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((Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1721 to 1724))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=May 2014))
((Expand Italian|Papa Innocenzo XIII|date=February 2015))
))

((Infobox Christian leader
|type             = Pope
|honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
|name     = Innocent XIII
|title            = [[Bishop of Rome]]
|image            = InnocientXIII.jpg
|birth_name       = Michelangelo dei Conti
|church           = [[Catholic Church]]
|term_start       = 8 May 1721
|term_end         = 7 March 1724
|predecessor      = [[Clement XI]]
|successor        = [[Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]
|ordination       = c. 1690
|ordinated_by     =
|consecration     = 16 June 1695
|consecrated_by   = [[Galeazzo Marescotti]]
|cardinal         = 7 June 1706
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Clement XI|Clement XI]]
|birth_date       = ((birth date|1655|5|13|df=y))
|birth_place      = [[Poli, Italy|Poli]], [[Papal States]]
|death_date       = ((death date and age|1724|3|7|1655|5|13|df=y))
|death_place      = [[Rome]], Papal States
|previous_post    = ((Indented plainlist|
* [[Titular Archbishop of Tarsus]] (1695–1706)
* [[Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland]] (1695–1698)
* [[Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal]] (1698–1706)
* [[Santi Quirico e Giulitta|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta]] (1706–1721)
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osimo|Archbishop of Osimo]] (1709–1712)
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo|Archbishop of Viterbo e Tuscania]] (1712–1719)
* [[Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals]] (1716–1717)
))
|coat_of_arms     = C o a Innocenzo XIII.svg
|other            = Innocent
))

((Infobox pope styles
| image      = C o a Innocenzo XIII.svg
| dipstyle   = [[His Holiness]]
| offstyle   = Your Holiness
| relstyle   = Holy Father
| deathstyle = None
))

'''Pope Innocent XIII''' (((lang-la|Innocentius XIII)); ((lang-it|Innocenzo XIII)); 13 May 1655&nbsp;– 7 March 1724), born as '''Michelangelo dei Conti''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 8 May 1721 to his death in March 1724.<ref>((Cite web |title=Pope Innocent XIII – Papal Artifacts |url=https://www.papalartifacts.com/portfolio-item/pope-innocent-xiii/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en-US))</ref> He is the most recent [[pope]] ((as of|2023|alt=to date)) to take the pontifical name of "Innocent" upon his election.

Pope Innocent XIII was reform-oriented, and he imposed new standards of frugality, abolishing excessive spending. He took steps to end the practice of [[nepotism]] by issuing a decree which forbade his successors from granting land, offices or income to any relatives – something opposed by many cardinals who hoped that they might become pope and benefit their families.<ref>((Cite web |title=Innocent XIII: A Steady Hand at the Tiller |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/ch/innocent-xiii-a-steady-hand-at-the-tiller/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB))</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Michelangelo dei Conti was born on 13 May 1655 in [[Poli, Italy|Poli]],((sfn|Fiorani|1994|p=809)) near [[Rome]] as the son of Carlo II, Duke of Poli,((sfn|Williams|1998|p=28)) and Isabella d'Monti. Like [[Pope Innocent III]] (1198–1216), [[Pope Gregory IX]] (1227–1241) and [[Pope Alexander IV]] (1254–1261), he was a member of the land-owning family of the Conti, who held the titles of [[Counts of Segni|counts]] and dukes of Segni. He included the family crest in his [[pontifical coats of arms]].<ref name="ce">((CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Innocent XIII))</ref>

Conti commenced his studies in [[Ancona]] and then with the [[Jesuits]] in [[Rome]] at the [[Collegio Romano]] and then later at [[La Sapienza University]]. After he received his [[doctorate]] in [[canon law]] and civil law, he was [[ordained]] to the [[priesthood]]. Conti also served as the [[Referendary]] of the [[Apostolic Signatura]] in 1691, later to be appointed as the Governor of [[Ascoli Piceno|Ascoli]] until 1692. Conti was also the Governor of [[Campagna]] and [[Marittima]] from 1692 to 1693 and the Governor of [[Viterbo]] from 1693 to 1695.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1706-ii.htm#Conti|title=CONTI, Michelangelo (1655-1724)|publisher=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=2015|access-date=5 February 2015))</ref>

