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The Literature Portal

Introduction

Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.

Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction genres, such as biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes non-fictional books, articles or other printed information on a particular subject. (Full article...)

Outline
Index

General images - load new batch

The following are images from various literature-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1A Tagore illustration of a Hindu myth (from Children's literature)
Image 2Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books. (from Children's literature)
Image 3The Violet Fairy Book (1906)
Image 4Goethe's Italian Journey between September 1786 and May 1788 (from Travel literature)
Image 5The Crescent Moon by Rabindranath Tagore illus. by Nandalal Bose, Macmillan 1913 (from Children's literature)
Image 6European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from History of books)
Image 7The character which means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese Great Seal script style. The modern character is 詩/诗 (shī). (from History of poetry)
Image 8Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 pirate adventure Treasure Island (from Children's literature)
Image 9Father Frost acts as a donor in the Russian fairy tale Father Frost, testing the heroine before bestowing riches upon her (from Fairy tale)
Image 1012-metre-high (40 ft) stack of books sculpture at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing (from History of books)
Image 11Peter Pan statue in Kensington Gardens, London (from Children's literature)
Image 12Alfonso Reyes writer of influential pieces of Mexican surrealism. (from Latin American literature)
Image 13Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 CE. (from History of books)
Image 14European output of books 500–1800 (from History of books)
Image 15The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and one of the best-selling books ever published. (from Children's literature)
Image 16Statue of Minnie the Minx, a character from The Beano. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with Dennis the Menace appearing on the cover. (from Children's literature)
Image 17The former Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate George Elliott Clarke (2015) (from Canadian literature)
Image 18The scene in Botticelli's Madonna of the Book (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from History of books)
Image 19Gabriel García Márquez, the most famous of the Boom writers (from Latin American literature)
Image 20Kings' Fairy Tale, 1909, by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (from Fairy tale)
Image 21A Sumerian clay tablet, currently housed in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, inscribed with the text of the poem Inanna and Ebih by the priestess Enheduanna, the first author whose name is known
Image 22Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on the Latin edition of Marco Polo's Il Milione (from Travel literature)
Image 23Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on the Latin edition of Marco Polo's Le livre des merveilles. (from History of books)
Image 24Beauty and the Beast, illustration by Warwick Goble (from Fairy tale)
Image 25Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 (from History of books)
Image 26Walter Crane's chromolithograph illustration for The Frog Prince, 1874. (from Children's literature)
Image 27Selma Lagerlöf, the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet, 11 December 1909 (from Nobel Prize in Literature)
Image 28A picture by Gustave Doré of Mother Goose reading written (literary) fairy tales (from Fairy tale)
Image 29A late 18th-century reprint of Orbis Pictus by Comenius, the first children's picture book. (from Children's literature)
Image 30A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from History of books)
Image 31Peruvian poet César Vallejo, considered by Thomas Merton "the greatest universal poet since Dante" (from Latin American literature)
Image 32Newbery's A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, originally published in 1744 (from Children's literature)
Image 33Roberto Bolaño is considered to have had the greatest United States impact of any post-Boom author (from Latin American literature)
