A robot competition is an event where the abilities and characteristics of robots may be tested and assessed. Usually they have to outperform other robots in order to win the competition. Many competitions are for schools but several competitions with professional and hobbyist participants also exist.
Robotic competitions have been organized since the 1970s and 1980s. In 1979 a Micromouse competition was organized by the IEEE as shown in the Spectrum magazine.[2]
Although it is hard to pinpoint the first robotic competition, two events are well known nowadays for their longevity: the All Japan Sumo in Japan, and the Trinity College International Fire Fighting Robot Contest.[3]
Two contemporary events are Robocup and Robo One. Companies like Lego and VEX have also developed branded events, which they call leagues, although they function more like individual cups in regional qualifiers with finals.
There is some controversy about whether university-specific challenges should be considered competitions or workshops. The general trend is to open competitions to the public, to prevent nepotism and improve the quality of the competing robots.
Some organizations have tried to standardize robotics competition through the introduction of full-fledged leagues with a standard calendar, but the model has worked only in some countries, such as Spain, where the National League was founded in 2008 and still functioning.[4]
There are many types of robot competitions, making it hard to compare them or establish standards for them. For example:
All these competitions are indoors, itinerant in their location and showcase different categories. The competitions in this listing have a yearly recurrent major impact in their locations with a huge national impact or an international significant reach. Map in reference [5]
| Competition | Branded | Students / Pros | Founded | Short description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIRST | Yes (Lego) | Students | 1992 | US-based international organization |
| BEST Robotics | No | Students | 1993[citation needed] | American student competition |
| FIRA | No | Both | 1997 | Asian organization competing with Robocup |
| Robocup | No | Both | 1997 | Organization similar to FIRA but with more expansion |
| Battlebots | No | Pros | 2000 | American TV Program |
| ABU Robocon | No | Students | 2002 | Asian organization similar to FIRST |
| Robo One | No | Both | 2002 | Asian humanoid reference event |
| RoboGames (aka Robolympics) | No | Both | 2004 | American well known competition |
| World Robot Olympiad | Yes (Lego) | Students | 2004 | Similar to Lego and Vex with less branding |
| VEX Robotics Competition | Yes (VEX) | Students | 2007 | International robotics competition in multiple grade levels. |
| Technoxian | No | Both | 2014 | India-based international Robotics competition |
| RoboMaster | Yes (DJI) | Students | 2015 | China-based international team shooting competition |
| RoboCap League | Yes | Students | 2021 | RoboCap League is the world's best Robotics Competition designed by experts to test the Robotics Skills of kids |
These competitions had an important impact on the evolution of technology, public awareness or other robotic competitions in the world.
| Competition | In / Out | Branded / Open | Students / Pros | Location | Movement | Short description | Year first run | Still active |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IEEE Micromouse competition | Indoors | Open | Both | Itinerant | Wheeled | Mouse labyrinth navigation done in several locations: APEC, Taiwan and Japan | 1979 [7] | Yes |
| International Aerial Robotics Competition (IARC) | Both | Open | University only | 2 Venues | Aerial | Fully autonomous aerial robots; multi-year missions; 2 simultaneous venues (USA and Asia) | 1991[8] | Yes |
| AUVSI Foundation's Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) | Outdoors | Open | Students | Fixed | Wheeled | Students customize autonomous buggies at Oakland University | 1993 | Yes |
| Trinity Fire Fighting Robot Competition | Indoors | Open | Both | Fixed | Wheeled | Fire fighting historical event at Trinity College (Connecticut) | 1994[9] | Yes |
| RoboCup | Indoors | Open | Both | Itinerant | Wheeled/Legged | Several league (Football, Rescue, @home, @work, Junior) | 1997 | Yes |
| RoboSub and Roboboat | Outdoors | Open | Both | Fixed | Underwater | AUVs innovation in San Diego | 1997 | Yes |
| Eurobot | Indoors | Open | Students | Itinerant | Wheeled | Changing normative student event originated in France | 1998[10] | Yes |
| Centennial Challenges | Outdoors | Open | Pros | Itinerant | Several | NASA's contests for non-government achievements (not strictly a robotics event)[11] | 2003 | No |
| DARPA Grand Challenge | Outdoors | Open | Pros | Fixed | Wheeled | Autonomous street cars in the USA (in 2019 focus changing to "spectrum collaboration")[12] | 2004 | No |
| European Land-Robot Trial | Outdoors | Open | Pros | Itinerant | Wheeled | Military R&D in Europe ("not organised as a competition but as a trial,")[13] | 2006 | Yes |
| UAV Outback Challenge | Outdoors | Open | Both | Fixed | Aerial | UAVs innovation in Australia | 2007 | Yes |
| Roborace | Outdoors | Branded | Pros | Itinerant | Wheeled | Autonomous Formula E cars | TBD | ? |
| ANA Avatar XPRIZE | Indoors | Open | Pros | Long Beach, CA | Wheeled | Telepresence Systems | 2018-2022 | No |
Location for these competitions is fixed, usually linked to a venue or institution.