[[Pope Innocent XII]] selected Conti as the [[Titular bishop|Titular Archbishop]] of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] on 13 June 1695 and he received his [[episcopal consecration]] on 16 June 1695 in Rome. Conti was also the [[nuncio]] to both [[Apostolic Nunciature to Switzerland|Switzerland]] and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Portugal|Portugal]].<ref>((Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent XIII |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08023a.htm |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.newadvent.org))</ref>

===Cardinalate===
On 7 June 1706, Conti was elevated to the cardinalate under [[Pope Clement XI]] (1700–21) and was made the Cardinal-Priest of [[Santi Quirico e Giulitta]]. His appointment came about as the replacement of Gabriele Filippucci who resigned the cardinalate. He would receive his titular church on 23 February 1711. From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal [[nuncio]] to the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the [[Jesuits]] which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them. While in Portugal, he was witness to Father [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]]'s early [[aerostat]] experiments.

He was also transferred to [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osimo|Osimo]] as its archbishop in 1709 and was later translated one last time to [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo|Viterbo e Toscanella]] in 1712. He resigned his position in his diocese due to illness in 1719.

==Pontificate==
===Papal election===
((main|Papal conclave, 1721))
After the death of [[Pope Clement XI]] in 1721, a conclave was called to choose a new pope. It took 75 ballots just to reach a decision and choose Conti as the successor of Clement XI. After all candidates seemed to slip, support turned to Conti. The curial factions also turned their attention to him. His high reputation for ability, learning, purity, and a kindly disposition secured his election, which occurred the morning of 8 May 1721. He chose the name of Innocent XIII in honour of [[Pope Innocent III]]. On the following 18 May, he was solemnly crowned by the [[protodeacon]], Cardinal [[Benedetto Pamphili]].

===Actions===
His pontificate was prosperous, but comparatively uneventful. He held two consistories that saw three new cardinals elevated on 16 June 1721 and 16 July 1721.

The [[Chinese Rites controversy]] that started under his predecessor continued during his reign. Innocent XIII prohibited the [[Jesuits]] from prosecuting their mission in [[Qing dynasty|China]], and ordered that no new members should be received into the order. This indication of his sympathies encouraged some [[Kingdom of France|French]] bishops to approach him with a petition for the recall of the [[papal bull]] ''[[Unigenitus]]'' by which [[Jansenism]] had been condemned; the request, however, was peremptorily denied.

The Pope also assisted [[Hospitaller Malta]] in its struggles against the [[Barbary pirates]].

Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much favour to [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], the "Old Pretender" to the British throne and liberally supported him. The pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti, from [[Siena]], became chamberlain of James' little court in the Roman [[Palazzo Muti|Muti Palace]].

====Consistories====
((main|Cardinals created by Innocent XIII))
Innocent XIII held two [[Papal consistory|consistories]] in which he named three cardinals. One of those new cardinals was his own brother, Bernardo Maria.

====Beatifications====
Innocent XIII beatified three individuals during his pontificate: [[John of Nepomuk]] (31 May 1721), [[Dalmazio Moner]] (13 August 1721), and [[Andrea dei Conti]] (11 December 1723).

====Doctor of the Church====
On 25 April 1722, he named Saint [[Isidore of Seville]] as a [[Doctor of the Church]].

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Tomb of Innocentius XIII.jpg|thumb|230px|right|The tomb of Pope Innocent XIII.]]
Innocent XIII fell ill in 1724. He was tormented by a [[hernia]] of which he spoke to nobody but his valet. At one point, it had burst and caused inflammation and fever. Innocent XIII asked for the [[last rites]], made his profession of faith, and died on 7 March 1724, at the age of 68. His pontificate was unremarkable, given that he was hampered by physical suffering. He was interred in the grotto at [[Saint Peter's Basilica]].

