf;asdcpKind=Picture</Type>
</Asset>
</syntaxhighlight>
The hash value is the [[Base64]] encoding of the [[SHA-1]] [[checksum]]. It can be calculated with the command:
 openssl sha1 -binary "FILE_NAME" | openssl base64

=== Volume index file ===
A single DCP may be stored in more than one medium (e.g., multiple hard disks). The XML file <code>VOLINDEX</code> is used to identify the volume order in the series.

== 3D DCP ==
The DCP format is also used to store [[stereoscopic]] (3D) contents for [[3D film|3D films]]. In this case, 48 frames exist for every second – 24 frames for the left eye, 24 frames for the right.

Depending on the projection system used, the left eye and right eye pictures are either shown [[Alternate-frame sequencing|alternately]] (double or triple flash systems) at 48 fps or, on 4k systems, both left and right eye pictures are shown simultaneously, one above the other, at 24 fps. In triple flash systems, [[active shutter glasses]] are required whereas optical filtering such as [[Circular polarization|circular polarisation]] is used in conjunction with passive glasses on [[Polarized 3D system|polarized systems]].

Since the maximum bit rate is always 250&nbsp;Mbit/s, this results in a net 125&nbsp;Mbit/s for single frame, but the visual quality decrease is generally [[Transparency (data compression)|unnoticeable]].

== D-Box ==
[[D-Box Technologies|D-Box]] codes for motion controlled seating (labelled as "Motion Data" in the DCP specification), if present, are stored as a monoaural WAV file on Sound Track channel 13.<ref name=":1" /> Motion Data tracks are unencrypted and not watermarked.<ref name=":2" />

== Creation ==
Most film producers and distributors rely on digital cinema encoding facilities to produce and quality control check a digital cinema package before release. Facilities follow strict guidelines set out in the DCI recommendations to ensure compatibility with all digital cinema equipment. For bigger studio release films, the facility will usually create a Digital Cinema Distribution Master (DCDM).

A DCDM is the [[post-production]] step prior to a DCP. The frames are in XYZ TIFF format and both sound and picture are not yet wrapped into MXF files. A DCP can be encoded directly from a DCDM. A DCDM is useful for archiving purposes and also facilities can share them for international re-versioning purposes. They can easily be turned into alternative version DCPs for foreign territories. For smaller release films, the facility will usually skip the creation of a DCDM and instead encode directly from the Digital Source Master (DSM) the original film supplied to the encoding facility. A DSM can be supplied in a multitude of formats and color spaces. For this reason, the encoding facility needs to have extensive knowledge in color space handling including, on occasion, the use of [[3D lookup table|3D LUT]]s to carefully match the look of the finished DCP to a [[celluloid]] film print. This can be a highly involved process in which the DCP and the film print are "butterflied" (shown side by side) in a highly calibrated cinema.

Less demanding DCPs are encoded from tape formats such as [[HDCAM SR]]. Quality control checks are always performed in calibrated cinemas and carefully checked for errors. QC checks are often attended by [[Color grading|colorists]], directors, sound mixers and other personnel to check for correct picture and sound reproduction in the finished DCP.

== Accessibility ==

=== Hearing impaired audio ===
A Hearing Impaired (HI) audio track is designed for people who are [[hearing-impaired]] to better hear dialog.<ref name=":4" /> Moviegoers can wear headphones which play this audio track synchronized with the film.<ref name=":4" /> Hearing Impaired audio is stored in the DCP on Sound Track channel 7.<ref name=":2" />

=== Audio description ===
[[Audio description]] is [[narration]] for people who are [[Blindness|blind]] or [[visually impaired]]. Audio description is stored in the DCP as "Visually Impaired-Native" (VI-N) audio on Sound Track channel 8.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Sign Language Video ===

A Sign Language Video track can be included in a DCP to allow for display of [[sign language]] synchronized with the film.<ref>((Cite web |date=18 Sep 2017 |title=Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/deluxe-launches-first-brazilian-sign-language-libras-localization-service-outside-brazil-300521137.html |access-date=14 Nov 2023 |website=Cision PR Newswire |publisher=Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire))</ref> Sign Language Video tracks are displayed to moviegoers in portrait orientation on a [[second screen]] device.<ref name=":4">((Cite web |title=Accessibility & The Audio Track File |url=https://cinepedia.com/accessibility/accessibility-the-audio-track-file/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Cinepedia))</ref> In September 2017, new [[Brazilian Sign Language|Libras]] accessibility requirements took effect in Brazil mandating availability of [[Brazilian Sign Language]] for films shown in Brazilian [[Movie theater|movie theaters]].

