Although assembled in the United States, the UK's early Phantoms were a special batch built separately with a significant amount of British technology as a means of easing the pressure on the domestic aerospace industry in the wake of major project cancellations.[1] Two variants were initially built for the UK: the F-4K variant was designed from the outset as an air defence interceptor to be operated by the FAA from the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers, and the F-4M version was procured for the RAF to serve in the tactical strike and reconnaissance roles. In the mid-1980s, a third Phantom variant was obtained when fifteen second-hand F-4J aircraft were purchased to augment the UK's air defences following the Falklands War.
The Phantom entered service with both the FAA and the RAF in 1969. In FAA service, while primarily intended for fleet air defence, it had a secondary conventional and nuclear strike role, with several squadrons part of RAF Germany equipped with Phantoms and based in West Germany from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. In the RAF it was soon replaced in its initial tasks by other aircraft designed specifically for strike, close air support and reconnaissance, and instead was moved to the air defence mission. By the mid-1970s, the Phantom had become the UK's principal interceptor, a role in which it continued until the early 1990s.
At this time, the RAF wished to replace the English Electric Canberra light bomber in the long-range interdictor role, and the Hawker Hunter in the close air support role, while the Royal Navy (RN) sought an aircraft to assume the fleet air defence role from the de Havilland Sea Vixen. BAC, through its English Electric subsidiary, had begun developing a new high-performance strike aircraft, the TSR-2,[3] which was intended for long-range, low-level strike missions with conventional and tactical nuclear weapons, as well as tactical reconnaissance. Hawker Siddeley was also developing the P.1154, a proposed supersonic version of its P.1127V/STOL demonstrator, that could be marketed to both the RAF and RN to fulfil several roles, including close air support, air superiority, and fleet air defence.[4]
Planforms for the single-seat RAF and two-seat RN variants of the P.1154.
During the early 1960s, aircraft development became increasingly expensive, resulting in major projects often becoming mired in political and economic concerns. The TSR-2 project experienced increasing cost overruns,[5] and the P.1154 was subject to the ongoing inter-service rivalry between the RN and RAF.[6] This led to two wildly differing specifications being submitted for the P.1154 that were impossible to fulfil with a single airframe.[6]
In February 1964, the RN withdrew from the P.1154 project, and moved to procure a new fleet air defence interceptor.[7] It eventually selected the McDonnell F-4 Phantom[i] then in service with the United States Navy (USN) as its primary air defence aircraft, intended to be operated from both existing and planned aircraft carriers.[9] This better suited the RN, as the Phantom had two engines (providing redundancy in the event of an engine failure), was cheaper than the P.1154, and was available immediately.[10] In October the same year, the general election brought the Labour Party back into power. The new government undertook a defence review, which led to the publication in February 1966 of a white paper that cancelled several projects, including both the P.1154 and the TSR-2. As a consequence, the government had to find alternatives to replace the Canberra and Hunter for the RAF. To replace the Canberra in the long-range role (which was intended for the TSR-2), the F-111 was selected, with plans for a redesigned variant; the roles undertaken by the Hunter (for which P.1154 was to be procured) would be undertaken by a further purchase of F-4 Phantoms.[11]
The RN was happy with the Phantom as its Sea Vixen replacement, given that the type had been operational in the fleet air defence role with the USN since 1961. USN Phantoms had also successfully undertaken touch-and-go landings on HMS Hermes and HMS Victorious.[12][13][14] During her 1966 Far East deployment, Victorious was able to successfully launch and recover USN Phantoms from the carrier USS Ranger.[15] The RAF was less enthusiastic, as the Phantom was not optimised for the close air support role, and had been selected as its Hunter replacement more as a way of decreasing the per-unit cost of the overall UK order.[16]
Partly as a means of maintaining employment in the British aerospace industry, agreement was reached that major portions of the UK's Phantoms would be built domestically.[1]Hawker Siddeley Aviation was appointed as McDonnell's primary UK partner in January 1965, to be responsible for repair, maintenance, design and modification work on Phantoms for the RAF and RN at Brough Aerodrome.[17] Further work was delegated to BAC, at its Warton facility, and to Short Brothers in Belfast.[18]
A pre-production F-4K (XT597) of the A&AEE
The F-4J variant, which was then the primary version in service with the USN, was the basis for the UK aircraft, subject to major redesign. The most significant change was the use of the larger and more powerful Rolls-Royce Speyturbofan in place of the General Electric J79turbojet to allow operations from the RN's smaller carriers.[19] To accommodate the larger engines, BAC redesigned and built the entire rear fuselage section.[18] The WestinghouseAN/AWG-10 radar carried by the F-4J was to be procured and built under licence by Ferranti.[20] Approximately half of the structure and equipment of the UK's Phantoms was produced by British manufacturers; all the components were then shipped to St Louis for assembly by McDonnell.[18] The changes to the aircraft led to the two variants being given their own separate series letters, the FAA version being designated as the F-4K and the RAF version as the F-4M.[21]
Initially, there was an intention to procure up to 400 aircraft for the RN and the RAF, but the development cost for the changes to accommodate the new engines meant that the per-unit price eventually ended up three times the price of an F-4J. Due to government policy, the budget for the Phantom procurement was fixed, therefore these costs could not be evened out by a large production run and only 170 were ordered.[22]
Operational history
Prototypes
The British Government ordered four prototypes (two F-4K and two F-4M), together with a pair of pre-production F-4K aircraft. The first UK Phantom, a prototype F-4K (designated YF-4K), initially flew on 27 June 1966 at the McDonnell plant in St. Louis. The second made its first flight on 30 August 1966. The two pre-production F-4K aircraft were constructed alongside the prototypes, and were initially used for fit check trials of the various systems to be fitted. The first was used for catapult/arrestor and deck landing trials, and the second was primarily for testing the radar and missile systems. All four were delivered to the UK from 1969 to 1970 for continued test work by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE), Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, Rolls-Royce, and BAC (and later its successor, British Aerospace).[23][24][ii] The first F-4M prototype (designated YF-4M) first flew on 17 February 1967, and was also used for fit checks before delivery to the UK.[26]
F-4K Phantom FG.1
F-4K Phantom FG.1
A Royal Air Force Phantom FG.1 of 43 Squadron in 1980.
