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Kinema
Original Kinema-nepal.jpg
Kinema on a traditional leaf wrapping
Alternative namesChembihik, hokuma
TypeFermented food
Place of originLimbuwan (present day Eastern Nepal)
and Sikkim, India
Region or stateNepal, India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong), Bhutan
Created byLimbu people
Main ingredientsSoybean fermented by Lactobacillus

Kinema (Nepali: किनेमा) is a fermented soybean food, prepared by the Nepali communities of the Eastern Himalayas region: Eastern Nepal, and Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Sikkim regions of India.[1] Kinema is a traditional food of the Limbu people. [2]

Etymology and history

The word kinema is believed to be derived from the tribal Limbu word kinambaa, where ki means fermented and nambaa means flavour.[3] It is a traditional food of the Limbu people.[4]

According to Indian microbiologist Jyoti Prakash Tamang, kinema is estimated to have originated around 600 BC to 100 AD during Kirat dynasty rule, introduced by Limbu people.[5]

Consumption

The slimy, odorous product of fermentation is traditionally prepared into a soup that is consumed with rice, but can also be turned into a savoury dip or a pungent side dish to be consumed along with rice or bread. Kinema is traditionally prepared at home, but now it is sold in local markets and even retailed online as a dried product.

Nutritional value

Kinema[6]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,000 kJ (480 kcal)
28g
17g
48g
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Kinema is considered a healthy food because fermentation breaks down complex proteins into easily digestible amino acids.[7] The product is alkaline with pH of 7.89, unlike soyabean which has a pH of 6.75. It has 62% moisture content. 48 g of protein, 28 g of carbohydrate, 17 g of fat and 7 g of ash is found in every 100 g of dry kinema. The energy value of Kinema is 2 MJ per 100 grams. Free fatty acidity in kinema is found to be about 33 times higher than raw soybeans.[8]

Similar foods

KNT (Kinema-Natto-Thua Nao) triangle
KNT (Kinema-Natto-Thua Nao) triangle

Many other Asian countries have fermented soyabean dishes, such as shuǐdòuchǐ of China, cheonggukjang of Korea, tempeh of Indonesia, nattō of Japan, thua nao of Thailand, tungrymbai of Meghalaya, hawaijaar of Manipur, bekangum of Mizoram, akhuni of Nagaland, and piak of Arunachal Pradesh, India.[9]

Kinema forms one of the vertices of the "natto triangle" proposed by the Japanese ethnobiologist Sasuke Nakao.[10] Jyoti Prakash Tamang proposed a extended ‘KNT (Kinema-Natto-Thua Nao) triangle', connecting the fermented soyabeans across Asia. Nakao considered Yunnan region of China to be the origin place of fermented soyabean technique, as the center of the triangle falls in that region.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Naturally fermented ethnic soybean foods of India".Journal of Ethnic Foods,Jyoti Prakash Tamang* Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
  2. ^ "Ethnic Cuisines-Delicacies of Limbu". 30 June 2016.www.thegundruk.com
  3. ^ "Kinema—fermented flavours of Kirats and its history". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  4. ^ Tamang, Prescilla (2020-07-08). "Axone: The Problematic Representation Of The Nepali Community In The Film". Feminism In India. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  5. ^ "Kinema—fermented flavours of Kirats and its history". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  6. ^ "KINEMA". TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FOODS AND BEVERAGES OF THE SIKKIM HIMALAYAS.
  7. ^ KARKI, ANSUHA (2021-07-05). "Traditional food". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  8. ^ Sarkar, P. K.; Tamang, J. P.; Cook, P. E.; Owens, J. D. (1994-02-01). "Kinema — a traditional soybean fermented food: proximate composition and microflora". Food Microbiology. 11 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1006/fmic.1994.1007. ISSN 0740-0020.
  9. ^ "History of Natto and Its Relatives (1405-2012) - SoyInfo Center". www.soyinfocenter.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  10. ^ "The kinema-natto-thua nao (KNT) triangle representing only..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  11. ^ Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (December 2010). History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia / Indian Subcontinent (1656-2010): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook. Soyinfo Center. ISBN 978-1-928914-31-0.
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