| Competition | In / Out | Branded / Open | Students / Pros | Movement | Short description | Last edition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Engineering Robotics Contest | Indoors | Open | Students | Several | A student competition at NUST | Active |
| Pioneers in Engineering | Indoors | Open | Students | Wheeled | Student competition | Active |
| Botball | Indoors | Open | Students | Wheeled | Student competition | Active |
| Student Robotics | Indoors | Open | Students | Several | Student competition at the University of Southampton | Active |
| DEF CON | Indoors | Open | Students | Several | Hacker event with a competition | Active |
The following events appear to be inactive or have no reference that show them to be active.
The competition is organized by the Robot Association of Finland.
The goal is to build a robot which is able to move without human help off-road. The competition is held annually at the mid-summer Jämi Fly In air show in Finland.[14][15] The competition track is randomly selected 10 minutes before competition by the judge, marked with four wooden sticks to make a 200-meter track. The track consists of sand roads and fields containing bushes and rocks. The robots must run outside the sticks from start to finish without human assistance as fast as possible. YouTube movies and pictures from the 2007 and 2008 competitions are available.[16]
Student teams from around the world compete in an outdoor racing competition, where small-scale robots race against other robots to the finish line, without any human guidance or control. Their skills are put to the test in a static judging event, a drag race and a circuit race event, where the vehicles navigate around obstacles and obey the traffic rules. These robots are finding their way into applications such as space exploration, mining, search and rescue, remote sensing and automotive inspection.
Robot Racing is an effort to promote research in autonomous mobile robotics technology. The competition provides students with engineering design challenges, including components of mechanical, computer, control software, and system integration. Students work together to design and build robotic vehicles that can navigate twisting, obstacle-filled courses without any human guidance or control.
The Mobile Autonomous Systems Laboratory, or Maslab, is a university-level vision-based autonomous robotics competition. The competition is open to students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and requires multithreaded applications of image processing, robotic movements, and target ball deposition. The robots are run with Ubuntu Linux and run on an independent OrcBoard platform that facilitates sensor-hardware additions and recognition.
The Flying Donkey Challenge is an escalating series of sub-challenges held annually in Africa with a focus on lifting cargo. The initial challenge was scheduled to take place in Kenya in November 2014 with four enabling technology and design sub-challenges and three non-technical challenges.[17][18]
A series of micro air vehicle (MAV) events have been sponsored by organizations including the University of Florida, the U.S. Army, French DGA, Indian Ministry of Defense, and others. For example, the International Micro Air Vehicle conferences (IMAVs) always include competitions in which capabilities are demonstrated and missions are performed. The goal of most competitions is to stimulate research on full autonomy of the micro air vehicles. Prizes range up to an aggregate value of $600,000 in 2008.
UBBOTS is an annual robot exhibition taking place at Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.[19] The teams have to create a robot that helps humans and simplify their life.
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Main article: Duke Annual Robo-Climb Competition |
Hosted by Duke University, the Duke Annual Robo-Climb Competition (DARC) challenges students to create wall-climbing robots. The competition is discontinued.
Sakarya University Robotics Competition (SAURO) is a robotics competition hosted by Sakarya University since 2009. The organization is open to undergraduates, graduates and high school students. The competition is discontinued.
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Main article: First Robot Olympics |
The first Robot Olympics took place in Glasgow Scotland on September 27–28, 1990. The event was run by The Turing Institute at the Sports Centre at the University of Strathclyde. It featured 68 robots competing in a range of sporting events. The robots were from 12 different countries and involved over 2,500 visitors over the two-day period. The competition is discontinued.