In 1964, the Phantom was ordered for the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) to serve as the RN's primary fleet air defence aircraft, with a secondary strike capability. It was intended that these aircraft would operate from the decks of four aircraft carriers: HMS Eagle and HMS Ark Royal, which would be rebuilt to enable the operation of the aircraft;[29][iii] and two planned new ships.[iv][33]
used primarily during absence of other ships due to reconstruction
The heat from the Spey's afterburners required the installation of special water-cooled jet blast deflectors aboard HMS Ark Royal to avoid extensive damage to the flight deck.[35]
The requirements for the intended force of four aircraft carriers meant that five squadrons of Phantoms would be needed.[22] In its 1966 Defence White Paper, the Government decided to cancel the two new carriers, and begin a gradual rundown of fixed-wing aviation in the Royal Navy, which led to a reduction in the total order from 140 to 48, with options for another seven.[36] The intention was to form a pair of front-line squadrons, each of twelve aircraft, that would operate from the two remaining, heavily modernised fleet carriers. The remaining 24 aircraft were to be used to form a training unit, and to provide a reserve pool in the event of aircraft losses.[31]
At the same time as the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) was receiving its first aircraft, the A&AEE had three FG.1s delivered to its 'C' Squadron for flight deck trials aboard Eagle. Two sets of trials were successfully carried out in March and June 1969; the first comprised approaches and touch-and-go landings,[24] while the second set of trials involved full catapult launch and arrested recovery.[43] As a result of the reheat from the Spey turbofans, the ship's jet blast deflectors (JBD) were not used; instead a steel plate was fixed to the deck to absorb the heat of the engines building to launch, and fire hoses were used after each launch to prevent them melting.[44]
Ark Royal had entered refit to accommodate the Phantom in 1967; this involved the ship undergoing a major reconstruction, including several elements to allow operation of the aircraft; the flight deck was increased in area and fully angled to 8½°, the arresting gear was replaced with a new water-spray system[45] to accommodate the Phantom's higher weight and landing speed, and bridle catchers[v] and water-cooled JBDs[vi] were fitted to the catapults.[35] Once this work was complete, Eagle was scheduled to undergo a similar modernisation.[vii] In 1968, the government announced plans to completely phase out fixed-wing aviation in the Royal Navy, decommissioning all of its aircraft carriers by 1972.[47] This led to the intended refit of Eagle being cancelled, and the options for seven additional FG.1s not being taken up.[28][48] As a consequence, it was decided to further reduce the FAA's Phantom fleet to 28 aircraft.[36]
The 1970 change of government led to a reprieve for the Fleet Air Arm, as it was decided that the cost of refitting Ark Royal was too much for only two more years of use, which led to it being retained in service as the RN's sole aircraft carrier.[48] Because it was believed that 892 NAS would be the final carrier-based fixed-wing squadron to be commissioned into the FAA, their Phantoms each bore a capitalOmega (Ω) letter on their tail fins, intended to symbolise their place at the end of the RN's era of fixed-wing aviation.[49]
Ark Royal embarked 892 NAS as part of her air group for the first time in 1970, with 12 aircraft. The first operational use of the RN's Phantoms had come in 1969, when 892 NAS had embarked for training with the US aircraft carrier USS Saratoga in the Mediterranean, and had undertaken air defence missions alongside the ship's own F-4Js.[50] This deployment showed the necessity for the modifications fitted to Ark Royal; during the initial launches from Saratoga, the heat from the afterburners caused the deck plates to distort, leading to subsequent catapult launches being undertaken at reduced weight without the use of re-heat.[30]
During Ark Royal's first three-year commission, 892 NAS, which had initially used RNAS Yeovilton in Somerset as its home base, moved to RAF Leuchars in Fife, where, during the periods when it was not embarked, it undertook Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) duties alongside the RAF's 43 Squadron. At the same time, 767 NAS was disbanded as the RN's Phantom training unit; the squadron had been the joint training unit for both the FAA and the RAF in using the FG.1. In its place, an RAF-operated Phantom Training Flight was established at RAF Leuchars in August 1972.[51][52]
The Phantom served in the FAA until 1978, when Ark Royal was withdrawn from service, leaving no ship in the RN capable of operating the type. The final catapult launch from Ark Royal was a Phantom of 892 NAS on 27 November 1978 during the disembarkation of the air group at the end of the ship's final deployment;[53] the squadron's aircraft were delivered to RAF St Athan in Glamorgan, south Wales, where they were handed over to the RAF.[54] During the type's service with the RN, ten of the FAA's fleet of twenty-eight aircraft were lost in crashes.[55]
Royal Air Force