((Cquote|quote=Innocent XIII might have lived a few years longer had he been more temperate in eating and drinking, and had his doctors been less ignorant. He was an equitable, honest ruler, always kept his word, in fact was inclined to do more than he had promised. He proved grateful to those who had befriended him, a rare quality indeed. He gave few audiences and compared to Clement XI showed little interest in the Pretender. I will have reliable correspondents in the coming conclave who will warn me in good time if any intrigues are afoot which might prejudice the King's interests by favouring the Pretender's.|author=John Walton|source=letter addressed to [[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville|Lord Carteret]] in March 1724.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-innocent-xiii.htm|title=Pope Innocent XIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election|publisher=Pickle Publishing|date=2005|accessdate=7 March 2022))</ref>))

Innocent XIII had suffered from a hernia about three to four months after his election but also suffered from acute attacks of pain due to [[kidney stones]]. But Innocent XIII did himself no favors with his excessive appetite and no exercise. He also suffered from [[lethargy]] that caused him to sleep a great deal. In mid-February 1724, his suffering grew worse to the point that he could no longer get up, suffering from an accumulation of water in his lower limbs in what was an indication of severe kidney problems. This led to his doctors fearing that he could develop [[Heart failure|congestive heart failure]].<ref name=CSUN>((cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1724.html|title=Sede Vacante 1724|publisher=CSUN|date=29 September 2015|author=John Paul Adams|accessdate=7 March 2022))</ref> On 3 March, despite his failing health, Innocent XIII set to work signing documents, though he suffered poor sleep that night and had a better day on 4 March. In the morning on 5 March, one of the papal doctors fed Innocent XIII a [[Laxative|purgative]], however, this backfired and only aggravated the hernia. An attempted reduction was only partially successful, resulting in a strangulated hernia, while the pope experienced great pain in the night between 5 and 6 March. However, a serious inflammation quickly set in, causing the pope to contract a fever. Innocent XIII, now very well aware of his state of health, immediately asked for the [[Viaticum]], receiving it on 6 March as his family gathered to see him. However, there had been attempts to get the pope to name new cardinals, simply to create stronger factions in the conclave. At 4:00pm on 6 March, he signed a [[Codicil (will)|codicil]] to his will, and that night asked for and received the [[Extreme Unction]]. Innocent XIII died at sunset, around 23:00 hours (Rome time) on 7 March.<ref name=CSUN/>

==See also==
*[[Cardinals created by Innocent XIII]]
*''[[Apostolici Ministerii]]''
*[[List of popes]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
*((cite encyclopedia |title=Innocent XIII |first=Luigi |last=Fiorani |encyclopedia=The Papacy |editor-first1=Philippe |editor-last1=Levillain |editor-first2=John W. |editor-last2=O'Malley |volume=2: Gaius-Proxies |publisher=Routledge   |year=1994  |pages=809–810))
*((cite book |title=Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes |first=George L. |last=Williams |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |year=1998 ))

((commons category|Innocentius XIII))

((s-start))
((s-rel|ca))
((s-bef|before=[[Clement XI]]))
((s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=8 May 1721&nbsp;– 7 March 1724))
((s-aft|after=[[Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]))
((s-end))

((Popes))
((Catholicism))
((History of the Catholic Church))

((Authority control))

((Portalbar|Biography|Catholicism|Christianity|History|Italy))

((DEFAULTSORT:Innocent 13))
[[Category:Pope Innocent XIII| ]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:People from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital]]
[[Category:1655 births]]
[[Category:1724 deaths]]
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal|Conti, Michaelangelo]]
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to Switzerland|Conti, Michelangelo]]
[[Category:17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests|Conti, Michelangelo]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:18th-century popes]]
[[Category:Conti di Segni|Michelangelo]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]]

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