In mathematics, a Noetherian ring is a ring that satisfies the ascending chain condition on left and right ideals; if the chain condition is satisfied only for left ideals or for right ideals, then the ring is said left-Noetherian or right-Noetherian respectively. That is, every increasing sequence ${\displaystyle I_{1}\subseteq I_{2}\subseteq I_{3}\subseteq \cdots }$ of left (or right) ideals has a largest element; that is, there exists an n such that: ${\displaystyle I_{n}=I_{n+1}=\cdots .}$

Equivalently, a ring is left-Noetherian (resp. right-Noetherian) if every left ideal (resp. right-ideal) is finitely generated. A ring is Noetherian if it is both left- and right-Noetherian.

Noetherian rings are fundamental in both commutative and noncommutative ring theory since many rings that are encountered in mathematics are Noetherian (in particular the ring of integers, polynomial rings, and rings of algebraic integers in number fields), and many general theorems on rings rely heavily on Noetherian property (for example, the Lasker–Noether theorem and the Krull intersection theorem).

Noetherian rings are named after Emmy Noether, but the importance of the concept was recognized earlier by David Hilbert, with the proof of Hilbert's basis theorem (which asserts that polynomial rings are Noetherian) and Hilbert's syzygy theorem.

## Characterizations

For noncommutative rings, it is necessary to distinguish between three very similar concepts:

• A ring is left-Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on left ideals.
• A ring is right-Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on right ideals.
• A ring is Noetherian if it is both left- and right-Noetherian.

For commutative rings, all three concepts coincide, but in general they are different. There are rings that are left-Noetherian and not right-Noetherian, and vice versa.

There are other, equivalent, definitions for a ring R to be left-Noetherian:

• Every left ideal I in R is finitely generated, i.e. there exist elements ${\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n))$ in I such that ${\displaystyle I=Ra_{1}+\cdots +Ra_{n))$.[1]
• Every non-empty set of left ideals of R, partially ordered by inclusion, has a maximal element.[1]

Similar results hold for right-Noetherian rings.

The following condition is also an equivalent condition for a ring R to be left-Noetherian and it is Hilbert's original formulation:[2]

• Given a sequence ${\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2},\dots }$ of elements in R, there exists an integer ${\displaystyle n}$ such that each ${\displaystyle f_{i))$ is a finite linear combination ${\textstyle f_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}r_{j}f_{j))$ with coefficients ${\displaystyle r_{j))$ in R.

For a commutative ring to be Noetherian it suffices that every prime ideal of the ring is finitely generated.[3] However, it is not enough to ask that all the maximal ideals are finitely generated, as there is a non-Noetherian local ring whose maximal ideal is principal (see a counterexample to Krull’s intersection theorem at Local ring#Commutative case.)

## Examples

• Any field, including the fields of rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers, is Noetherian. (A field only has two ideals — itself and (0).)
• Any principal ideal ring, such as the integers, is Noetherian since every ideal is generated by a single element. This includes principal ideal domains and Euclidean domains.
• A Dedekind domain (e.g., rings of integers) is a Noetherian domain in which every ideal is generated by at most two elements.
• The coordinate ring of an affine variety is a Noetherian ring, as a consequence of the Hilbert basis theorem.
• The enveloping algebra U of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g))}$ is a both left and right Noetherian ring; this follows from the fact that the associated graded ring of U is a quotient of ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Sym} ({\mathfrak {g)))}$, which is a polynomial ring over a field; thus, Noetherian.[7] For the same reason, the Weyl algebra, and more general rings of differential operators, are Noetherian.[8]
• The ring of polynomials in finitely-many variables over the integers or a field is Noetherian.

Rings that are not Noetherian tend to be (in some sense) very large. Here are some examples of non-Noetherian rings:

• The ring of polynomials in infinitely-many variables, X1, X2, X3, etc. The sequence of ideals (X1), (X1, X2), (X1, X2, X3), etc. is ascending, and does not terminate.
• The ring of all algebraic integers is not Noetherian. For example, it contains the infinite ascending chain of principal ideals: (2), (21/2), (21/4), (21/8), ...
• The ring of continuous functions from the real numbers to the real numbers is not Noetherian: Let In be the ideal of all continuous functions f such that f(x) = 0 for all xn. The sequence of ideals I0, I1, I2, etc., is an ascending chain that does not terminate.
• The ring of stable homotopy groups of spheres is not Noetherian.[9]

However, a non-Noetherian ring can be a subring of a Noetherian ring. Since any integral domain is a subring of a field, any integral domain that is not Noetherian provides an example. To give a less trivial example,

• The ring of rational functions generated by x and y /xn over a field k is a subring of the field k(x,y) in only two variables.