Following the cancellation of the planned refit of HMS Eagle to allow her to operate the Phantom, twenty airframes that had originally been ordered for the FAA were diverted to the Royal Air Force (RAF) to serve in the air defence role.[49] At the time, the RAF's primary interceptor was the English Electric Lightning, which had comparatively poor range, loiter time, and weapons fit. These limitations hampered its effectiveness, especially in long interceptions of Soviet Air Forces and Soviet Naval Aviation bombers and reconnaissance aircraft over the North Sea and North Atlantic. A new Phantom squadron was formed at RAF Leuchars,[51] the UK's most northerly air defence base at the time, to take advantage of the improvements that the Phantom provided over the Lightning: it could carry more fuel, and had consequently better range and endurance; it was fitted with a more powerful radar; and it could carry more missiles (up to eight, compared to two for the Lightning).[viii] On 1 September 1969, 43 Squadron was formed at Leuchars, operating as part of the UK's northern Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) zone alongside the Lightnings of 11 Squadron and 23 Squadron. In 1972, when 11 Squadron was redeployed to join 5 Squadron at RAF Binbrook, it was replaced at Leuchars by the RN Phantoms of 892 NAS.[39][56]
Upon the withdrawal of HMS Ark Royal in 1978, the Phantoms of the FAA were handed over to the RAF and used to form a second squadron at Leuchars. At the time, 111 Squadron was stationed at Leuchars operating the FGR.2 version of the Phantom, having been there since 1975.[57] In 1979, to save costs resulting from the differences between the FG.1 and FGR.2, the squadron converted to the ex-Navy aircraft and the FGR.2 airframes were distributed to other Phantom units. Upon 111 Squadron's conversion to the FG.1, the Phantom Training Flight, which had been resident at Leuchars since 1972, was disbanded, and responsibility for all Phantom conversion training turned over to 228 Operational Conversion Unit (228 OCU).[51]
Both 43 and 111 Squadrons retained the FG.1 until 1989, when they converted to the new Tornado F.3. Following the standing down of the two operational squadrons and the final withdrawal of the type from service, the bulk of the RAF's FG.1 Phantoms were scrapped.[58][59] The RAF lost eight of their FG.1s in crashes throughout the type's twenty-year service.[55]
Initially delivered to air defence units in green-grey camouflage (top), the RAF later adopted a pale grey colour scheme for its Phantoms (bottom).[61][62]
Close air support
Following the cancellation of both the TSR-2 and P.1154 programmes, the RAF was still left with a requirement for aircraft in the long-range strike, close air support, and reconnaissance roles. This resulted in orders for two aircraft types, the General Dynamics F-111K, intended for the long-range interdiction role, and the F-4M Phantom, which would be used for close air support; both aircraft were to be fitted for reconnaissance.[63][64] The F-111K was cancelled within a year of being ordered, but the order for 150 Phantoms went ahead alongside the Phantom order for the RN; the final 32 units of the RAF order were eventually cancelled.[65] The RAF Phantom, given the designation FGR.2, was broadly similar to the naval version, with some minor variations in terms of engines, avionics and structure relating to its use as a land-based rather than carrier-based aircraft.[66]
During the 1970s, France and the UK were developing a new aircraft, the SEPECAT Jaguar, which could fill the RAF tactical strike and reconnaissance missions: the Jaguar was introduced into service in 1974, and led to a re-think of the Phantom's role as, at the same time, the limitations of the Lightning as an interceptor were becoming more apparent. The conversion of the RAF's FGR.2 squadrons to operate the Jaguar, combined with its procurement of the Blackburn Buccaneer, meant that it was possible to begin transferring Phantoms to operate purely as interceptors in the air defence role.[51]
Air defence
In October 1974, 111 Squadron converted from the Lightning to the Phantom FGR.2, becoming the first unit to operate the type in the air defence role (notwithstanding 43 Squadron, which had used the FG.1 version since 1969). As more Jaguars were delivered, Phantoms were released enabling existing Lightning squadrons to be converted;[70]19 Squadron and 92 Squadron, the forward-deployed air defence units in Germany, converted in 1976 and 1977 respectively, at the same time moving from RAF Gütersloh, which was the closest RAF base to the East German border, to RAF Wildenrath, taking advantage of the Phantom's superior range over the Lightning.[22] Three other UK based squadrons, 23, 29 and 56, were also converted between 1974 and 1976.[22] 111 Squadron, which had been the first unit to use the FGR.2 as an interceptor, converted to the FG.1 version in 1979 following the transfer of the RN's remaining airframes to the RAF.[51] The Phantom subsequently served as the RAF's primary interceptor for over a decade until the introduction into service of the Panavia Tornado F.3 in 1987.[71][72]
When Phantoms were first delivered to interceptor squadrons, they remained in the grey-green disruptive colourationcamouflage scheme more associated with the strike and close air support missions they had originally undertaken. During the late 1970s, the RAF began experimenting with new colours for its air defence units, and 56 Squadron was tasked with trialling proposed new schemes. In October 1978, a Phantom FGR.2 of 56 Squadron became the first to be painted in the new "air superiority grey" colour, combined with small, low-visibility roundels and markings. Although the roundel remained in low-visibility colours, individual squadron markings eventually returned to more observable sizes and colours.[61][62]
