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((More citations needed|date=September 2009))
[[File:Visual Computational Sociology.jpg|alt=Timnit Gebru talking about replacing the U.S. Census (which costs $1B/year to implement) by simply analyzing the cars seen in Google Street View images. From the AI in Fintech Forum at Stanford ICME (2017).|thumb|350x350px|[[Timnit Gebru]] wants to replace the [[United States census|U.S. Census]] (which costs $1B/year to implement) by simply analyzing the cars seen in [[Google Street View]] images. From the AI in Fintech Forum at [[Stanford University|Stanford]] ICME (2017). ]]
((Sociology))
'''Public sociology''' is a subfield of the wider [[Sociology|sociological discipline]] that emphasizes expanding the disciplinary boundaries of sociology in order to engage with non-academic audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a ''style'' of sociology rather than a particular [[Scientific method|method]], [[theory]], or set of [[politics|political]] values. Since the twenty-first century, the term has been widely associated with [[University of California, Berkeley]] sociologist [[Michael Burawoy]], who delivered an impassioned call for a disciplinary embrace of public sociology in his 2004 [[American Sociological Association]] (ASA) presidential address.<ref name=":0" /> In his address, Burawoy contrasts public sociology with what he terms "professional sociology", a form of sociology that is concerned primarily with addressing other academic sociologists.

Burawoy and other advocates of public sociology encourage the discipline to engage with issues that are of significant public and political concern. These include debates over public policy, political [[activism]], the purposes of [[social movements]], and the institutions of [[civil society]]. If public sociology is considered to be a "movement" within the discipline, it is one that aims to revitalize the discipline of sociology by leveraging its [[empirical]] methods and theoretical insights to contribute to debates not just about ''what is'' or ''what has been'' in society, but about what society ''might yet be''. Thus, many versions of public sociology have had an undeniably [[Norm (sociology)|normative]]<ref>Hanemaayer, A., & Schneider, C.J. (eds) (2014). [http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=299174295 The Public Sociology Debate: Ethics and Engagement] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202143259/http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=299174295 |date=2015-02-02 ))." Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press</ref> and political<ref>((Cite book|title=Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century|last=Piven|first=Francis Fox|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|pages=158–168|chapter=From Public Sociology to Politicized Sociologist))</ref> character—a fact that has led a significant number of sociologists to oppose the approach.<ref name="tittle"/>

==History==
The term "public sociology" was first introduced by [[Herbert Gans]] in his 1988 ASA presidential address, "Sociology in America: The Discipline and the Public".<ref>((Cite journal|last=Gans|first=Herbert J.|date=1989-01-01|title=Sociology in America: The Discipline and the Public American Sociological Association, 1988 Presidential Address|jstor=2095658|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=54|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.2307/2095658))</ref> For Gans, primary examples of public sociologists included [[David Riesman]], author of ''The Lonely Crowd'' (one of the best-selling books of sociology ever to be written), and [[Robert Bellah]], the lead author of another best-selling work, ''Habits of the Heart''. In 2000 (four years before Burawoy's ASA address), sociologist [[Ben Agger]] wrote the book ''Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts,'' which called for a sociology that addressed major public issues.

However, the [[Northwestern University]] race scholar [[Aldon Morris]] argues in his book ''The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology'' (2015) that [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W. E .B. Du Bois]] was practicing public sociology long before the term was incorporated into the mainstream disciplinary vocabulary, and that [[scientific racism]] prevented Du Bois' contributions from being recognized by the discipline for nearly a century.

Morris argues that Du Bois built the first actual scientific department of sociology during his tenure at [[Atlanta University]], a historically black college, predating the "scientific revolution" of the [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago school]] (who are often credited with turning sociology into a rigorous, empirical social science).<ref name=":2">((Cite book|title=The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology|last=Morris|first=Aldon|publisher=University of California Press|year=2015))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://userpages.umbc.edu/~lutters/pubs/1996_SWLNote96-1_Lutters,Ackerman.pdf|title=An Introduction to the Chicago School of Sociology|last1=Lutters|first1=Wayne G.|last2=Ackerman|first2=Mark S.|date=1996|publisher=University of Maryland, Baltimore County|access-date=April 16, 2016))</ref> To Du Bois, robust empirical sociological research was necessary in order to emancipate American blacks from the tyrannies and oppressions built into the racist fabric of American society. Through thorough [[Inductive reasoning|inductive]] research, Du Bois sought to dismantle and delegitimize [[Social Darwinism|social Darwinist]], biological, and cultural deficiency explanations for racial inequality, which were not grounded in empirical evidence, but relied on grand [[Deductive reasoning|deductive]] narratives that had no basis in scientific analysis.<ref name=":2" />