Indeed, there are rings that are right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian, so that one must be careful in measuring the "size" of a ring this way. For example, if L is a subgroup of Q2 isomorphic to Z, let R be the ring of homomorphisms f from Q2 to itself satisfying f(L) ⊂ L. Choosing a basis, we can describe the same ring R as

${\displaystyle R=\left\{\left.{\begin{bmatrix}a&\beta \\0&\gamma \end{bmatrix))\,\right\vert \,a\in \mathbf {Z} ,\beta \in \mathbf {Q} ,\gamma \in \mathbf {Q} \right\}.}$

This ring is right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian; the subset IR consisting of elements with a = 0 and γ = 0 is a left ideal that is not finitely generated as a left R-module.

If R is a commutative subring of a left Noetherian ring S, and S is finitely generated as a left R-module, then R is Noetherian.[10] (In the special case when S is commutative, this is known as Eakin's theorem.) However, this is not true if R is not commutative: the ring R of the previous paragraph is a subring of the left Noetherian ring S = Hom(Q2, Q2), and S is finitely generated as a left R-module, but R is not left Noetherian.

A unique factorization domain is not necessarily a Noetherian ring. It does satisfy a weaker condition: the ascending chain condition on principal ideals. A ring of polynomials in infinitely-many variables is an example of a non-Noetherian unique factorization domain.

A valuation ring is not Noetherian unless it is a principal ideal domain. It gives an example of a ring that arises naturally in algebraic geometry but is not Noetherian.

## Key theorems

Many important theorems in ring theory (especially the theory of commutative rings) rely on the assumptions that the rings are Noetherian.

### Commutative case

• Over a commutative Noetherian ring, each ideal has a primary decomposition, meaning that it can be written as an intersection of finitely many primary ideals (whose radicals are all distinct) where an ideal Q is called primary if it is proper and whenever xyQ, either xQ or ynQ for some positive integer n. For example, if an element ${\displaystyle f=p_{1}^{n_{1))\cdots p_{r}^{n_{r))}$ is a product of powers of distinct prime elements, then ${\displaystyle (f)=(p_{1}^{n_{1)))\cap \cdots \cap (p_{r}^{n_{r)))}$ and thus the primary decomposition is a direct generalization of prime factorization of integers and polynomials.[11]
• A Noetherian ring is defined in terms of ascending chains of ideals. The Artin–Rees lemma, on the other hand, gives some information about a descending chain of ideals given by powers of ideals ${\displaystyle I\supseteq I^{2}\supseteq I^{3}\supseteq \cdots }$. It is a technical tool that is used to prove other key theorems such as the Krull intersection theorem.
• The dimension theory of commutative rings behaves poorly over non-Noetherian rings; the very fundamental theorem, Krull's principal ideal theorem, already relies on the "Noetherian" assumption. Here, in fact, the "Noetherian" assumption is often not enough and (Noetherian) universally catenary rings, those satisfying a certain dimension-theoretic assumption, are often used instead. Noetherian rings appearing in applications are mostly universally catenary.

### Non-commutative case

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019)

## Implication on injective modules

Given a ring, there is a close connection between the behaviors of injective modules over the ring and whether the ring is a Noetherian ring or not. Namely, given a ring R, the following are equivalent:

• R is a left Noetherian ring.
• (Bass) Each direct sum of injective left R-modules is injective.[6]
• Each injective left R-module is a direct sum of indecomposable injective modules.[12]
• (Faith–Walker) There exists a cardinal number ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c))}$ such that each injective left module over R is a direct sum of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c))}$-generated modules (a module is ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c))}$-generated if it has a generating set of cardinality at most ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c))}$).[13]
• There exists a left R-module H such that every left R-module embeds into a direct sum of copies of H.[14]

The endomorphism ring of an indecomposable injective module is local[15] and thus Azumaya's theorem says that, over a left Noetherian ring, each indecomposable decomposition of an injective module is equivalent to one another (a variant of the Krull–Schmidt theorem).

## Notes

1. ^ a b Lam (2001), p. 19
2. ^ Eisenbud 1995, Exercise 1.1.
3. ^ Cohen, Irvin S. (1950). "Commutative rings with restricted minimum condition". Duke Mathematical Journal. 17 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-50-01704-2. ISSN 0012-7094.
4. ^ Matsumura, Theorem 3.5.
5. ^ Matsumura, Theorem 3.6.
6. ^ a b Anderson & Fuller 1992, Proposition 18.13.
7. ^ Bourbaki 1989, Ch III, §2, no. 10, Remarks at the end of the number
8. ^ Hotta, Takeuchi & Tanisaki (2008, §D.1, Proposition 1.4.6)
9. ^ The ring of stable homotopy groups of spheres is not noetherian
10. ^ Formanek & Jategaonkar 1974, Theorem 3
11. ^ Eisenbud, Proposition 3.11.
12. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Theorem 25.6. (b)
13. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Theorem 25.8.
14. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Corollary 26.3.
15. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Lemma 25.4.