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((Short description|Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 844–855 (with Lothair I), 855–875))
((refimprove|date=May 2021))
((Infobox royalty
| image           = Louis II of Italy.png
| alt             = 
| caption         =  Louis as shown in a 12th-century manuscript of [[Johannes Berardi]]'s ''Chronicon casauriense''
| succession      = [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] of the [[Carolingian Empire]]<br>[[King of Italy]]
| title           = [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]
| reign           = 844–875 (with [[Lothar I]] until 855)
| coronation      = 15 June 844, [[Rome]]
| predecessor     = [[Lothair I]] 
| successor       = [[Charles the Bald]]
| birth_date      = 825
| birth_place     = 
| death_date      = 12 August ((Death year and age|875|825))
| death_place     = [[Ghedi]], Italy
| burial_place    = [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]], [[Milan]] 
| spouse          = [[Engelberga]] 
| issue           = [[Ermengard of Italy|Ermengard, Queen of Provence]] 
| dynasty         = [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]]
| father          = [[Lothair I]]
| mother          = [[Ermengarde of Tours]]
| religion        = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
))
'''Louis II''' (825 &ndash; 12 August 875), sometimes called '''the Younger''',<ref>His ordinal and nickname comes from the fact that he was the second Louis to be emperor after his grandfather [[Louis the Pious]]. He should not be confused with [[Louis the Younger]], king of Saxony, or [[Louis VII the Younger]], king of France.</ref> was the [[king of Italy]] and emperor of the [[Carolingian Empire]] from 844, co-ruling with his father [[Lothair I]] until 855, after which he ruled alone.

Louis's usual title was ''[[imperator]] [[augustus (emperor)|augustus]]'' ("august emperor"), but he used ''imperator Romanorum'' ("emperor of the Romans") after his [[Louis II's campaign against Bari|conquest of Bari]] in 871, which led to poor relations with the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. He was called ''imperator Italiae'' ("emperor of Italy") in [[West Francia]] while the Byzantines called him ''[[Basileus]] Phrangias'' ("Emperor of Francia").

The chronicler [[Andreas of Bergamo]], who is the main source for Louis's activities in southern Italy, notes that "after his death a great tribulation came to Italy."<ref>''Post cuius obitum magna tribulatio in Italia advenit.'' Andreas, [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/gema/bergamo.htm ''Historia''] in [[Georg Waitz]] (ed.), ''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum]]'' (Hannover: 1878), 222–30, §18.</ref>

==Childhood==
Louis was born in 825,<ref>Peter H. Wilson, ''Heart of Europe'', (Harvard University Press, 2016), 918.</ref><ref>''Emperor Louis II'', ''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'', ed.Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 655.</ref> the eldest son of the junior emperor [[Lothair I]] and his wife [[Ermengarde of Tours]]. His father was the son of the reigning emperor, [[Louis the Pious]]. Little is known about his early life, except that he grew up in his grandfather's court and probably developed a warm affection for the emperor who, in 839, designated his grandson as King of Italy, and let Louis take up his residence in that country.  

Louis the Pious died the next year, and his empire [[Treaty of Verdun|was partitioned]] between his sons: Louis' father, Lothair, and Louis' uncle, [[Louis the German]], as well as their younger half-brother, [[Charles the Bald]]. Under his father's rule, he was crowned king and co-emperor to the middle-aged Emperor Lothair I at [[Rome]] by [[Pope Sergius II]] on 15 June 844. This ceremony mirrors the crowning of Lothair I by his father, a tradition started by Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious, who were, respectively, great grandfather and grandfather of Louis II.

==Joint emperor==
Louis II immediately claimed the rights of an emperor in the city, a claim which was decisively rejected; but in 850 he was [[coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|crowned joint emperor]] at Rome by [[Pope Leo IV]], and soon afterwards, in 851, married [[Engelberga]] and undertook the independent government of Italy. He marched into the south of Italy in the year of his imperial coronation and compelled the rival [[List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento|dukes of Benevento]], [[Radelchis I of Benevento|Radelchis I]] and [[Siconulf]], to make peace. His mediation split the Lombard duchy and gave Radelchis his share with Benevento as his capital, whilst [[Salerno]] was given to Siconulf as an independent principality. Radelchis, now pacified, had no need of his [[Aghlabid]] mercenaries and happily betrayed them to the emperor. Louis fell on them and they were massacred. He then quashed some accusations against Pope Leo and held a [[diet (assembly)|Diet]] at [[Pavia]]. He confirmed the usurping [[regent]] [[Peter of Salerno|Peter]] as prince of Salerno in December 853, displacing the dynasty he had installed there three years earlier. On the death of his father in September 855, he became sole emperor.

==Sole emperor==
===Carolingian interventions===
[[File:Emperor Louis II's charters.tif|thumb|Map of where Emperor Louis II issued charters]]
The division of Lothair's dominions, by which he obtained no territory outside Italy, aroused his discontent, and in 857 he allied himself with [[Louis the German]] against his own brother [[Lothair II]], and King [[Charles the Bald]]. But after Louis had secured the election of [[Pope Nicholas I]] in 858, he reconciled with his brother, and received some lands south of the [[Jura mountains]] in return for assistance given to Lothair in his efforts to obtain a divorce from his wife, [[Teutberga]].

