UVM is organized into ten schools, including seven undergraduate colleges, an honors college, a graduate college, and the Robert Larner College of Medicine. Vermont's largest hospital complex, the University of Vermont Medical Center, has its primary facility on campus. UVM has a history of student-led activism.[8] Considered one of the most sustainable campuses in the United States, the university has committed to carbon neutrality by 2030.[9][10] In 2022[update], the university attracted $263 million in research and development funding.[11][12] It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[13]
The University of Vermont was founded as a private university in 1791, the same year Vermont became the fourteenth U.S. state. The university enrolled its first students ten years later. Its first president, Daniel C. Sanders, was hired in 1800, and served as the sole faculty member for seven years. Instruction began in 1801, and the first class graduated in 1804. In 1865, the university merged with Vermont Agricultural College (chartered November 22, 1864, after the passage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862), emerging as the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. The university was granted 150,000 acres, which it sold for $122,626.[14]
Much of the initial funding and planning for the university was undertaken by Ira Allen, who is honored as UVM's founder. Allen donated a 50-acre (20 ha) parcel of land for establishment of the university. Most of this land has been maintained as the university's main green, where stands a statue of Allen.[15]
Billings Memorial Library, built in 1883, was the university's library until 1961 when the larger Guy W. Bailey library was built. Since then, it has served miscellaneous purposes.
The citizens of Burlington helped fund the university's first edifice. When it was destroyed by fire in 1824, they also paid for its replacement. This building came to be known as "Old Mill" for its resemblance to New England mills of the time. The Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who became a commander in the American Revolution, while in Vermont laid the cornerstone of Old Mill, which stands on University Row along with Ira Allen Chapel, Billings Library, Williams Hall, Royall Tyler Theatre, and Morrill Hall. A statue of Lafayette stands at the north end of the main green.[15]
UVM was the first American institution of higher education with a charter declaring that the "rules, regulations, and by-laws shall not tend to give preference to any religious sect or denomination whatsoever".[15]
In 1871, UVM defied custom and admitted two women as students. It was the first American university to admit women (1875) and African Americans (1877) into Phi Beta Kappa, the country's oldest collegiate academic honor society.[16]
Named after U.S. Senator Justin Smith Morrill, Morrill Hall was constructed in 1906–07 to serve as the home of the UVM Agriculture Department and Agricultural Experiment Station.
Justin Smith Morrill, a U.S. Representative (1855–1867), and Senator (1867–1898) from Vermont, author of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act that created federal funding for establishing the U.S. land-grant colleges and universities, served as a trustee of the university from 1865 to 1898.
In 1924, UVM's WCAX, now called WVMT, sent out the first radio broadcast in Vermont. It was run by UVM students and faculty before being sold in 1931. WCAX is now the call sign of a commercial television station.[17] A new radio station was set up in 1955, dubbed WRUV. It currently runs a FM broadcast at 90.1 Mhz and an internet stream at wruv.org. The station, run by students, faculty, and local community members, dubs itself Burlington's Better Alternative[18]. It is know for playing a wide range of music, boasting "the largest catalog in the State of Vermont" at over 50,000 albums.[18]
In the second half of the 20th century, UVM gained a reputation for its political activism, and struggles ensued on campus between student and faculty activists and the university administration. In 1953, the university's board of trustees ousted Alex B. Novikoff, a tenured professor and cell biologist in the College of Medicine, over his association with the Communist Party.[19][20]
In March 1957, student protests against a motel owner who refused service to an African-American woman led the Vermont General Assembly to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations.[21] UVM held an annual "Kake Walk" where students wore blackface for 73 years, until the practice was abolished in 1969 under pressure from the student body and the community.[22][23]
In 1972 the board of trustees intervened again to deny tenure to Michael Parenti, a popular Marxistpolitical science professor who drew ire from the authorities due to his participation in anti-war demonstrations. The board overrode the recommendation of the faculty, the deans' council and the administration. Parenti later brought a federal suit against the university, which was settled out of court for $15,000.[20]
In the 1980s, the university faced increasing pressure from the student body to divest from companies doing business in apartheidSouth Africa.[24] Student protests against investment in apartheid culminated in the construction of a "shantytown" on the green across from the Waterman building on October 12, 1985. On December 6, the board voted 12-7 to divest.[25]
UVM has undertaken several other divestment actions due to advocacy from student groups, including divestment from "Sudan-friendly" companies in 2006, during the Darfur genocide,[26] and divestment from cluster munitions and depleted uranium weapons in 2009, during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.[27][28] In 2013 and 2016, trustees rejected calls to divest from fossil fuels.[29][30]
On July 1, 2019, Suresh Garimella was appointed UVM's 27th president.[31] Under his tenure, the university faced record enrollment and a 50 percent increase in research funding to $250 million; however, he has been criticized for his public relations with students and faculty.[32] In 2021, the university administration imposed budget cuts that terminated three departments, 12 majors, 11 minors and four master’s degree programs in the College of Arts and Sciences.[33]