Image 34Illustration from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1865 (from Children's literature)
Image 35Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (from Children's literature)
Image 36Octavio Paz helped to define modern poetry and the Mexican personality. (from Latin American literature)
Image 37Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies (from Medieval literature)
Image 38J. K. Rowling reads from her novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (from Children's literature)
Image 39The first page of Beowulf (from Medieval literature)
Image 40Ivan Bilibin's illustration of the Russian fairy tale about Vasilisa the Beautiful (from Fairy tale)
Image 41The New England Primer (from Children's literature)
Image 42An early Mexican hornbook pictured in Tuer's History of the Horn-Book, 1896. (from Children's literature)
Image 43Dresden Codex (page 49) (from History of books)
Image 44Gabrielle Roy was a notable French Canadian author. (from Canadian literature)
Image 45From The Facetious Nights of Straparola by Giovanni Francesco Straparola (from Fairy tale)
Image 46Cutlery for children. Detail showing fairy-tale scenes: Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood, Hansel and Gretel. (from Fairy tale)
Image 47Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from History of books)
Image 48An author portrait of Jean Miélot writing his compilation of the Miracles of Our Lady, one of his many popular works. (from History of books)
Image 49European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from History of books)
Image 50A mother reads to her children, depicted by Jessie Willcox Smith in a cover illustration of a volume of fairy tales written in the mid to late 19th century. (from Children's literature)
Image 511865 illustration of Hop-o'-My-Thumb and the ogre by Alexander Zick (from Fairy tale)
Image 52Galway Kinnell performing a poetic piece in Vermont (from Performance poetry)
Image 53Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. (from History of books)
Image 54The codex Manesse, a book from the Middle Ages (from History of books)
Image 55The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London) (from History of books)
Image 56Charles G. D. Roberts was a poet that belonged to an informal group known as the Confederation Poets. (from Canadian literature)
Image 571900 edition of the controversial The Story of Little Black Sambo (from Children's literature)
Image 58First printed book in Georgian was published in Rome, in 1629 by Niceforo Irbachi. (from History of books)
Image 59Calliope, the muse of heroic poetry (from History of poetry)
Image 60Statuta Mutine Reformata, 1420–1485; parchment codex bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps. (from Medieval literature)
Image 61John Bauer's illustration of trolls and a princess from a collection of Swedish fairy tales (from Fairy tale)
Image 62H. O. Tanager performs at a bookstore in Boise, Idaho. (from Performance poetry)
Image 63A page from Marco Polo's Il Milione (from Travel literature)
Image 64Pages from the 1819 edition of Kinder- und Haus-Märchen by the Brothers Grimm (from Children's literature)
Image 65A Chinese bamboo book (from History of books)
Image 66Albert Edelfelt's illustration of Adalmina's Pearl, a Finnish fairy tale by Zachris Topelius. (from Fairy tale)
Image 67French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. (from Nobel Prize in Literature)
Image 68Short story writer Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. (from Canadian literature)
Image 69A poet with a few enraptured fans (from Performance poetry)
Image 70Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (from History of books)
Image 71The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik van Loon, 1st Newbery Award winner (from Children's literature)
Image 72Willy Wonka (from Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory), and the Mad Hatter (from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) (from Children's literature)
Image 73Page from the Blue Quran manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from History of books)
Image 74In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." (from Nobel Prize in Literature)
Image 75Folio from a manuscript of the Shanamah (Book of Kings) (from History of books)