In May 1982, three Phantoms from 29 Squadron were forward deployed to RAF Wideawake on Ascension Island to provide air cover for the RAF's operations during the Falklands War, replacing Harriers of 1 Squadron, which were transiting to the war zone.[73] In October 1982, following the end of the conflict and the reconstruction of the runway, 29 Squadron detached nine of its aircraft to RAF Stanley to provide air defence for the Falkland Islands.[74] In March 1983, 23 Squadron took up the role, remaining stationed there until October 1988, when they were replaced by 1435 Flight.[75]
Initially, it was intended that Phantoms and Tornados would serve alongside each other. A total of 152 Tornado F.3s were ordered for the RAF, enough to convert four squadrons of Phantoms and two of Lightnings, but insufficient to completely convert every air defence squadron. The intention was to retain a pair of UK based Phantom squadrons at RAF Wattisham, alongside a pair of Tornado units at RAF Coningsby to provide air defence cover for the southern half of the UK Air Defence Region.[76] Another two squadrons stationed in Germany would also be retained.[77][78][79] However, the end of the Cold War saw the Phantom withdrawn from service under the Options for Change defence review. This saw the disbanding of 228 Operational Conversion Unit in January 1991, with the Phantom Training Flight, which had previously operated FG.1 training between 1972 and 1978, re-established for twelve months to run refresher courses on the type.[51]
As part of the gradual run down of the RAF's presence in Germany, the two forward-based units were to be disbanded, and there would also be a reduction in the number of air defence squadrons, leading to the two UK-based units being disbanded in late 1992.[80][75] Just prior to the final withdrawal of the Phantom, it was recalled operationally as a result of Operation Granby, the UK's participation in the First Gulf War, when aircraft from 19 and 92 Squadrons were forward deployed to provide air defence cover at RAF Akrotiri; this was to replace the Tornados that had been originally deployed there on exercise, and were subsequently sent to the Gulf region.[81] Following their withdrawal from service, with a few exceptions, the bulk of the RAF's FGR.2 fleet was scrapped.[59] Over their service life, 37 FGR.2s were lost to crashes.[55]
In 1984, following the deployment of a squadron of Phantoms to the Falkland Islands, the government decided that the resulting gap in the UK's air defences needed to be filled, and so sought to purchase another squadron of Phantoms.[84][85] Because the aircraft in RAF service were a special production batch built to UK specifications, it was not possible to obtain identical aircraft. A total of 15 airframes, each with no more than 4,300 hours, were selected from among the best of the ex-USN F-4Js stored at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona.[85] The F-4J was chosen because it was the variant from which the RAF's F-4Ks and F-4Ms were developed, and was thus the closest available to the British aircraft. However, three of the initially selected airframes had to be rejected, and were replaced with three alternatives.[86][87] The 15 that were ultimately procured were extensively refurbished at the Naval Air Rework Facility at Naval Air Station North Island, and brought to a standard almost equivalent to the F-4S, which was the last variant in service with the USN, the only differences being the absence of leading-edge slats and a helmet gun sight.[85][88]
The major difference between the F-4J and the British Phantoms was the absence of the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan, the former being fitted with the General Electric J79-10B turbojet. Initially capable of carrying the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinderair-to-air missiles (AAM), they were soon made compatible with the Skyflash and SUU-23A gun pod, bringing them into line with the rest of the RAF's Phantoms.[85] Despite modifications to allow them to operate with the rest of the fleet, the F-4Js retained the vast bulk of the equipment they were originally fitted with, even requiring their crews to use American flying helmets.[22]
Although the new Phantoms were assigned a British designation as the F.3,[89][90] to avoid confusion with the incoming Tornado ADV (the definitive version of which was also designated F.3) they were generally referred to as the F-4J(UK).[36][91][92] They were assigned to 74 Squadron at RAF Wattisham in Suffolk, which stood up in October 1984, two months after the first flight.[51] When they were procured, the fifteen airframes were expected to have a five-year service lifespan; ultimately, the F.3 was retained through the transition to the Tornado, which began entering service in 1987, remaining in operation for seven years.[92] In 1990, thanks to the conversion of F-4M squadrons to the Tornado, the RAF were able to transfer the best of its remaining FGR.2s to 74 Squadron, which meant that the F.3 was able to be withdrawn in January 1991.[75] With a couple of exceptions, all of the RAF's F-4Js were broken up for scrap.[59] One of the 15 airframes was lost in a crash in 1987, killing both crew members.[55]
