Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture
Tomb of James Clarence Mangan , with legend describing him as "Ireland 's national poet." A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture .[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism , as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states , as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1]
Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]
The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries , though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation " (as cultural concept), "country " (as geographical concept) and "state " (as political concept) are not synonyms .
Country (or region)
Poet
Sources
Afghanistan
Rumi , Khushal Khattak
[31] [32]
Azerbaijan
Nizami Ganjavi (controversy ) , Fuzûlî , Imadaddin Nasimi , Samad Vurgun
[33] [34] [35] [36]
Bangladesh
Kazi Nazrul Islam
[37]
China
Du Fu , Li Bai
[38] [39] [40]
Cambodia
Preah Botumthera Som
[41]
India
Maithili Sharan Gupt , Subramania Bharati , Kalidasa , Ramdhari Singh Dinkar , Rabindranath Tagore
[42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Indonesia
Chairil Anwar
[47]
Iran
Ferdowsi , Rumi , Hafez , Attar , Omar Khayyám , Saadi
[48] [49] [50]
Iraq
Muthaffar al-Nawab , Al-Mutanabbi , Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri
[51] [52] [53]
Israel
Yehuda Amichai , Hayim Nahman Bialik , Natan Alterman
[54] [55] ,[56]
Japan
Matsuo Bashō , Lafcadio Hearn , Tanikawa Shuntaro , Ishikawa Takuboku
[57] [58] [59]
Jordan
Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
[60]
Kazakhstan
Abai Qunanbaiuli
[61]
Korea
Cho Ki-chon , Yun Dongju , Han Yong-un , Park Mok-wol , Jeong Cheol
[62] [63]
Kurdistan
Hemin Mukriyani , Sherko Bekas , Abdurrahman Sharafkandi , Ehmedê Xanî
[64] [65] [66] [67]
Kyrgyzstan
Toktogul Satylganov
[68]
Lebanon
Kahlil Gibran , Said Akl
[69] [70]
Malaysia
Usman Awang
[71]
Mongolia
Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar , Dulduityn Danzanravjaa , Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj , Byambyn Rinchen , Hadaa Sendoo
[72] [73] [74] [75] [76]
Myanmar
Min Thu Wun
[77]
Nepal
Madhav Prasad Ghimire
[78]
Pakistan
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
[79]
Palestine
Mahmoud Darwish
[80]
Philippines
Francisco Balagtas
[81]
Sri Lanka
Parakrama Kodituwakku
[82]
Syria
Nizar Qabbani
[83]
Taiwan
Yang Mu , Yu Youren
[84] [85]
Tajikistan
Sadriddin Ayni , Bozor Sobir , Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki , Rumi , Gulnazar Keldi
[86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92]
Thailand
Sunthorn Phu
[93] [94]
Tibet
Tsering Woeser
[95]
Turkey
Rumi , Nâzım Hikmet , Ziya Gökalp , Mehmet Âkif Ersoy
[49] [96] [97] [98]
Turkmenistan
Magtymguly Pyragy
[99]
Uzbekistan
Ali-Shir Nava'i , Abdulla Oripov , Erkin Vohidov , Gʻafur Gʻulom , Mirtemir
[100]
Vietnam
Nguyễn Du , Nguyễn Đình Chiểu , Hồ Xuân Hương
[101] [102] [103]
Yemen
Abdullah Al-Baradouni , Waddah al-Yaman
[104] [105]
Country (or region)
Poet
Sources
Albania
Gjergj Fishta , Naim Frashëri
[106] [107]
Abkhazia
Dmitry Gulia
[108]
Armenia
Hovhannes Tumanyan , Sayat-Nova , Yeghishe Charents
[109] [110] [111]
Austria
Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy , Georg Trakl , Rainer Maria Rilke
[112] [113] [114]
Bashkortostan
Rami Garipov , Mustai Karim
[115] [116] [117]
Basque Country
Bernard Etxepare
[118]
Belarus
Yanka Kupala , Yakub Kolas
[119] [120]
Belgium
Emile Verhaeren , Maurice Maeterlinck
[121] [122]
Catalonia
Ausiàs March , Jacint Verdaguer
[123] [124]
Chechnya
Ismail Kerimov
[125]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Abdulah Sidran , Mak Dizdar , Izet Sarajlić
[126] [127]
Brittany
Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué
[128]
Bulgaria
Hristo Botev , Ivan Vazov
[129] [130]
Carpathian Ruthenia
Alexander Dukhnovych
[131]
Croatia
Marko Marulić , Ivan Gundulić
[132]
Cyprus
Vasilis Michaelides
[133]
Czech Republic (Czech lands )
Karel Hynek Mácha , Jan Neruda
[134] [135]
Dagestan
Rasul Gamzatov
[136]
Denmark
Adam Oehlenschläger , Hans Christian Andersen , Søren Kierkegaard , N. F. S. Grundtvig
[137] [138] [139]
Faroe Islands
William Heinesen , Nólsoyar Páll , Mikkjal á Ryggi
[140] [141] [142]
England
Geoffrey Chaucer , William Shakespeare , William Blake , William Wordsworth , Thomas Hardy , W. H. Auden , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Philip Larkin
[143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148]
Estonia