Refresh with new selections below (purge)

Selected work

1790 or 1791 painting of Wollstonecraft by John Opie

Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) is a personal travel narrative by the eighteenth-century British feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft. The twenty-five letters cover a wide range of topics, from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity. Published by Wollstonecraft's career-long publisher, Joseph Johnson, it was the last work issued during her lifetime.

Wollstonecraft undertook her tour of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark in order to retrieve a stolen treasure ship for her lover, Gilbert Imlay. Believing that the journey would restore their strained relationship, she eagerly set off. However, over the course of the three months she spent in Scandinavia, she realized that Imlay had no intention of renewing the relationship. The letters, which constitute the text, drawn from her journal and from missives she sent to Imlay, reflect her anger and melancholy over his repeated betrayals. Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark is therefore both a travel narrative and an autobiographical memoir.

Using the rhetoric of the sublime, Wollstonecraft explores the relationship between self and society in the text. She values subjective experience, particularly in relation to nature; champions the liberation and education of women; and illustrates the detrimental effects of commerce on society.

Selected figure

Tengku Amir Hamzah (28 February 1911 – 20 March 1946) was an Indonesian poet and National Hero of Indonesia. Amir began writing poetry while still a teenager: though his works are undated, the earliest are thought to have been written when he first travelled to Java. Drawing influences from his own Malay culture and Islam, as well as from Christianity and Eastern literature, Amir wrote 50 poems, 18 pieces of lyrical prose, and numerous other works, including several translations. In 1932 he co-founded the literary magazine Poedjangga Baroe. After his return to Sumatra, he stopped writing. Most of his poems were published in two collections, Nyanyi Sunyi (1937) and Buah Rindu (1941), first in Poedjangga Baroe then as stand-alone books.

Poems by Amir deal with the themes of love and religion, and his poetry often reflects a deep inner conflict. His diction, using both Malay and Javanese words and expanding on traditional structures, was influenced by the need for rhythm and metre, as well as symbolism related to particular terms. His earlier works deal with a sense of longing and both erotic and idealised love, whereas his later works have a deeper religious meaning. Of his two collections, Nyanyi Sunyi is generally considered the more developed. Amir has been called the "King of the Poedjangga Baroe-era Poets".

Selected excerpt

“

I had begun life with benevolent intentions and thirsted for the moment when I should put them in practice and make myself useful to my fellow beings. Now all was blasted; instead of that serenity of conscience which allowed me to look back upon the past with self-satisfaction, and from thence to gather promise of new hopes, I was seized by remorse and the sense of guilt, which hurried me away to a hell of intense tortures such as no language can describe.

”

— Mary Shelley, Frankenstein

More excerpts... Read at Wikisource...

More Did you know

... that literary critics credit William Shakespeare's Hamlet as a significant contributor to Sigmund Freud's idea of the Oedipus complex?
... that the only copy of the book La Promenade du sceptique by Denis Diderot was confiscated by police on two occasions?
... that shenmo, the "gods and demons" genre of Chinese literature, includes fantasy novels such as Journey to the West and Investiture of the Gods?
... that singer Morrissey's Autobiography was published in Penguin Classics, an imprint normally reserved for venerated and long-dead authors?
... that The Gentleman Usher is the only play in which late 16th-century playwright George Chapman takes a positive view of women?

More Did you know facts

Selected illustration

Image 1
Jeeves
Illustration: Unknown; restoration: Adam Cuerden
Jeeves is a fictional character in a series of comedic short stories and novels by English author P. G. Wodehouse, in which he is depicted as the highly competent valet of a wealthy and idle young Londoner named Bertie Wooster. First appearing in the short story "Extricating Young Gussie" in 1915, Jeeves continued to feature in Wodehouse's work until his last completed novel, Aunts Aren't Gentlemen (1974). He also appeared in numerous films and television series, portrayed by such actors as Arthur Treacher, Michael Aldridge, and Dennis Price. The name and character of Jeeves have come to be identified with the quintessential valet or butler.
More selected pictures
Image 2
Allan Quatermain
Restoration: Adam Cuerden
H. Rider Haggard's iconic character Allan Quatermain, from Thure de Thulstrup's illustrations to the 1888 novel Maiwa's Revenge, a prequel to Haggard's most famous work, King Solomon's Mines. In this scene, Quatermain orders his troops to discharge their rifles, yelling, "Fire, you scoundrels!" The character served as the basis for the modern Indiana Jones.
More selected pictures
Image 3
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
Illustration: George Cruikshank; Restoration: Adam Cuerden
In this scene from Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, Uncle Toby's colonel invents a device for firing multiple miniature cannons at once, based on a hookah. Unfortunately, he and Toby find the puffing on the hookah pipe so enjoyable that they keep setting the cannons off. The novel was published in nine volumes over ten years, starting in 1759. Although it was not always held in high esteem by other writers, its bawdy humour was popular with London society, and it has come to be seen as one of the greatest comic novels in English, as well as a forerunner for many modern narrative devices and styles.
More selected pictures
Image 4
The Hunting of the Snark
Illustration credit: Henry Holiday, after Lewis Carroll; restored by Adam Cuerden
The Hunting of the Snark is a poem composed by the English writer Lewis Carroll between 1874 and 1876, typically characterised as a nonsense poem. The plot follows a crew of ten who cross the ocean to hunt the Snark, which may turn out to be a highly dangerous Boojum. This is the second of Henry Holiday's original illustrations for the first edition of the poem. It introduces some of the crew, whose names all start with "B"; the Bellman and Baker are on the upper deck, with the Barrister seated in the background; below are the Billiard-marker, the Banker and the Broker, with the maker of Bonnets and Hoods visible behind.
More selected pictures
Image 5
Illustration by John Bauer
Painting: John Bauer
A watercolor illustration by John Bauer (1882–1918) titled "Still, Tuvstarr sits and gazes down into the water", which accompanied Helge Kjellin's fairy tale "The Tale of the Moose Hop and the Little Princess Cotton Grass" in the 1913 edition of Among Gnomes and Trolls. In this scene, Tuvstarr looks for her lost heart in a tarn, symbolizing innocence lost.

