A small room with a flush toilet. A toilet brush (hidden in a decorative holder) and a toilet roll holder for toilet paper can be seen to the right of the flush toilet.

A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap/handwash for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene. These rooms are typically referred to in the USA as "half-bathrooms" (half-baths; half of a whole or full-bathroom) in a private residence.[1]

This room is commonly known as a "bathroom" in American English, a lavatory or loo in the United Kingdom, a "washroom" in Canadian English, and by many other names across the English-speaking world.

Names

See also: Toilet § Names

"Toilet" originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal rooms used for bathing, dressing, and so on. It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation. By metonymy, it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms.[2][3] At present, the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using "toilet" to refer to the room or activity ("use the toilet") is somewhat blunt and may be considered indiscreet.[4][n 1] It is, however, a useful term since it is quickly understood by English-speakers across the world, whereas more polite terms vary by region.

"Lavatory" (from the Latin lavatorium, "wash basin" or "washroom")[5] was common in the 19th century and is still broadly understood, although it is taken as quite formal in American English, and more often refers to public toilets in Britain.[citation needed] The contraction "lav"[6] is commonly used in British English.[7]

In American English, the most common term for a private toilet is "bathroom", regardless of whether a bathtub or shower is present.[8][9] In British English, "bathroom" is a common term but is typically reserved for private rooms primarily used for bathing; a room without a bathtub or shower is more often known as a "WC", an abbreviation for water closet,[10] "lavatory", or "loo".[11] Other terms are also used, some as part of a regional dialect.

Some forms of jargon have their own terms for toilets, including "lavatory" on commercial airplanes, "head" on ships,[12] and "latrine" in military contexts.[13][n 2] Larger houses often have a secondary room with a toilet and sink for use by guests.[14] These are typically known as "powder rooms" or "half-baths" (half-bathroom) in North America,[15] and "cloakrooms" in Britain.[16]

Other items in the room

The main item in the room is the sanitation fixture itself, the toilet. This may be the flushing sort, which is plumbed into a cistern (tank) operated by a ballcock (float valve). Or it may be a dry model, which does not need water.

The toilet room may also include a plunger, a rubber or plastic tool mounted on a handle, which is used to remove blockages from the toilet drain. Toilets often have a wall mirror above the sink for grooming, checking one's appearance and/or makeup. Some toilets have a cupboard where cleaning supplies and personal hygiene products may be kept. If it is a flush toilet, then the room usually also includes a toilet brush for cleaning the bowl.

Methods of anal cleansing vary between cultures. If the norm is to use paper, then typically the room will have a toilet roll holder, with the toilet paper hanging either next to or away from the wall. If instead, people are used to cleaning themselves with water, then the room may include a bidet shower (health faucet) or a bidet. Toilets such as the Washlet, popular in Japan, provide an automatic washing function.

A sink (hand basin), with soap, is usually present in the room or immediately outside it, to ensure easy handwashing. Above the sink there may be a mirror, either mounted on the wall, or on a medicine cabinet. This cabinet (which is more typically located in the household's main bathroom) typically contains prescription and over the counter drugs, first aid supplies, and grooming equipment for shaving or makeup.

History

Main articles: History of water supply and sanitation and Toilet § History

Into the modern era, humans typically practiced open defecation or employed latrines or outhouses over a pit toilet in rural areas and used chamber pots emptied into streets or drains in urban ones. The Indus Valley civilization had particularly advanced sanitation, which included common use of private flush toilets. The ancient Greeks and Romans had public toilets and, in some cases, indoor plumbing connected to rudimentary sewer systems. The latrines of medieval monasteries were known as reredorters; in some cases, these were connected to sophisticated water systems that swept its effluent away without affecting the community's drinking, cooking, or washing water.[17][18] In the early modern period, "night soil" from municipal outhouses became an important source of nitrates for creating gunpowder.[19] 19th century refinements of the outhouse included the privy midden and the pail closet.

Indoor toilets were at first a luxury of the rich and only gradually spread to the lower classes. As late as the 1890s, building regulations in London did not require working-class housing to have indoor toilets; into the early 20th century, some English homes were built with an upstairs toilet for use by the owners and an outhouse for use by the servants.[20] In some cases, there was a transitional stage where toilets were built into the house but accessible only from the outside.[21] After World War I, all new housing in London and its suburbs had indoor toilets.[22]

Bathrooms became standard later than toilets, but entered working-class houses at around the same time.[23][24] For plumbing reasons, flush toilets have usually been located in or near residences' bathrooms. (Both were initially located above the kitchen and scullery on the same account.) In upper-class homes, the first modern lavatories were washrooms with sinks located near the bedrooms; in lower-class homes, there was often only a collapsible tub for bathing. In Britain, there was long a prejudice against having the toilet located in the bathroom proper: in 1904, Hermann Muthesius noted that "a lavatory [i.e., toilet] is practically never found in an English bathroom; indeed it is considered downright inadmissible to have one there".[28] When toilets were placed within bathrooms, the original reason was cost savings.[22] In 1876 Edward William Godwin, a progressive architect-designer, drew up affordable housing with the toilet in the bathroom, and faced criticism for it.[29]

America and most European countries now combine their toilets and bathrooms.[30] Separate toilets remain common in British homes[24] and remain a builder's option even in places where the norm is for the toilet to be in the bathroom.[31] In France,[30][32] Japan,[33][34] and some other countries,[14] separate toilets remain the norm for reasons of hygiene and privacy. In modern homes outside of France,[30] such separate toilets typically contain a sink. In Japan, the toilet sometimes has a built-in sink (whose waste water is used for the next flush) to allow users to clean themselves immediately.[35] Japanese toilets also often provide special slippers—apart from those worn in the rest of the house—for use within the toilet.[34][36][37]

Society and culture

In English, all terms for toilets were originally euphemisms.[3] It is generally considered coarse or even offensive to use such direct terms as "shitter",[38] although they are used in some areas. Formerly, broadcast censorship even banned mentions of the euphemisms: Jack Paar temporarily quit the Tonight Show in February 1960 when NBC broadcast news footage in place of a joke he had taped involving the term "WC".