Kristjan Jaak Peterson , Lydia Koidula
[149] [150]
Finland
Eino Leino , Elias Lönnrot , Johan Ludvig Runeberg , Edith Södergran
[151] [152] [153]
Flanders
Émile Verhaeren , Hendrik Conscience , Guido Gezelle , Hugo Claus
[121]
Friesland
Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks)
[154]
France
Charles Baudelaire , Victor Hugo , Arthur Rimbaud
[155] [156]
Galicia
Rosalía de Castro , Ramón Cabanillas
[157] [158]
Georgia
Shota Rustaveli
[159]
Germany
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich von Schiller , Heinrich Heine , Bertolt Brecht , Friedrich Hölderlin , Novalis , Friedrich Nietzsche , Hermann Hesse , Stefan George
[160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165]
Greece
Homer , Sappho , Pindar , Solon , Dionysios Solomos
[166] [167] [168]
Guernsey
George Métivier
[169]
Hungary
Sándor Petőfi , János Arany
[170] [171]
Iceland
Jónas Hallgrímsson , Hallgrímur Pétursson
[172] [173]
Ireland
Thomas Moore , William Butler Yeats , Seamus Heaney , Patrick Pearse
[174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179]
Isle of Man
T. E. Brown
[180]
Italy
Ovid , Virgil , Horace , Dante Alighieri , Francesco Petrarca , Giosuè Carducci , Giacomo Leopardi , Ugo Foscolo , Gabriele D'Annunzio
[181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188]
Jersey
Wace
[189]
Kosovo
Ali Podrimja
[190]
Latvia
Rainis , Andrejs Pumpurs
[191] [192]
Lithuania
Kristijonas Donelaitis , Maironis , Justinas Marcinkevičius , Adomas Mickevičius
[193] [194] [195]
Luxembourg
Edmond de la Fontaine , Michel Lentz
[196] [197]
Malta
Dun Karm Psaila
[198]
Moldova
Grigore Vieru , Mihai Eminescu
[199] [200]
Montenegro
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
[134]
Netherlands
Joost van den Vondel , Jacob Cats
[201] [202]
North Macedonia
Kočo Racin
[203]
North Ossetia-Alania
Kosta Khetagurov
[204]
Norway
Henrik Wergeland
[205]
Occitania
Frédéric Mistral , Arnaut Daniel , Bernart de Ventadorn , Comtessa de Dia
[206] [207] [208] [209]
Poland
Adam Mickiewicz , Juliusz Słowacki , Zygmunt Krasiński
[210]
Portugal
Luís de Camões , Fernando Pessoa
[211] [212]
Provence
Frédéric Mistral , Comtessa de Dia
[206] [209]
Romania
Mihai Eminescu
[213]
Russia
Alexander Pushkin , Anna Akhmatova , Boris Pasternak , Sergei Yesenin , Ivan Turgenev , Ivan Bunin
[214] [215] [216]
Sápmi
Anders Fjellner
[217]
Scotland
Robert Burns , Hugh MacDiarmid
[218] [219]
Serbia
Desanka Maksimović , Petar II Petrović-Njegoš , Jovan Sterija Popović , Jovan Jovanović Zmaj
[220] [221] [222] [223]
Slovakia
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
[224]
Slovenia
France Prešeren
[225]
Spain
Miguel de Cervantes , Lope de Vega , Federico García Lorca
[1] [226]
Styria
Peter Rosegger
[227]
Sweden
Carl Michael Bellman , Gustaf Fröding , Verner von Heidenstam , Esaias Tegnér
[228] [229] [230] [231]
Switzerland
Gottfried Keller , Carl Spitteler
[232] [233]
Tatarstan
Ğabdulla Tuqay , Musa Cälil , Ravil Fayzullin
[234] [235] Fänis Yarullin [tt ] [236] [237]
Turkey
Mehmet Akif Ersoy , Nâzım Hikmet
[238] [239]
Ukraine
Taras Shevchenko , Ivan Franko , Lesya Ukrainka
[240] [241] [242]
Wales
Dylan Thomas , Dafydd ap Gwilym
[243] [244]
Country
Poets
Sources
Barbados
Kamau Brathwaite
[245]
Canada
Margaret Atwood , E. Pauline Johnson , E. J. Pratt , Al Purdy , Milton Acorn
[246] [247] [248]
Costa Rica
Aquileo J. Echeverría , Jorge Debravo
[249] [250]
Cuba
José Martí , Lezama Lima , Nicolás Guillén
[251] [252]
Curaçao
Pierre Lauffer
[253]
Dominican Republic
Pedro Mir
[254]
El Salvador
Roque Dalton
[255]
Greenland
Henning Jakob Henrik Lund
[256]
Guatemala
Rafael Landívar
[257]
Haiti
Oswald Durand
[258]
Honduras
Roberto Sosa
[259]
Jamaica
Claude McKay
[260]
Martinique
Aimé Césaire
[261] [262]
Mexico
Octavio Paz , Ramón López Velarde
[263]
Nicaragua
Rubén Darío
[264]
Panama
Ricardo Miró
[265] [266]
Puerto Rico
Julia de Burgos , Giannina Braschi , Juan Antonio Corretjer , Lola Rodríguez de Tió , Nimia Vicéns
[267] [268] [269] [270] [271]
Quebec
Émile Nelligan , Gaston Miron , Gilles Vigneault , Octave Crémazie
[272] [273] [274] [275] [276]
Saint Lucia
Derek Walcott
[277]
Sint Maarten
Lasana M. Sekou
[278] [279]
United States
Walt Whitman , Emily Dickinson , Robert Frost , William Carlos Williams , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Carl Sandburg , Maya Angelou , Gwendolyn Brooks , Langston Hughes , Jack Kerouac , James Wright , Allen Ginsberg
[280] [281] [282] [283] [284] [285] [286] [287]
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