Born and raised in Jönköping, Sweden, Bauer moved to Stockholm at age 16 to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. He painted and illustrated in a romantic nationalistic style, in part influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Sami cultures. Most of his works are watercolors or prints in monochrome or muted colours; he also produced oil paintings and frescos.
More selected pictures
Image 6
Guy Mannering
Artist: Norman Mills Price; Restoration: Adam Cuerden
A scene from Chapter XXVII of Guy Mannering, a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott that was originally published anonymously in 1815. It is set in the 1760s to 1780s, mostly in the Galloway area of southwest Scotland. The eponymous character of Guy Mannering is actually only a minor character in the story, the plot being mostly concerned with Harry Bertram, the son of the Laird of Ellangowan, who is kidnapped at the age of five by smugglers. It follows the fortunes and adventures of Harry and his family in subsequent years, and the struggle over the inheritance of Ellangowan. The novel also depicts the lawlessness that existed at the time, when smugglers operated along the coast and thieves frequented the country roads. The book was a huge success, selling out the day after its first edition.
More selected pictures
Image 7
Humpty Dumpty
Restoration: Jujutacular
An illustration of Humpty Dumpty by American artist William Wallace Denslow, depicting the title character from the nursery rhyme of the same name. He is typically portrayed as an egg, although the rhyme never explicitly states that he is, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle. The earliest known version is in a manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose's Melody published in 1803.
More selected pictures
Image 8
"The Queen of Hearts"
Restoration: Lise Broer
William Wallace Denslow's illustration of the poem "The Queen of Hearts" from a 1901 issue of Mother Goose. The poem was originally published in 1782 as part of a set of four playing card based poems, but proved to be far more popular than the others. By 1785 it had been set to music, and it forms the basis of the plot of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Chapter XI: "Who Stole the Tarts?" Although it was originally published in a magazine for adults, it is now best known as a nursery rhyme.
More selected pictures
Image 9
Don Quixote
Restoration: Adam Cuerden
An engraving by Gustave Doré of a scene from Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age in the Spanish literary canon. The scene illustrated here occurs early in the novel, when Alonso Quixano (Quixote's real name) has become obsessed with books of chivalry, and believes their every word to be true, despite the fact that many of the events in them are clearly impossible. Don Quixote was published in two separate volumes, ten years apart. It is considered a founding work of modern Western literature, and it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published.
More selected pictures
Image 10
Three Little Pigs
Artist: Leonard Leslie Brooke; Restoration: Jujutacular
The wolf blows down the straw house in a 1904 adaptation of Three Little Pigs, a fairy tale featuring anthropomorphic animals. Printed versions date back to the 1840s, but the story itself is thought to be much older. The story in its arguably best-known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs, first published in 1890. The phrases used in the story, and the various morals which can be drawn from it, have become embedded in western culture. The story uses the literary rule of three, expressed in this case as a "contrasting three", as the third pig's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf.
More selected pictures
Image 11
Auld Lang Syne
Engraving: John Masey Wright (artist) and John Rogers (engraver); restoration: Adam Cuerden
A mid-19th century illustration for "Auld Lang Syne", a Scots poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to a traditional melody. It is traditionally used in the English-speaking world to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve; this has led to the song being used to close other activities as well.
More selected pictures
Image 12
"The Canterville Ghost"
Artist: Wallace Goldsmith; Restoration: Adam Cuerden
A scene from "The Canterville Ghost", Oscar Wilde's first published story, which is about an American family that moves into a haunted house in England. However, instead of being frightened of the eponymous ghost, they turn the tables and prank him, such as in this scene, where the twin boys have set up a butter-slide, causing the ghost to slip down the staircase. The story satirises both the unrefined tastes of Americans and the determination of the British to guard their traditions.
More selected pictures
Image 13
"Jabberwocky"
Illustration: John Tenniel
The Jabberwock, the titular creature of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky". First included in Carroll's novel Through the Looking-Glass (1871), the poem was illustrated by John Tenniel, who gave the creature "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod". "Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English, and has contributed such nonsense words and neologisms as galumphing and chortle to the English lexicon.
More selected pictures
Image 14
Pride and Prejudice
Artist: George Pickering, Engraver: William Greatbatch; Restoration: Adam Cuerden
One of the two earliest illustrations of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, which was first published on January 28, 1813. This engraving comes from the first illustrated edition, published twenty years later, and depicts Elizabeth Bennet (the main protagonist, right) and her father, in fashions that were common in the 1830s, not the story's original time setting. The novel is told from Bennet's point of view and deals with issues of manners, upbringing, moral rightness, education and marriage in the aristocratic society of early 19th century England. The novel retains a fascination for modern readers, having sold some 20 million copies worldwide and continuing near the top of lists of 'most loved books'.
More selected pictures
Image 15
The Sleeping Beauty
Illustration: W. E. F. Britten; restoration: Adam Cuerden
"The Sleeping Beauty" is a poem written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and published in 1830; it was later expanded and published in 1842 as "The Day-Dream". Based on the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, the poem (as with many of Tennyson's adaptations of existing literary works) focuses on a single aspect of the story, the appearance of the eponymous character as she sleeps.