Du Bois and his colleagues made use of the scientific method and robust empirical inquiry with the dual goals of turning sociology into a real social science committed to empirical investigation, and using their findings to liberate, empower, and emancipate American blacks from the violence of racist oppression.<ref name=":2" />

Debates over public sociology have rekindled questions concerning the extra-academic purpose of [[sociology]]. Public sociology raises questions about what sociology is and what its goals ought to (or even could) be. Such debates (over science and political advocacy, scholarship and public commitment) have a long history in American sociology and in American social science more generally. Historian Mark C. Smith, for instance, has investigated earlier debates over the purpose of social science in his book ''Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate over Objectivity and Purpose,1918-1941'' (1994), while Stephen P. Turner and Jonathan H. Turner argue in their book, ''The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis of American Sociology'' (1990), that sociology's search for purpose, through dependence on external publics, has limited the discipline's potential.

==Today==
While there is no one definition of public sociology, the term has come to be widely associated with Burawoy's particular perspective of sociology.<ref name=":1" /> An excerpt from Burawoy's 2004 ASA presidential address provides a succinct summary of his understanding of the term: <blockquote>"As mirror and conscience of society, sociology must define, promote and inform public debate about deepening [[Social class|class]] and racial inequalities, new gender regimes, [[environmental degradation]], [[market fundamentalism]], state and non-state violence. I believe that the world needs public sociology - a sociology that transcends the academy - more than ever. Our potential publics are multiple, ranging from [[Mass media|media]] audiences to policy makers, from silenced minorities to social movements. They are local, global, and national. As public sociology stimulates debate in all these contexts, it inspires and revitalizes our discipline. In return, theory and research give legitimacy, direction, and substance to public sociology. Teaching is equally central to public sociology: students are our first public for they carry sociology into all walks of life. Finally, the critical imagination, exposing the gap between what is and what could be, infuses values into public sociology to remind us that the world could be different."<ref>Burawoy, M. 2004 American Sociological Association Presidential address: For public sociology. ''American Sociological Review'', 2005, Vol. 70, Issue 1, 4-28.</ref></blockquote>Elsewhere, Burawoy has articulated a vision of public sociology that is consonant with the pursuit of [[democratic socialism]]. In ''Critical Sociology'', Burawoy writes: <blockquote>"We might say that critical engagement with real [[utopias]] is today an integral part of the project of sociological socialism. It is a vision of socialism that places human society, or social humanity at its organizing center, a vision that was central to [[Karl Marx|Marx]] but that was too often lost before it was again picked up by Gramsci and Polanyi. If public sociology is to have a progressive impact it will have to hold itself continuously accountable to some such vision of democratic socialism."<ref>Burawoy, Michael: "The Critical Turn to Public Sociology", ''Critical Sociology'', Summer 2005.</ref></blockquote>As [[Mark D. Jacobs]] and [[Amy Best]] write, "The mission of public sociology, in Michael Burawoy's formulation, is to strengthen the institutions of civil society against the encroachments of both state and market."<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.asanet.org/footnotes/mayjun08/mason.html|title=Footnotes--May/June 2008 Issue--George Mason Introduces New PhD Program in Public Sociology|website=www.asanet.org|access-date=2016-04-16))</ref> Indeed, Burawoy maintains that, since the last half of the twentieth century and into the twenty first, the political stance of sociology has drifted more [[Left-wing politics|leftward]], while the all encompassing influence of [[neoliberalism]] has dragged the rest of world more [[Right-wing politics|rightward]]. In the aftermath of [[Reaganomics]], the state and market have begun to work in collusion to propagate the ideals of market fundamentalism, replacing the state's role in redistributing resources and providing social welfare services, to one of creating economic opportunities for enterprise. In his view, this will have devastating consequences for civil society, the very subject of sociology itself, unless the discipline embraces his call to unashamedly engage with the world's diverse (and at-risk) publics to achieve some greater good, thus resisting the perverse allure of neoliberalism. One example of this can be seen in the vast increase in adjunct professors in universities and the impact that has had on the inability of professors to publish articles that would give them credence in the eyes of not only publics but also within the discipline itself.