The Phantom FG.1 and FGR.2 as built were similar, being fitted with broadly the same turbofanjet engines and avionics, although there were minor differences. The FG.1 was initially fitted with the Mark 201 version of the Rolls-Royce Spey, while the FGR.2 had the Mark 202; the Mark 201 had an unacceptable time lag between throttle movement and engine response, which was remedied in the 202. The 201 was eventually upgraded to the Mark 203 version, which had a modified control system for the afterburner, allowing it to light faster and enable power to be applied quickly in the event of a bolter on the small decks of the RN's aircraft carriers.[93][18] Both variants were fitted with a version of the same avionics package; the FG.1 was fitted with the AN/AWG-11, which differed primarily in having a nose radome that was hinged and able to fold backwards against the aircraft's fuselage to allow for storage in the hangar of an aircraft carrier;[x] the system was designed to be integrated with both the AGM-12 Bullpup missile and the WE.177free-fallnuclear weapon as required. The AN/AWG-12 fitted to the FGR.2 was not foldable, and featured a better ground mapping mode, to take into account the strike role for which the type was originally procured; allied to this was a Ferranti inertial navigation/attack system (removed when the type converted to the air defence role).[22] Additionally, as the FGR.2 was procured to undertake the tactical reconnaissance mission, 30 airframes were specifically wired to allow carriage of the reconnaissance pod developed by EMI.[96] It was also configured to be able to control the SUU-23/A gun pod; FG.1s used by the RAF were also able to use the gun pod, but the RN's FG.1s lacked this capability.[97][98]
Between British Phantoms and other Phantoms
F-4K alongside an F-4J of the US Navy. This shows the extended nosewheel oleo of the British aircraft, fitted to increase the take-off attitude for operation on the RN's carriers.[99]
Although there were minor differences between the two types of Phantom built for the UK, there were many significant ones between the British Phantoms and those built for the United States. The most obvious was the substitution of the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan for the General Electric J79turbojet. The Spey was shorter but wider than the J79, which meant that the British Phantoms' rear fuselage had to be widened by 152 millimetres (6 inches). The position of the afterburner also meant that the rear of the fuselage had to be made deeper.[100] The engine had higher mass flow rates which required the intakes to be enlarged by 20%, with a consequent increase in drag. To further increase airflow at lower speeds, auxiliary intake doors were fitted on the rear fuselage.[101]
Performance estimates of the British Phantom compared to its American equivalent indicated that the former had a 30% shorter take-off distance, 20% faster climb to altitude, higher top speed, and longer range.[100] The Spey was more efficient at lower altitudes, and had better acceleration at low speed, giving British Phantoms better range and acceleration, which was shown during the deployment of 892 NAS to the Mediterranean aboard USS Saratoga in 1969, when the F-4K was repeatedly quicker off the deck than the F-4J used by the Americans.[102] It was less efficient at higher altitudes, the British Phantoms lacking speed compared to J79-powered versions owing to the increased drag of the re-designed fuselage.[18][100] This discrepancy became apparent when the F-4J was obtained by the UK in 1984; it was regarded as being the best of the three variants to serve in the RAF.[88]
The small size of the aircraft carriers HMS Eagle and HMS Ark Royal, from which the RN's Phantoms were intended to operate, compared to the USN carriers of the period, meant that the F-4K version required significant structural changes compared to the F-4J, from which it was descended, and which performed a similar role. As well as the folding nose radome to allow for storage in the smaller hangars of the British ships, it had to have a significantly strengthened undercarriage to account for higher landing weights (British policy was to bring back unused ordnance). The F-4J featured a nosewheel oleo that extended by 20 inches (51 centimetres) to provide the correct attitude for launch from American catapults.[99] The F-4K's nose wheel oleo extended by 40 inches (100 centimetres) to increase the take-off attitude (the extension of the nose wheel put the Phantom at a 9° attitude[103][xi]) due to the shorter and less powerful British catapults. It was also fitted with drooping ailerons, enlarged leading edgeflaps, and a slotted tailplane, and increased flap and leading edge blowing, all to improve the lift and handling characteristics of the aircraft during operation from the much smaller carriers of the Royal Navy.[30][viii]
As the Phantom continued in service, other changes were made, most notably the Marconi ARI.18228 Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) fitted on top of the vertical stabiliser of FG.1 and FGR.2 Phantoms in the mid-1970s, but not to the F.3, which retained the original RWR in fairings on the leading edges of the wings.[66][85] The F.3 also retained its original AN/AWG-10 radar, which was upgraded to AN/AWG-10B standard as part of the procurement package, making it both clearer and more reliable than the derived AN/AWG-11 and AN/AWG-12 units in the FG.1 and FGR.2.[92] From 1978, the SkyflashAAM, derived from the AIM-7 Sparrow, began to be delivered to RAF Phantom units, and was used concurrently with the Sparrow; all three UK Phantom variants were eventually fitted to operate the Skyflash.[97]