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In British contexts, it is considered non-U, with the upper class generally preferring "loo", "lavatory", and "bog".
  2. ^ For other synonyms for toilet, see "bathroom" at Wikisaurus.

References

  1. ^ Zalvino, Evette (12 March 2020). "What is a Half Bath? The Mystery Behind Fractional Bathrooms, Solved". HomeLight.
  2. ^ "toilet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  3. ^ a b Campbell, Lyle (2006), Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed., Cambridge: MIT Press, p. 263, ISBN 978-0-262-53267-9.
  4. ^ "What Are the Important Differences between Canadian and American (USA) English?", Stack Exchange, 9 December 2010.
  5. ^ "lavatory, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  6. ^ "lav., n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  7. ^ "lav", Collins English Dictionary
  8. ^ "bathroom, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  9. ^ Kovecses, Zoltan (2000), American English: An Introduction, Petersborough: Broadview, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-55111-229-9.
  10. ^ "W, n." & "water closet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  11. ^ "loo, n.⁴", Oxford English Dictionary.
  12. ^ "head, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary.
  13. ^ "latrine, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  14. ^ a b Thompson, John; et al. (2009), An Uncommon History of Common Things, Washington: National Geographic Society, p. 140, ISBN 978-1-4262-0420-3.
  15. ^ "half-, comb. form", Oxford English Dictionary.
  16. ^ "'cloak-room, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
  17. ^ Wright, Geoffrey N. (2004), Discovering Abbeys and Priories (4th ed.), Princes Risborough: Shire, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-7478-0589-2.
  18. ^ Greene, J. Patrick (1992), Medieval Monasteries, Archaeology of Medieval Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7185-1296-5.
  19. ^ Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700.
  20. ^ Muthesius, Stefan (1982), The English Terraced House, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0-300-02871-3.
  21. ^ As in plates 86 and 87 depicting homes in Leeds and Halifax, Muthesius, p. 121.
  22. ^ a b Jackson, Alan A. (1973), Semi-Detached London: Suburban Development, Life and Transport, 1900–39, London: Allen & Unwin, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-04-902003-0.
  23. ^ Muthesius, pp. 61–62, 100, 137.
  24. ^ a b Schmidt, William E. (3 January 1992), "English Bathrooms: Out of the Closet", The New York Times.
  25. ^ Muthesius, Hermann (1904), Das englische Haus: Entwicklung, Bedingungen, Anlage, Aufbau, Einrichtung und Innenraum, Vol. II, Berlin: Wasmuth, OCLC 3437464. (in German)
  26. ^ Seligman, Janet (1979), The English House, London: Granada, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-258-97101-7.
  27. ^ Long, Helen C. (1993), The Edwardian House: The Middle-Class Home in Britain, 1880-1914, Studies in Design and Material Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 193, ISBN 978-0-7190-3728-3.
  28. ^ Muthesius,[25] quoted in translation by Seligman[26] in Long.[27]
  29. ^ Grant, Sandra. "The Architects: Edward W Godwin". The Bedford Park Society. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  30. ^ a b c Léger, Jean-Michel (1990), Derniers Domiciles Connus: Enquête sur les Nouveaux Logements, 1970–1990, Paris: Créaphis, p. p. 129, ISBN 978-2-907150-18-7. (in French)
  31. ^ Harrison, Henry (1998), Houses: The Illustrated Guide to Construction, Design, and Systems, 3rd ed., Chicago: Real Estate Education Co., pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-0-7931-2967-6.
  32. ^ Taylor, Sally Adamson (2003), Culture Shock!: France, 2nd ed., Portland: Graphic Arts Center, p. 199, ISBN 9781558687677, OCLC 30753428.
  33. ^ Goldman, Alan (1994), Doing Business With the Japanese: A Guide to Successful Communication, Management and Diplomacy, SUNY Series in Speech Communication, Albany: State University of New York Press, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-7914-1946-5.
  34. ^ a b "Toilets", Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 527 f, ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8.
  35. ^ Molotch, Harvey Luskin (2003), Where Stuff Comes From: How Toasters, Toilets, Cars, Computers, and Many Other Things Come to Be As They Are, London: Routledge, p. pp. 101–02, ISBN 978-0-415-94400-7.
  36. ^ Phillips, Jennifer (2003), "Personal Hygiene", In the Know in Japan: The Indispensable Cross-cultural Guide to Working and Living in Japan, New York: Terra Cognita, ISBN 978-0-609-61114-2.
  37. ^ Horvat, Andrew (2000), Japanese Beyond Words: How to Walk and Talk Like a Native Speaker, Berkeley: Stone Bridge, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-1-880656-42-6.
  38. ^ "shitter, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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