Even in the face of such adversity, many sociologists remain optimistic about the potential latent within sociology to develop an alternative paradigm to the market fundamentalism at the heart of Burawoy's critique. The sociological discipline is dynamic and ever changing, and has a long history of incorporating new theoretical and empirical insights into its analyses, often with the goal of empowering marginalized publics.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Little|first1=Daniel|title=Understanding Society|journal=Sociology as a Social Science Discipline|date=November 9, 2007|pages=1|url=http://understandingsociety.blogspot.ca/2007/11/sociology-as-social-science-discipline.html|access-date=November 9, 2007))</ref> Indeed, the sociology of work has evolved from processes of adaptation to the study of domination and [[Labour movement|labor movements]]; the concepts of [[Social stratification|stratification theory]] have shifted from the study of mobility within a hierarchy of occupational prestige, to the examination of changing structures of social and economic inequality along the axes of class, race and gender; the sociology of race has moved from theories of [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]], to those of [[political economy]], to the study of [[Racial formation theory|racial formations]]; and social theory has allowed, and introduced, more radical interpretations of canonical figures such as [[Max Weber]], [[Émile Durkheim|Emile Durkheim]], and [[Karl Marx]],((citation needed|date=April 2016)) and has incorporated "[[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]" subfields, such as [[feminism]] and [[ethnic studies]], which have had a significant impact on the discipline.<ref>((Cite book|title=Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century|last=Glenn|first=Evelyn Nakano|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|pages=213–230|chapter=Whose Public Sociology?))</ref>

Sociologists have not been alone in debating the public role of social science. Similar debates have occurred recently in the disciplines of [[economics]], [[political science]], [[anthropology]], [[geography]] and [[history]], and various sub-disciplines, including [[political ecology]]. In an effort to move these various disciplines "toward a more public social science", [[Craig Calhoun]], the President of the [[Social Science Research Council]], has encouraged sociologists and other social scientists to "ask better social science questions about what encourages [[scientific]] innovation, what makes [[knowledge]] useful, and how to pursue both these agendas, with attention to both immediate needs and long-term capacities.<ref>[http://www.ssrc.org/programs/calhoun/ ssrc.org] ((webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416003140/http://www.ssrc.org/programs/calhoun/ |date=2013-04-16 ))</ref> Calhoun has also entered the debate about public sociology, critically evaluating the project of public sociology while acknowledging its specific "promise", and arguing that "how sociology matters in the public sphere is vital to the future of the field".<ref>Calhoun, C. 2004 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00065.x/full "The promise of public sociology"]. ''The British Journal of Sociology'', 2005, Vol. 56, Issue 3, 355-363.</ref>