FG.1; 40 in (100 cm) telescopic nose wheel oleo; nose radome hinged to swing back; wider and shorter engine exhausts; bigger air intakes; deeper rear fuselage; RWR installation on tail-fin
FGR.2; no telescopic nose wheel; nose radome not hinged; wider and shorter engine exhausts; bigger air intakes; deeper rear fuselage; RWR installation on tail-fin
F.3; 20 in (51 cm) telescopic nose wheel oleo; nose radome not hinged; narrower and longer exhausts; narrower air intakes; shallower rear fuselage; no RWR installation on tail
Aircraft production
The first batch of F-4 Phantoms produced for the United Kingdom received aircraft registrations in the XT range, with a total of 44 production models (20 × FG.1 and 24 × FGR.2), as well as the four prototypes and two pre-production models being given XT serial numbers.[27] The bulk of the UK's specially built Phantoms were delivered with XV serials (94 × FGR.2 and 28 × FG.1), while the two cancelled sets of airframes (32 × FGR.2 and 7 × FG.1) also received XV numbers.[28] The second-hand examples (15 × F.3) obtained in 1984 received serials in the ZE range.[83]
Other UK Phantom proposals
Although the Phantom was ordered in 1966, the variants that were eventually constructed were not the first to be offered to the UK. McDonnell Aircraft had been conducting studies into the possibility of the Royal Navy using the Phantom on its carriers since 1959.
Other proposed Spey-powered Phantoms
McDonnell concluded that more power was needed than the J79 turbojet could provide to operate from the smaller decks of British carriers, and as a result, consulted Rolls-Royce about whether the RB-168 Spey turbofan, then in development for use in the Blackburn Buccaneer, could be fitted to the aircraft.[104] In 1960, McDonnell approached the Royal Air Force with its model number 98CJ, which was an F4H-1 (later F-4B) with various modifications, including the installation of the Spey Mk.101 turbofan.[105] McDonnell continued studies, proposing afterburning Mk.101 engines in 1962, while trials of an F-4B fitted with an extendable nose wheel oleo took place aboard USS Forrestal in 1963.[104] In 1964, the company proposed the model 98FC, which was identical to the F-4D variant, but would have been fitted with the RB.168-25R.[106][xii]
RF-4M
A further proposal came after the order for the F-4M was being finalised, and was a result of the UK's need for an aircraft to perform the tactical reconnaissance role. For this, McDonnell offered two options:[108]
The standard F-4M fitted with a reconnaissance pod in place of the centreline external fuel tank;
A modified airframe, designated as RF-4M, with the reconnaissance equipment carried internally.
Although the RF-4M would have had some advantages, it was discounted as the cost would have been greater, with consequently fewer aircraft purchased, while only those that had been modified would have been able to undertake the reconnaissance mission. Ultimately, the RAF chose the standard F-4M and external pod, which allowed all of its aircraft to perform all designated roles.[64]
F-4(HL)
Another McDonnell proposal was a variation of the carrier-based Phantom, with the goal of improving catapult performance and lowering approach speeds. The F-4(HL), also known as Model 98HL, was planned as a Spey-powered aircraft with a longer fuselage and wingspan, less sweep, stabilators with increased area, and air intakes with auxiliary blow-in doors to increase airflow at low speeds. This proposal was not taken forward.[109][110]
Replacement
Panavia Tornado
McDonnell Douglas proposed a variable geometry version of the Phantom, which was offered as a potential Phantom replacement.[111]
In the early 1970s, the RAF issued an Air Staff Requirement (ASR) for the development of a new interceptor intended to replace both the Phantom and the Lightning.[78] An early proposal was McDonnell Douglas's plan for a Phantom with a variable-geometry wing.[111] This was rejected by the RAF owing to the fact that there was little apparent improvement in performance over the existing Phantom, and that it might affect the development of the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA).[112] An alternative idea was to take the MRCA, which evolved into the Panavia Tornado, and develop an interceptor version. The UK's partners in the MRCA project displayed no enthusiasm for this air defence version of the Tornado, so the UK alone began the process, and the authorisation for what came to be known as the Tornado Air Defence Variant (ADV) was issued in March 1976.[78] The initial plan was for the Tornado to replace the remaining two squadrons of Lightnings, as well as all seven squadrons of Phantoms.[113][xiii]
While the Tornado was in development, the RAF looked at interim measures to replace the Phantom, which had been in service for over a decade by 1980, and was beginning to suffer from fatigue;[114] one proposal was the lease or purchase of F-15 Eagles to re-equip 19 and 92 Squadrons, the units stationed in Germany.[71] Further suggestions were that up to 80 F-15s be procured, to replace the Phantom and Lightning squadrons then in service, or even cancel the Tornado entirely and purchase the F-15 with UK adaptations (specifically fitting of the AI.24 Foxhunter radar developed for the Tornado, and the Skyflash air-to-air missile).[115]
