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((Short description|Legal concept in the Commonwealth realms))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((more citations needed|date=April 2019))
((Monarchism |expanded=concepts))
'''King-in-parliament''' (or, during the reign of a female monarch, '''Queen-in-parliament''', or gender-neutrally '''Crown-in-parliament''') is a constitutional law concept used within [[Commonwealth realm]]s that refers to [[the Crown]] in its legislative role, acting with the [[advice and consent]] of the parliament (including, if the parliament is [[Bicameralism|bicameral]], both the [[lower house]] and [[upper house]]). [[Bill (proposed law)|Bills]] passed by the houses are sent to the sovereign or their representative (such as the or [[governor-general]], [[lieutenant-governor]], or [[governor]]), for [[Royal Assent|royal assent]] in order to enact them into laws as ''[[Act of Parliament|Acts of parliament]]''. An Act may also provide for [[secondary legislation]], which can be made by executive officers of the Crown, although subject to the simple approval or dissallowance by parliament.

==Fusion of powers==
The concept of the Crown as a part of parliament is related to the idea of the [[fusion of power]]s, meaning that the [[executive branch]] and [[legislative branch]] of government are fused together. This is a key concept of the [[Westminster system]] of government, developed in England and used in countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and beyond. It is in contradistinction to the idea of the [[separation of powers]]. The specific language of "the Crown", "the King", or "the Queen" in parliament used in the Commonwealth realms also alludes to the constitutional theory that ultimate authority or sovereignty rests with the monarch, but is delegated to elected or appointed officials. In Commonwealth realms that are [[Federation|federations]], the concept of the Crown-in-the-Legislature only applies to those units which are considered separate divisions of the monarchy, sovereign within their own sphere, such as [[States and territories of Australia|Australian states]] or the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]]. By contrast to states or provinces, no equivalent constitutional concept exists in the [[Australian territories]] and [[Canadian territories]], which are not sovereign. The legislature of a territory does not receive its authority directly from the monarch, being instead delegated by the federal parliament. Similarly, the idea of crown-in-council in [[city councils]] and other [[local governments]] within Commonwealth realms is not applicable as the authority of local governments is derived from a charter or Act that can be unilaterally amended by a higher level of government.

==Practical role in legislating==
[[Image:RoyalVisitSenate.jpg|thumb|[[George VI|King George VI]], accompanied by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]], grants royal assent to laws in the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]], 19 May 1939]]
Because of the sovereign's place in the enactment of laws, the [[enacting formula|enacting clause]] of acts of Parliament may mention him or her, as well as the other one or two bodies of parliament. For example, British acts of parliament will start with: "((smallcaps|Be it enacted)) by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows..." (The phrasing, however, is different when the bill is passed under the provisions of the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949]], without the consent of the House of Lords.) Similarly, Canadian acts of Parliament typically contain the following enacting clause: "((smallcaps|Now, therefore)), His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows..."

Because the King remains a part of parliament, the enacting clause does not need to explicitly mention him, as in realms such as [[Australia]] and [[Tuvalu]], where the clause is simply "The Parliament of Australia enacts" and "((smallcaps|Enacted)) by the Parliament of Tuvalu...", respectively. This may represent a distinction between whether parliament or the King is the primary legislator, however.<ref>((cite book|author=Greg Taylor|title=The Constitution of Victoria|year=2006|publisher=The Federation Press))</ref> Similarly, the Canadian province of [[Quebec]] does not use a Westminster-style enacting clause. Provincial statutes instead use the clause: "The Parliament of Québec enacts as follows."((citation needed|date=November 2023))

The [[Scottish Parliament]] follows a different approach. Although its acts require Royal Assent, the Scottish Parliament's authority is delegated from the United Kingdom Parliament, and there is no directly equivalent concept of "King-in-(Scottish) Parliament". Instead of the enacting clause seen in UK acts, acts of the Scottish Parliament bear the following text above the long title: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on (date) and received Royal Assent on (date)".

==References==
((reflist))

((Canadian monarchy))
((Constitution of Canada))

((DEFAULTSORT:King-In-Parliament))
[[Category:Australian constitutional law]]
[[Category:Law of Canada]]
[[Category:Constitution of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Canada]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Australia]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]

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