==Future==
Following the 2004 annual meeting of the [[American Sociological Association]] (ASA), at which Michael Burawoy's vision of public sociology was introduced during his presidential address,<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last=Burawoy|first=Michael|date=2005|title=For Public Sociology|url=http://burawoy.berkeley.edu/Public%20Sociology,%20Live/Burawoy.pdf|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=70|pages=4–28|doi=10.1177/000312240507000102|s2cid=53656925 |access-date=April 15, 2016))</ref> there has been continued interest in the topic. In recent years, numerous books and special issues have addressed public sociology, including: 
* ''Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-First Century'' (2007), edited by [[Dan Clawson]], Robert Zussman, Joya Misra, Naomi Gerstel, Randall Stokes, and Douglas L. Anderton;<ref name=":1">((Cite book|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520251380|title=Public Sociology|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=2016-04-15))</ref>
* ''Public Sociologies Reader'' (2006), edited by Judith Blau and Keri Iyall Smith;<ref>((Cite book|title=Public Sociologies Reader|last1=Blau|first1=Judith|last2=Smith|first2=Keri E. Iyall|date=2006-07-13|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742545878|language=en))</ref>
* ''Public Sociology: The Contemporary Debate'' (2007), edited by Larry Nichols.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Public-Sociology-978-0-7658-0387-0.html|title=Public Sociology|website=Transaction Publishers|access-date=2016-04-15))</ref>
* ''Public Sociology and Civil Society, Governance, Politics, and Power'' (2013), by Patricia Mooney Nickel;<ref>((Cite book|title=Public Sociology and Civil Society: Governance, Politics, and Power|last=Nickel|first=Patricia Mooney|date=2013-07-02|publisher=Paradigm Publishers|isbn=9781594519772|location=Boulder|language=en))</ref>
* and ''Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts (New Social Formations)'' (2nd edition, 2007), by Ben Agger.<ref>((Cite book|title=Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts|last=Agger|first=Ben|date=2007-03-06|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742541061|edition=2|location=Lanham, Md.|language=en))</ref>
Building on the conversation sparked by Burawoy in 2004, the 2007 ASA meeting in New York City contained many facets of public sociology. Many of the presentations engaged directly with the public sociology debate, such as: "Constituting a Practical Public Sociology: Reflections on Participatory Research at the Citizenship Project"<ref>Johnston, Paul. [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p185050_index.html "Constituting a Practical Public Sociology: Reflections on Participatory Research at the Citizenship Project"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09</ref> by Paul Johnston; "A New Public Sociology of Punishment"<ref>Schoenfeld, Heather. [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p184842_index.html "1. A New Public Sociology of Punishment"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA), TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09</ref> by Heather Schoenfeld; "What Do Activists Want? Public Sociology for Feminist Scholars of Reproduction"<ref>Bessett, Danielle. and Morton, Christine. [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p184413_index.html "What Do Activists Want? Public Sociology for Feminist Scholars of Reproduction"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09</ref> by Danielle Bessett and Christine Morton; and "Developing a Public Sociology: From Lay Knowledge to Civic Intelligence in Health Impact Assessment"<ref>Elliott, Eva. and Williams, Gareth. [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/3/9/0/p183902_index.html "Developing a public sociology: from lay knowledge to civic intelligence in health impact assessment"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09</ref> by Eva Elliott and Gareth Williams.

Lambros Fatsis' doctoral thesis on public sociology, [http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/51588/ "Making Sociology Public: A Critical Analysis of an Old Idea and a Recent Debate"], can also be recommended as a critical review of the contemporary disciplinary debate about public sociology, incorporating such developments as "e-public sociology" into the scholarly discussion. E-public sociology is a form of public sociology that involves publishing sociological materials in online accessible spaces and subsequent interaction with publics in these spaces.<ref>Schneider, C.J. (2014). Social Media and e-Public Sociology. In Ariane Hanemaayer and [[Christopher J. Schneider]], editors, The Public Sociology Debate: Ethics and Engagement, University of British Columbia Press: 205-224.</ref>

The debate over public sociology is having far reaching consequences for how many sociology departments teach and ''do'' sociology, with several reorienting their programs to encompass elements of public sociology. For example, the sociology department at the [[University of Minnesota]] has begun advocating for sociology to claim a larger role in public life, providing "useful, accurate, and scientifically rigorous information to policy makers and community leaders".<ref>[http://www.asanet.org/footnotes/nov04/fn14.html "The Engaged Department: Public Sociology in the Twin Cities"] by Ronald Aminzade, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Footnotes nov. 2004.</ref> Similarly, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at [[George Mason University]] began offering a doctoral degree in sociology in the fall of 2008, grounding its two specializations in Institutions and Inequalities and the Sociology of Globalization within a context of public sociological praxis.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.asanet.org/footnotes/mayjun08/mason.html|title=Footnotes--May/June 2008 Issue--George Mason Introduces New PhD Program in Public Sociology|website=www.asanet.org|access-date=2016-04-16))</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], too, most institutions that provide undergraduate sociology degrees now advertise the public or "applied" nature of the curriculum (or various key modules that form part of the curriculum). Some examples here would include: [[Birmingham City University]]; [[Queen Margaret University|Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh]]; [[Nottingham Trent University]]; the [[University of Exeter]]; [[Cardiff University]]; and [[Bishop Grosseteste University]]'s newly established [https://web.archive.org/web/20160113173152/http://www.bishopg.ac.uk/study/courses/Pages/sociology.aspx BA Sociology program].

Indeed, with so many programs incorporating the ideals of public sociology into their curriculums, this will have significant consequences for how future sociologists are trained to ''do'' sociology.