In the end, the F-15 option was not seriously considered, as it was felt there would not be time or cost savings over the Tornado ADV.[115] The Tornado ultimately replaced the Phantom in four squadrons; the two FG.1 units, plus two FGR.2 units (23 and 29 Squadrons), while 56 and 74 Squadrons, and the two Germany based units (19 and 92 Squadrons) retained the Phantom.[51]
BAe Sea Harrier
In the 1970s, the RN was developing what was known as the 'Through-Deck Cruiser', a 20,000-ton ship with a full-length flight deck intended to embark a squadron of large anti-submarine warfare helicopters. Almost as soon as the first ship, HMS Invincible, was ordered, another specification was added to the design: as well as the helicopters, a small squadron of STOVL aircraft would form part of the air group to act as a deterrent to long-range reconnaissance aircraft.[116] This concept initially dated back to 1963, when the prototype Hawker Siddeley P.1127 Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft undertook initial landings aboard HMS Ark Royal, while three years later, a pre-production Hawker Siddeley Kestrel (which subsequently became the Harrier), conducted a series of extensive trials from HMS Bulwark, which proved the concept of using vertical landing aircraft aboard carriers.[117][118] As a result, a navalised version of the Harrier was developed. Over the life of the design process, the Sea Harrier's air defence role was augmented by responsibility for reconnaissance and maritime strike missions. In March 1980, 14 months after 892 Naval Air Squadron was decommissioned and its Phantoms handed over to the RAF, 800 Naval Air Squadron was formed as the first operational Sea Harrier squadron.[119]
Aircraft replaced by and replacing the Phantom
Sir Sydney Camm, the Chief Designer at Hawker for many years, once said that no British aircraft could be considered a success until it was able to match the capabilities of the Phantom.[22] In the RAF and RN, it was the direct replacement in squadron service for a total of four different aircraft types, comprising nine separate variants. In turn, the Phantom was replaced in squadron service by three different aircraft (see table):
The below list details aircraft that were placed on display after service with the Royal Air Force or Royal Navy. The remaining aircraft were either lost in crashes or scrapped following withdrawal.[59]
In October 2019, the British Phantom Aviation Group (BPAG) announced plans to restore two of the remaining Phantoms not on public display, with the aim of finding display locations for them. In partnership with the 74 Squadron Association, the BPAG obtained ZE360, a Phantom F.3 stored at Manston in Kent, and one of only two remaining complete examples, with the ultimate goal of displaying it in its original RAF markings. The other planned restoration is of XT597, one of the two pre-production FG.1 aircraft that was used for its entire career by the A&AEE. Upon restoration, this will form part of the BPAG's collection.[152][153][154]
Specifications (F-4K)
Data from Aircraft of the Royal Navy since 1945,[39]
Maximum speed: 1,386 mph (2,231 km/h, 1,204 kn) at 40,000 ft (12,190 m)
Maximum speed: Mach 1.9
Ferry range: 1,750 mi (2,816 km, 1,520 nmi)
Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,300 m)
Armament
Air defence
4 × AIM-7 Sparrow or Skyflash in fuselage recesses plus 2 × Sparrow / Skyflash on underwing pylons and 4 × AIM-9 Sidewinders on underwing shoulder rails
SUU-23/Agun pod on centreline pylon with up to 1,200 rounds (RAF aircraft only)[155]
AN/ARN-91 TACAN bearing/distance navigation system
Cossor IFF
STR-70P radio altimeter
The F.3 retained a high degree of American equipment, and was longer, lighter, and faster at altitude.[156][157][viii] The FG.1 and FGR.2 were broadly identical, with the only significant difference, aside from those already stated, being the ability of the FGR.2 to carry the dedicated reconnaissance pod built by EMI, and containing the following:[96][158]
The Royal Air Force operated the Phantom from a number of bases in the UK, Germany, and the Falkland Islands during its operational service, while the Royal Navy initially based its Phantom units at its main air station at RNAS Yeovilton; following the disbanding of the FAA's dedicated training squadron, its sole operational Phantom squadron was subsequently moved to take up residence at the RAF's base at RAF Leuchars.[159][52]
Bases utilised by Phantom squadrons of the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Air Force (RAF)[39][51]
^One of the pre-production F-4K airframes was subsequently upgraded to a full production model for operational service.[25]
^Although Eagle and Ark Royal were the largest ships in the UK's carrier fleet, some sources have stated that the plan for Phantom operation was to see aircraft obtained for use aboard Ark Royal and Victorious.[30][31]
^There were initial plans for as many as four CVA-01-class aircraft carriers, with at least three intended to replace Eagle, Ark Royal, Victorious, and Hermes.[32]
^The launch bridle for the Phantom could only be used on that type, and was thus considerably more expensive than those used for other types. As a consequence, bridle catchers were fitted to the ends of the ship's new catapults so that the bridles could be reused.[35]
^While undertaking trials aboard US carriers, the higher exhaust temperatures caused by the Spey turbofan led to significant damage to the flight decks of the American ships.[35]