Sign Language Video tracks have no audible audio and are encoded in [[VP9]] format with a maximum bit rate of 1&nbsp;Mbps, in 480x640px [[Video resolution|resolution]], and with a [[frame rate]] of 24 frames per second (even if the main film is a different frame rate).<ref name=":0">((Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Sign Language Video Encoding for Digital Cinema |url=https://files.isdcf.com/papers/ISDCF-Doc13-Sign-Language-Video-Encoding-for-Digital-Cinema.pdf |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=InterSociety Digital Cinema Forum))</ref>

VP9 video is stored in Sound Track channel 15, identified by an MCA (Multichannel Audio) Tag Name of "Sign Language Video Stream".<ref name=":1">((Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Recommended Guidelines for Digital Cinema Source and DCP Content Delivery |url=http://www.deluxecdn.com/dcinema/support/Deluxe_Technicolor_Source_Delivery_Guidelines_1.0.pdf |access-date=2023-11-14 |publisher=Deluxe Technicolor Digital Cinema))</ref><ref name=":2">((Cite book |date=18 May 2020 |title=D-Cinema Packaging — SMPTE DCP Bv2.1 Application Profile |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9161348 |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=[[The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers]]|doi=10.5594/SMPTE.RDD52.2020 |isbn=978-1-68303-222-9 ))</ref> VP9-compressed video is stored in an uncompressed [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] audio channel with a 48&nbsp;kHz [[sample rate]] and a 24-bit [[Bit rate|bitrate]], occupying a fixed bandwidth of 1.152&nbsp;Mbps. Since VP9 uses a [[variable bitrate]], video is stored in evenly-distributed 2-second chunks, decoded by the [[Media Block|media block]].<ref name=":0" /> This method retains random access playback ability ("trick play") and is compatible with all existing digital cinema projection systems.<ref name=":0" /> Sign Language Video tracks are unencrypted and not watermarked.<ref name=":2" />

The InterSociety Digital Cinema Forum (ISDCF) released an [[Open-source software|open-source]] encoder and decoder for Sign Language Video on [[GitHub]].<ref>((Citation |title=Sign Language Video Encoding For Digital Cinema |url=https://github.com/ISDCF/Sign-Language-Video-Encoding |access-date=2023-11-15 |publisher=InterSociety Digital Cinema Forum))</ref>

== Encryption ==
((main|Media Block))
The distributor can choose to encrypt the media (MXF) files with [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES encryption]] to stop unauthorised access. The [[Symmetric encryption|symmetric]] AES keys used to encrypt the content essence must be carefully protected, so they are never distributed directly. Instead the AES keys are themselves encrypted using asymmetric 2048 bit RSA. Each playback system has its own unique public/private key pair. The private key is never shared and is buried in the playback systems within secure hardware meeting [[FIPS-140]] security standards. The matching public key is shared with the [[Film distributor|distributor]], who can then create Key Delivery Messages (KDMs) which control access to the encrypted content for each playback system. KDMs are [[XML]] files containing the RSA encrypted AES keys that can be decrypted only by the private key within the destination device. A KDM is associated to the particular compositions (CPLs) which may include multiple encrypted picture, sound and subtitle assets, and each playback system requires a uniquely generated KDM. KDMs also provide the ability to define date/time windows within which the KDM is valid. Playback systems will not allow playback outside of this validity window, allowing distributors to ensure that content cannot be unlocked prior to release date and to enforce the rental agreement period agreed with the exhibitor.