==Criticism==
A significant number of those who practice sociology either as public intellectuals or as academic professionals do not subscribe to the specific version of "public sociology" defended by Michael Burawoy or to any version of "public sociology" at all. And in the wake of Burawoy's 2004 Presidency of the American Sociological Association, which put the theme of public sociology in the limelight, the project of public sociology has been vigorously debated on the web, in conversations among sociologists, and in a variety of academic journals.

Specifically, Burawoy's vision of public sociology has been critiqued both by "[[Critical theory|critical]]" sociologists and by representatives of academic sociology. These various discussions of public sociology have been included in forums devoted to the subject in [[academic journal]]s such as ''Social Problems'', ''Social Forces'', ''Critical Sociology'', and the ''[[British Journal of Sociology]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125044631/http://sociology.berkeley.edu/faculty/BURAWOY/workingpapers.htm].

Public sociology faces fierce criticism on the grounds of both of its logic and its goals.  Its critics claim that it is based on a [[false premise]] of consensus in the sociological community, arguing that "it greatly overestimates the uniformity of the moral and political agenda of sociologists".<ref name="nielsen">Francois Nielsen. 2004. "The Vacant 'We': Remarks on Public Sociology."  Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Jun., 2004), pp. 1619-1627</ref>  They question the possibility and the desirability of such moral agreement, pointing out that "almost every social issue involves moral dilemmas, not moral clarity. What is or is not 'just' is almost never unambiguous".<ref name="tittle"/>  Others argue that public sociology is based on an uncritical and overly idealistic perception of the public sphere.<ref name="brady">Brady, David. 2004. "Why Public Sociology May Fail."  ''Social Forces'', Vol. 82, No. 4 (Jun., 2004), pp. 1629-1638</ref>

Even stronger critiques come from academics who believe that the program of public sociology will unduly politicize the discipline and thus endanger the legitimacy sociology has in the public dialogue.<ref name="tittle">Tittle, Charles. 2004. [http://cooley.ad.wsu.edu/schwartj/pdf/PublicSoc.pdf "The Arrogance of Public Sociology"]((dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )). ''Social Forces'', June 2004, 82(4).</ref>  These critics argue that the project of building a reliable body of knowledge about society is fundamentally incompatible with the goals of public sociology: "To the extent that we orient our work around moral principles, we are less likely to attend to theoretical issues. The greater the extent to which we favor particular outcomes, the less able are we to design our work to actually access such outcomes. And the more ideologically oriented our objectives, the less the chance that we can recognize or assimilate contrary evidence. In other words, rather than good professional sociology being mutually interactive with public sociology, I believe that public sociology gets in the way of good professional sociology."<ref name="tittle"/>

==Applied sociology==

"Applied sociology" and "sociological practice" (also referred to as [[policy sociology]]) has come to refer to [[Intervention (counseling)|intervention]] using sociological knowledge in an applied setting. Applied sociologists work in a wide variety of settings including universities, government, and private practice, using sociological methods to help communities solve everyday problems, such as improving community policing and crime prevention, evaluating and improving drug courts, assessing the needs of [[inner city]] neighborhoods, developing the capacity of an educational system, or promoting the development of housing and related resources for aging populations.<ref>Straus, Roger A, ''Preface'' in Price, Jammie, Straus, Roger and Breese, Jeffrey, editors, ''In Doing Sociology. Case Studies in Sociological Practice'', [[Rowman & Littlefield]] (2009), ((ISBN|978-0-7391-3395-8))</ref>

Sociological practice is different from pure academic sociology in which sociologists work in an academic setting such as a university with a teaching and pure research orientation. Although there are some common origins, sociological practice is entirely distinct from [[social work]].<ref>Straus, Roger A, ''Using Sociology: An Introduction From The Applied and Clinical Perspectives'' Third Edition. Rowman & Littlefield (2002), ((ISBN|0-7425-1662-8)).</ref> An increasing number of universities are attempting to gear curricula toward practical sociology in this way. Clinical sociology courses give students the skills to be able to work effectively with clients, teach basic [[counseling]] skills, give knowledge that is useful for careers such as victims assisting and drug rehabilitation, and teach the student how to integrate sociological knowledge with other fields they may go into such as marriage and family therapy, and clinical social work.