^The refit of Ark Royal from 1967 to 1970 cost approximately £32 million.[46] The planned refit of Eagle to bring her to a similar standard was estimated to cost £15 million.[47]
^On 3 June 1980, a Phantom FG.1 of 111 Squadron crashed as a result of the latches securing the radome failing in flight, causing the radome itself to swing open.[94][95]
^By contrast, the Buccaneer, which was operated from Ark Royal at the same time as the Phantom, was pulled down onto its tail skid when under tension on the catapult to achieve the requisite 11° attitude.[103]
^The RB.168-25R was the internal name given by Rolls-Royce to the Mark 201-203 versions of the Spey[107]
^At the time of the instigation of the Tornado project in the late 1970s, the RAF had seven squadrons of Phantoms in service - 74 Squadron was formed in 1984.[51]
^Following the decommissioning of HMS Ark Royal in 1978, the Royal Navy was no longer able to operate conventional fixed wing aircraft at sea. The British Aerospace Sea Harrier was introduced into both the air defence (replacing the Phantom) and strike (replacing the Buccaneer) roles in the FAA with 800 NAS and 801 NAS in 1980[120]
^Wilson, Michael (21 September 1967). "Preparing for the Phantom"(PDF). Flight. 92 (3054). Iliffe Transport Publications: 483–487. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^"McDonnell Phantom FG1". Fleet Air Arm Museum. National Museum of the Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
^"Today in Aviation History". Flight. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ◾Royal Navy Hawker-Siddeley/McDonnell-Douglas F-4K Phantom II FG.1, XT598, used for trials installations at HSA Holme and A&AEE, Boscombe Down, then passed to 111 Squadron. Written off on approach to Leuchars this date. - Thursday 23rd Nov, 1978
^ abcde"Serials in range XT". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ abcdefg"Serials in range XV". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^Sturton, Ian (2014). "CVA-01: Portrait of a Missing Link". In Dent, Stephen; Jordan, John (eds.). Warship 2014. London, England: Conway. p. 30. ISBN978-1-59114-923-1.
^Snook, Colin (19 December 2016). "Brian Davies AFC RN". Old Cicestrians. Chichester High School Old Boys Association. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
^ abcd"Aircraft histories". The Phantom Shrine. Corsair Publishing. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ ab"Serials in range ZE". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^"RAF timeline 1980–1989". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2015. No 74 Squadron reforms at Wattisham with the delivery of the first of the F4J Phantoms, given the RAF designation Phantom F3
^ abc"The Way of the 'J'". British Phantom Aviation Group. 74 Squadron Association. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^McDonnell model numbers(PDF). AviationArchives.net (Report). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 66. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^McDonnell model numbers(PDF). AviationArchives.net (Report). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 83. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^The Royal Air Force Phantom II(PDF). www.F4Phantomeers.org.uk (Report). McDonnell Aircraft. 1 August 1966. pp. 44–49. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^McDonnell model numbers(PDF). AviationArchives.net (Report). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 93. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Archer, Bob (1992). "Sunset for the Phantom". RAF Yearbook. IAT Publishing: 13–15.
Baker, A.D. (1998). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999: Their Ships, Aircraft and Systems. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-0-13017-120-7.
Gledhill, David (2012). The Phantom in Focus: A Navigator's Eye on Britain's Cold War Warrior. Stroud, UK: Fonthill Media. ISBN978-1-78155-048-9.
Goodrum, Alastair (January–February 2004). "Down Range: Losses over the Wash in the 1960s and 1970s". Air Enthusiast (109): 12–17. ISSN0143-5450.
Hampshire, Edward (2013). From East of Suez to the Eastern Atlantic: British Naval Policy 1964–70. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN978-1-13827-134-0.
Hayward, Keith (2018). "Making a Pig's Ear from a Silk Purse..? 'Anglicising' the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom". The Aviation Historian (25): 54–63. ISSN2051-1930.
Macfadyen, Ian (1992). "Phantoms over the South Atlantic". RAF Yearbook. Leicester, England: IAT Publishing: 63–66.
Martin, Patrick (2012). British Phantoms: The Phantom FG Mk.1 and FGR Mk.2 in Royal Navy and RAF Service 1966–1978. Erlangen: Double Ugly Books. ISBN978-3-935687-84-3.
Martin, Patrick (2013). British Phantoms: The Phantom FG Mk.1, FGR Mk.2 and F-4J(UK) in Royal Air Force Service 1979–1992. Erlangen: Double Ugly Books. ISBN978-3-935687-85-0.
Nicholas, Jack (July 2005). "Big Bangs For A Buck: Britain's Tactical Nuclear Forces 1960–1998". Air International. Vol. 69, no. 1. pp. 45–49. ISSN0306-5634.
Norris, Robert (1994). British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol. V. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN978-0-81331-612-3.
Pettit, Martin, ed. (1983). British Military Aircraft Serials and Markings. British Aviation Research Group / Nostalgair / The Aviation Hobby Shop. ISBN978-0-90633-904-6.
,_November_1975.jpg)
.jpg)
_Phantom_of_74_Squadron_in_flight_1984.jpg)
