Integrated circuit technology that integrates radio-frequency, analog and digital electronics
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Abidi was researching analog CMOS circuits for signal processing and communications at UCLA during the late 1980s to early 1990s.[8] Abidi, along with UCLA colleagues J. Chang and Michael Gaitan, demonstrated the first RF CMOS amplifier in 1993.[9][10] In 1995, Abidi used CMOS switched-capacitor technology to demonstrate the first direct-conversion transceivers for digital communications.[7] In the late 1990s, RF CMOS technology was widely adopted in wireless networking, as mobile phones began entering widespread use.[8] This changed the way in which RF circuits were designed, leading to the replacement of discrete bipolar transistors with CMOS integrated circuits in radio transceivers.[8]
There was a rapid growth of the telecommunications industry towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications, driven by the development of low-cost, very large-scale integration (VLSI) RF CMOS technology.[11] It enabled sophisticated, low-cost and portable end-user terminals, and gave rise to small, low-cost, low-power and portable units for a wide range of wireless communication systems. This enabled "anytime, anywhere" communication and helped bring about the wireless revolution, leading to the rapid growth of the wireless industry.[12]
In the early 2000s, RF CMOS chips with deep sub-micron MOSFETs capable of over 100GHz frequency range were demonstrated.[13] As of 2008[update], the radio transceivers in all wireless networking devices and modern mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices.[8]
Examples of commercial RF CMOS chips include Intel's DECT cordless phone, and 802.11 (Wi-Fi) chips created by Atheros and other companies.[17] Commercial RF CMOS products are also used for Bluetooth and Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks.[18] RF CMOS is also used in the radio transceivers for wireless standards such as GSM, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, transceivers for mobile networks such as 3G, and remote units in wireless sensor networks (WSN).[19]
RF CMOS technology is crucial to modern wireless communications, including wireless networks and mobile communication devices. One of the companies that commercialized RF CMOS technology was Infineon. Its bulk CMOS RF switches sell over 1billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5billion units, as of 2018[update].[20]
Practical software-defined radio (SDR) for commercial use was enabled by RF CMOS, which is capable of implementing an entire software-defined radio system on a single MOS IC chip.[21][22][23] RF CMOS began to be used for SDR implementations during the 2000s.[22]
^A. van der Ziel (1962). "Thermal noise in field effect transistors". Proceedings of the IRE. 50 (8): 1808–1812. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288221.
^A. van der Ziel (1963). "Gate noise in field effect transistors at moderately high frequencies". Proceedings of the IEEE. 51 (3): 461–467. doi:10.1109/PROC.1963.1849.
^A. van der Ziel (1986). Noise in Solid State Devices and Circuits. Wiley-Interscience.
^Daneshrad, Babal; Eltawil, Ahmed M. (2002). "Integrated Circuit Technologies for Wireless Communications". Wireless Multimedia Network Technologies. The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. 524. Springer US: 227–244. doi:10.1007/0-306-47330-5_13. ISBN0-7923-8633-7.
^ abcNathawad, L.; Zargari, M.; Samavati, H.; Mehta, S.; Kheirkhaki, A.; Chen, P.; Gong, K.; Vakili-Amini, B.; Hwang, J.; Chen, M.; Terrovitis, M.; Kaczynski, B.; Limotyrakis, S.; Mack, M.; Gan, H.; Lee, M.; Abdollahi-Alibeik, B.; Baytekin, B.; Onodera, K.; Mendis, S.; Chang, A.; Jen, S.; Su, D.; Wooley, B. "20.2: A Dual-band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN"(PDF). IEEE Entity Web Hosting. IEEE. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.