In 863, upon the death of his brother Charles, Louis received the kingdom of [[Provence]], and in 864 came into collision with Pope Nicholas I over his brother's divorce. The [[archbishop]]s, who had been deposed by Nicholas for proclaiming this marriage invalid, obtained the support of the emperor, who reached Rome with an army in February 864; but, having been seized with fever, he made peace with the pope and left the city.

===Bari===
((main|Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)))
In his efforts to restore order in Italy, Louis saw considerable success both against Italy's turbulent princes and against the [[Aghlabids]] who were ravaging southern Italy. In 866, after issuing a call for assistance to fight the Muslims,<ref>Pierre Riche, ''The Carolingians: A Family who forged Europe'', transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 182</ref> he routed these invaders, but could not follow up his successes owing to the lack of a fleet. So in 869 he made alliance with the eastern emperor, [[Basil I]], who sent him ships to assist in the capture of Bari, capital of the [[Emirate of Bari]], which succumbed in 871.<ref>Pierre Riche, ''The Carolingians: A Family who forged Europe'', 182.</ref>

Meanwhile, his brother Lothair had died in 869, and owing to his detention in southern Italy, Louis failed to prevent the partition of [[Lotharingia]] between Louis the German and Charles the Bald. Some jealousy between Louis and Basil followed the victory at Bari, and in reply to an insult from the eastern emperor Louis attempted to justify his right to the title "emperor of the Romans."<ref> Letter of Louis II to Basil I [http://turbulentpriests.group.shef.ac.uk/will-the-real-roman-emperor-please-stand-up/ (discussion with full English translation)]. </ref>

===Benevento===
He had withdrawn into [[Benevento]] to prepare for a further campaign when he was attacked in his palace, robbed and imprisoned by [[Adelchis of Benevento|Adelchis]], prince of Benevento, in August 871. The capture of Louis was lamented in a contemporary short poem, the ''[[Rythmus de captivitate Ludovici imperatoris]]''. The landing of fresh bands of Aghlabids compelled Adelchis to release his prisoner a month later, and Louis was forced to swear he would take no revenge for this injury, nor ever enter Benevento with an army. Returning to Rome, he was released from his oath, and was crowned a second time as emperor by [[Pope Adrian II]] in May 872.<ref>((Citation |last=Groth |first=Simon |title=How to Become Emperor – John VIII and the Role of the Papacy in the 9th Century |date=2017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6zdbwx.7 |work=Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages |pages=122 |jstor=j.ctv6zdbwx.7 |access-date=2023-12-05 |isbn=978-3-631-66219-9))</ref>

[[File:0111 - Milano - Sant'Ambrogio Lastra tombale Ludovico II (+ 875) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 25-Apr-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Louis' gravestone in Milan.]]
Louis won further successes against the Aghlabids, relieving the [[Siege of Salerno (871–872)|siege of Salerno]] and driving them from [[Capua]], but the emperor's attempts to punish Adelchis were not very successful. Returning to northern Italy, he died, near [[Ghedi]], in what is now the [[province of Brescia]], on 12 August 875, having named as his successor in Italy his cousin [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]], son of Louis the German. Louis was buried in the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in [[Milan]].

==Family==
On 5 October 851 Louis married [[Engelberga]], daughter of [[Adelchis I of Spoleto]]. They had two daughters:

* Gisela (852/855-before 28 April 868), Abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador of Brescia from the year 861.
* [[Ermengard of Italy|Ermengard]], who married [[Boso of Provence]] and had issue with him.

==Notes==
((reflist))

==Sources==
((Commons category|Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor))
*((cite book |first=Jules |last=Gay |title=L'Italie méridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile I<sup>er</sup> jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071) |publisher=Albert Fontemoing |year=1904 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k859914z/f11.item.texteImage))
* ((Cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Eric J.|title=Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press))
*''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' and ''Chronica S. Benedicti Casinensis'', both in the ''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]. Scriptores'', Bände i. and iii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.)
*[[Ludovico Antonio Muratori|Muratori, L. A.]] Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome XIV, col. 106. (1778)
*Muhlbacher, E. ''Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern'' (Innsbruck, 1881)
*Sickel, T. ''Acta regum et imperatorum Karolinorum, digesta et enarrata'' (Vienna, 1867—1868)

((s-start))
((s-hou|[[Carolingian dynasty]]|825||12 August|875|name=Emperor Louis II the Younger))
((s-reg|))
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((s-break))
((s-ttl|title=[[Carolingian emperor]]|years=850 – 875|regent1=[[Lothair I]]|years1=850–855))
((s-end))

((Antique Kings of Italy))
((Holy Roman Emperors))
((Carolingians footer))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Louis 02 Of Italy))
[[Category:825 births]]
[[Category:875 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:9th-century kings of Italy]]
[[Category:Frankish warriors]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]

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