Encryption of subtitles is primarily designed for protection during transport; subtitle content may be transmitted in plaintext to a projection unit.<ref name=":3" />

== Watermarking ==
Forensic Marking (FM) refers to tracking information embedded via [[digital watermarking]] to the image ("Image Forensic Marking") and audio ("Audio Forensic Mark") channels via an embedder in the Media Block.<ref name=":3" /> Watermarking does not stop unauthorized recordings or their distribution, though it may deter unauthorized copying by those aware of the watermarking process.<ref name=":3" /> Watermarks are designed to be detectable in any copies, including unauthorized recordings (such as [[Cam (bootleg)|cams]]).<ref name=":3" /> Information obtained from watermarks in unauthorized copies, along with logs generated by Media Blocks, can be examined as part of an investigation to identify the source of the recordings.<ref name=":3" />

Up to 30 minutes of a recording may be required to positively identify the watermark.<ref name=":3" /> The DCI specification does not mandate a specific watermarking technology, and there are multiple such systems available.<ref name=":3" /> A watermark is generated in real time (or faster) and is inserted every 5 minutes.<ref name=":3" /> The watermark includes a time stamp and a unique ID associated with the Secure Processing Block (SPB).<ref name=":3" /> Audio and image watermarking is required to be transparent to humans as well as to survive any tampering or format conversions, including multiple conversions between analog and digital formats, pitch shifting, scaling, or cropping.<ref name=":3" />

Watermarking must be applied to all encrypted channels (audio or image) and must not be applied to unencrypted channels.<ref name=":3" /> Watermarking can be disabled for all channels ("no FM mark") or specific audio tracks only ("selective audio FM mark") via setting the associated value in the ForensicMarkFlagList element of the KDM.<ref name=":3" /> In the case of specific unwatermarked audio tracks, all tracks numbered above the specified track number will have FM disabled.<ref name=":3">((Cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=Digital Cinema System Specification version 1.4.3 |url=https://documents.dcimovies.com/DCSS/0f7d382dabf6e84847ce7e4413f198f25b81af05/Digital%20Cinema%20System%20Specification.pdf |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC |page=Section 9.4.6.2))</ref> D-Box and Sign Language Video tracks must have FM disabled.<ref name=":2" />

== Delivery methods ==
The most common method uses a specialist [[Hard disk drive|hard disk]] (most commonly the CRU DX115) designed specifically for digital cinema servers to ingest from. These hard drives were originally designed for military use but have since been adopted by digital cinema for their hard wearing and reliable characteristics. The hard disk drives are usually formatted with the [[Linux]] [[ext2]] or [[ext3]] file system as D-Cinema servers are typically [[Linux]]-based and are required to have read support for these file systems. Usually the [[inode]] size is set to 128 bytes to avoid compatibility issues with some servers. [[NTFS]] and [[FAT32]] are also occasionally used. Hard drive units are normally hired from a digital cinema encoding company, sometimes in quantities of thousands. Drives are commonly shipped in protective hard cases. The drives are delivered via [[express mail|express courier]] to the exhibition site. Other methods adopt a full digital delivery, using either dedicated [[Satellite link|satellite links]] or [[high-speed Internet]] connections.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/about-75-screens-receive-movies-via-satellite-digital-cinema-dcdc-1202048869/|title = About 75% of Screens Receive Movies Via Satellite, Digital Cinema Group Says|date = 23 March 2017))</ref>

For example, theaters received ''[[Cats (2019 film)|Cats]]'' before opening day, Friday 20 December 2019. When the film received poor reviews after its world premiere on 16 December, Universal notified theaters on 20 December that an updated version of the film with "some improved visual effects" would be available for download on 22 December and on hard drive by 24 December.<ref name="mcclintock20191221">((Cite news |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=2019-12-21 |title=Universal Notifies Theaters 'Cats' Is Being Updated with 'Improved Visual Effects' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/universal-notifies-theaters-cats-is-being-updated-improved-visual-effects-1264689 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=2019-12-22 |language=en))</ref>

== References ==
((reflist|33em))

== External links ==
* [http://www.dcimovies.com/ Digital Cinema Initiatives]
* [http://isdcf.com/dcnc/ Digital Cinema Naming Convention]
* [http://isdcf.com/ Inter-Society Digital Cinema Forum (ISDCF)]
* [https://cinepedia.com/ Cinepedia]
* [https://partnerhelp.netflixstudios.com/hc/en-us/articles/4417542010387-Digital-Cinema-Package-DCP-Specifications-Requirements Netflix Specification]

((SMPTE standards))

[[Category:Digital media]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:SMPTE standards]]

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Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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