As defined by the Applied Social Sciences Forum (ASSF), applied Social Science (ASS) seeks to highlight the processes of social and political transformation taking place in a particular society. It is characterized by the operational aspect of the knowledge it produces. Unlike pure academic knowledge, applied social sciences try to steer the debate towards scientific priorities of social and political reform and accompanying social transformations. From this point of view, the applied social sciences can be seen as complementary knowledge that enrich both the action and the academic sciences.<ref>[http://www.assforum.org The Applied Social Science Forum website - assforum.org]</ref>

The objectives of ASS are to deepen reflection on practical issues related to their objective, to support the major decision making in society and enable researchers to support their knowledge and enrich the range of possible solutions.<ref>Abdelwahab Ben Hafaiedh: The Applied Social Science today - Tunisian Association of Sociology - Tunis 2001 p 23</ref>

The "action research" is the framework of choice for applied social sciences. Action research can be defined here as a process that involves further intervention by the researcher beyond the return of a single diagnostic assay type, or inventory.

The researcher may, in this way, have several hats within the same search:
* A role of developer issues, logical actions and issues of different actors,
* An expert who accompanies the action from his methodology and science role
* A facilitator role pilot working groups and aims, as and when the progress of its work, its analyzes to confront the realities of stakeholders power feed, 
* A mediator who brings out back and speak different stakeholders of an action system
* A role of facilitator who can help build collective courses of action relevant while remaining outside issues discussed.

The methodological tools of the SSA are:
* Qualitative approaches (different types of interviews and / or collective)
* Quantitative methods using questionnaires and / or literature searches, data processing statistics
* The analysis of practices
* Action research
* Participatory methods

===Notable applied, public, and clinical sociologists===
* [[Jane Addams]]
* John G. Bruhn
* Elizabeth J. Clark
* [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]<ref name=":2" />
* Jonathan A. Friedman
* Jan M. Fritz
* C. Margaret Hall
* Rand L. Kannenberg
* Abdelwahab Ben Hafaiedh
* Roger A. Straus
* [[Lester F. Ward]]
*[[Tressie McMillan Cottom]]
* [[Michael Eric Dyson]]
* Melissa Harris-Perry
* [[Cornel West]]

==See also==
* [[Public anthropology]]
* [[Sociotherapy]]
* [[Sociologists Without Borders]], international organization
*[[Public criminology|Public Criminology]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
*Agger, Ben (2007). ''Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts'' (2nd edition ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ((ISBN|978-0-7425-4105-4)). ((OCLC|76940021)).
*[[Robert Bellah]], [[Richard Madsen (sociologist)|Richard Madsen]], William Sullivan, Ann Swidler and Steven Tipton.  1985. ''[[Habits of the Heart]]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ((ISBN|0-520-05388-5)) ((OCLC|11030006))
* C. Wright Mills.  1959 (2000).  ''[[The Sociological Imagination]]''. Oxford University Press. ((ISBN|0-19-513373-0)) ((OCLC|41476714))
*Burawoy, Michael: [http://burawoy.berkeley.edu/PS/ASA%20Presidential%20Address.pdf "For Public Sociology"] ([[American Sociological Review]], February 2005)
* Burawoy, Michael: [http://burawoy.berkeley.edu/PS/Critical%20Sociology/The%20Critical%20Turn%20to%20Public%20Sociology.pdf "The Critical Turn to Public Sociology"] ([[Critical Sociology (journal)|Critical Sociology]], Summer 2005)
* Deflem, Mathieu. [http://deflem.blogspot.com/2007/08/public-sociology-hot-dogs-apple-pie-and.html Public Sociology, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie, and Chevrolet]. The Journal of Professional and Public Sociology 1(1), 2005.
* Deflem, Mathieu. [http://deflem.blogspot.com/2005/08/comment-on-public-sociology-2005.html Comment (on public sociology)]. Contemporary Sociology 34(1):92-93, 2005.
* Fatsis, L. (2014) [http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/51588/1/Fatsis%2C_Lambros.pdf "Making sociology public: A critical analysis of an old idea and a recent debate"], PhD Thesis, School of Law Politics and Sociology, [[University of Sussex]].

==External links==
*[http://www.publicsociology.com/ PublicSociology.com]
*[http://www.asanet.org/ American Sociological Association (ASA)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205121639/http://sociologicalimagination.org/resources/public-sociology-bibliography/ SociologicalImagination.org - Public Sociology Bibliography]
((Sociology2))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Public Sociology))
[[Category:Subfields of sociology]]
[[Category:Community building]]
[[Category:Public sphere|Sociology]]

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