Indian poet (1924–2004)
Nissim Ezekiel (16 December 1924 – 9 January 2004) [1] was an Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art critic.[2] He was a foundational figure[3] in postcolonial India's literary history, specifically for Indian Poetry in English.[4]
He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1983 for his collection, "Latter-Day Psalms", by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.[5] Ezekiel has been applauded for his subtle, restrained and well crafted diction, dealing with common and mundane (simple) themes in a manner that manifests both cognitive profundity, as well as an unsentimental, realistic sensibility, that has been influential on the course of succeeding Indian English poetry.
Ezekiel enriched and established Indian English language poetry through his modernist innovations and techniques, which enlarged Indian English literature, moving it beyond purely spiritual and orientalist themes, to include a wider range of concerns and interests, including familial events, individual angst and skeptical societal introspection.[6]
Early life
Ezekiel was born on 16 December 1924 in Bombay (Mumbai) in Maharashtra. His father was a professor of botany at Wilson College, and his mother was principal of her own school. The Ezekiels belonged to Mumbai's Marathi-speaking Jewish community known as the Bene Israel.[7]
In 1947, Ezekiel earned a BA in Literature from Wilson College, Mumbai, Bombay University. In 1947-48, he taught English literature and published literary articles.[citation needed] After dabbling in politics for a while, he sailed to England in November 1948. He studied philosophy at Birkbeck College, London. After three and a half years, Ezekiel worked his way home as a deck-scrubber aboard a ship carrying arms to Indochina.[8]
Career
Ezekiel's first book,[9] A Time to change, appeared in 1952. He published another volume of poems, The deadly man in 1960.[10] After working as an advertising copywriter and general manager of a picture frame company (1954–59), he co-founded the literary monthly Jumpo, in 1961. He became art critic of The Times of India (1964–66) and edited Poetry India (1966–67). From 1961 to 1972, he headed the English department of Mithibai College, Bombay. The Exact Name, his fifth book of poetry, was published in 1965. During this period he held short-term tenure as visiting professor at University of Leeds (1964) and University of Pondicherry (1967). In 1969, at the Writers Workshop, Ezekiel[11] published his Three Plays which includes Nalini, Marriage Poem, The Sleep-walkers.[12] A year later, he presented an art series of ten programmes for Indian television. In 1976, he translated Jawaharlal Nehru's poetry from English to Marathi, in collaboration with Vrinda Nabar, and co-edited a fiction and poetry anthology.[13] His poem The Night of the Scorpion is used[14] as study material[15] in Indian and Colombian schools. Ezekiel also penned poems in ‘Indian English’ [16] like the one based on instruction boards in his favourite Irani café. His poems are used[17] in NCERT and ICSE English textbooks. His poem 'Background, Casually' is considered to be the most defining poem of his poetic and personal career.
Nissim Ezekiel is often considered the father of Modern Indian English poetry by many critics.[18][19][20][21]
He was honoured with the Padmashri award by the President of India in 1988 and the Sahitya Akademi cultural award in 1983.[22]
Editor
He edited The Indian P.E.N., official organ of P.E.N. All-India Centre, Bombay from The Theosophy Hall, New Marine Lines, and encouraged poets and writers.[23]
He was the founding editor of Quest in 1954.
Death
After a prolonged battle with Alzheimer’s disease, Nissim Ezekiel died in Mumbai, on 9 January 2004 (aged 79).[24][25][26]
Recent Discussion of Ezekiel's Work
- Balaga Venkata Ramana's Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry- A thematic study (Scholars' Press, India, 2015; ISBN: 978-3639767902)
- Subrat Kumar Samal's Postcoloniality and Indian English Poetry: A Study of the Poems of Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra and A.K.Ramanujan (Partridge, India, 2015; ISBN: 978-1482848670)
- Shakuntala Bharvani's Makers of Indian Literature: Nissim Ezekiel (Sahitya Akademi, India, 2017; ASIN: B09ZBB2M6S)
- Apara Sharma's Nissim Ezekiel and Jyant Mahapatra : A Comparative Reading in Phenomenology (New Era, India, 2017; 978-8129001559)
- Sandeep K. Thorat's Indian Ethos and Culture in Nissim Ezekiel’s Poetry: A Critical Study (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2018; ISBN: 978-8126927531)
- A. Raghu's The Poetry Of Nissim Ezekiel (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2019; ISBN: 978-8126900862)
- Satish Kumar and Anupama Tayal's Indian English Poetry - A critical study of the poets Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra, K.N. Daruwalla, Arun Balkrishnan Kolatkar and R. Parthasarthy (Sahitya Saroward, India, 2020; ASIN: B08DHTQ9TL)
- Rinkoo Wadhera's Existentialism, Upanishadic Perception and Via-Negativa in Indian English Poetry: The Oeuvre of Nissim Ezekiel (Authorspress, India, 2020; ASIN: B0893TP3KW)
- K.K. Singh's Different Thematic Perceptions in Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel (Aadi Publications, India, 2021; ISBN: 978-8195250165)
- Shirish Chindhade's Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2022; ISBN: 978-8171565856)
British India (1924-1947)
India (1947-2004)