This illustration by W. E. F. Britten was published in 1901 to accompany a reprinting of "The Sleeping Beauty". It accompanies the poem's final lines: "She sleeps, nor dreams, but ever dwells / A perfect form in perfect rest."
More selected pictures

Did you know (auto-generated) - load new batch

... that Gunhild Bergh was the second woman in Sweden to be awarded a PhD in literary history?
... that Hamro Lok Sanskriti (Our Folk Culture) was one of three books to win the first Madan Puraskar, Nepal's highest literary honour?
... that The Red Dragon magazine was intended to "make known to the greater English world the characteristics and aims of the Welsh people and the beauties of their language and literature"?
... that the 7th-century drama Bhagavadajjukam is the earliest-surviving satirical play in Sanskrit literature?
... that the Hartford Courant described the library of the Hartford Medical Society as "one of the country's finest collections of medical literature"?
... that the cultural scholar Hermann Bausinger wrote a book about the history of literature from Swabia from the 18th century to the present, published for his 90th birthday?

Today in literature

9 May

1860 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish author born
1920 - Richard Adams, English author born
1920 - William Tenn, American author born
1921 - Mona Van Duyn, American poet born
1934 - Alan Bennett, British author born
1977 - James Jones, American writer died

Archive (May)

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v t e Literary composition
General topics	Literature Fiction writing Writer Characterization Exposition Description Writer's block
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Forms	Novel Screenplay Short story Poetry Essay Joke Creative nonfiction
Beyond the arts	Composition studies Technical writing Articulation (sociological)

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