In 2020, under pressure from a student campaign, UVM trustees voted unanimously to divest from fossil fuels by July 2023.[30]
In 2022, the U.S. Department of Education opened an investigation into the university's response to antisemitism on campus.[34] The investigation concluded in April 2023, after the university and the Office of Civil Rights settled in a voluntary resolution. A press release from the Department of Education stated that the university failed to adequately respond to incidents.[35] University administrators denied the allegations, insisting that they responded appropriately.[36] The university agreed to adopt new practices around bias reporting, but it did not adopt the demands of the complainant. The Department of Education did not make a finding of guilt or wrongdoing or create new federal policy in closing the investigation.[37]
In October 2023, UVM's Division of Safety and Compliance abruptly canceled a planned guest lecture by Palestinian author Mohammed El-Kurd, citing an inability to provide adequate "safety and security" for the event. An investigative report by Seven Days found no evidence of threats related to the event.[38]
The university's graduate students voted to unionize with the UAW in March of 2024.[39]
Seal
The university first adopted an official seal in 1807. The seal depicts the sun rising over the Green Mountains with the original college edifice, now the remodeled Old Mill. It includes a diagram of Euclid's "windmill proof" of the Pythagorean theorem, a globe, and a sextant. It includes the motto "Universitas V. Montis. A.D. 1791" in the outer ring "Collegiumque Agriculturae" in the inner one, noting the establishment of the College of Agriculture in 1865.[40]
Undergraduate admissions are classified as "more selective", indicating that test score data for first-year students is in the 80th to 100th percentile of selectivity among all baccalaureate institutions.[42] UVM received 30,231 applications for the class of 2026, accepting 18,075 for an admit rate of 59.8%. Of those accepted, 3,000 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who chose to attend) of 16.6%.[41] UVM's first-year retention rate is 88.71%, with 75.6% going on to graduate within six years.[41]
Of the 37.5% of the incoming first-year class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50% composite scores were 1280–1420.[41] Of the 14.4% of enrolled first-years in 2022[update] who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50% composite scores were between 28 and 32.[41]
* middle 50% range † percentage of prospective students who chose to submit
Academics
Offering over 100 undergraduate majors, the university comprises seven undergraduate colleges, an honors college, a graduate college, and a college of medicine.[47] The Patrick Leahy Honors College does not offer its own degrees; instead, students concurrently enroll in one of the university's seven undergraduate colleges.[48]
The 2022[update]U.S. News & World Report's annual university rankings ranked UVM as tied for 56th among public universities and tied for 121st nationally.[58][59]
In 2022[update], Forbes'America's Top Colleges list ranked UVM 163rd overall out of 498 private and public colleges and universities in America, and also ranks it 75th among public universities and 114th among research universities.[60]
The University of Vermont was ranked 40th on a list published by BusinessWeek.com of the top 50 U.S. colleges and universities whose bachelor's degree graduates earn the highest salaries.[61]
Research
UVM is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[13] For the 2021[update] fiscal year, UVM attracted $250.1 million in research and development funding.[11] Research expenditures topped $195 million in 2021[update].[62]
College of Arts and Sciences
Williams Hall (formerly Williams Science Hall) at the University of Vermont today houses the departments of Fine Arts and Anthropology.UVM research vessel docked near ECHO Aquarium, in Burlington harbor along Lake Champlain
The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest of UVM's schools and colleges and has the largest number of students, faculty, and staff. The college also offers the bulk of the foundational courses to help ensure that students all over campus have the tools to succeed in all academic endeavors. It offers 45 areas of study in the humanities, fine arts, social sciences, mathematics, natural sciences, and physical sciences.
Grossman School of Business
UVM's Grossman School of Business is accredited by the AACSB International and offers undergraduate and graduate programs.[63] In 2015, the school was renamed Grossman School of Business in honor of a $20 million gift from alumnus Steven Grossman, the largest single gift in the university's history.[64]
In 2022[update], Corporate Knights ranked the Grossman School as the 8th best MBA program in the world for social and environmental impact.[65]
As of 2023[update], according to the Princeton Review, the Grossman School has the 2nd best Green MBA in the United States.[66]
College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences
CEMS is home to five ABET-accredited engineering programs—Biomedical, Civil, Environmental, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering—in addition to the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. It also features three research centers: the Transportation Research Center, the Complex Systems Center and the Vermont Advanced Computing Center. The college has about 1400 undergraduate students, 250 graduate students, and 85 faculty members.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) offers programs in animal science (early admission to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University is available); biochemistry; biological science; community entrepreneurship; community and international development; dietetics, nutrition and food sciences; ecological agriculture; environmental science; environmental studies; microbiology; molecular genetics; plant biology; public communication; and sustainable landscape horticulture. The college is also home to the Center for Rural Studies.
The college also offers programs in conjunction with the college of arts and sciences. Students who choose these majors, such as Biological Sciences, can choose between either college.[67]
UVM's College of Education and Social Services (CESS) offers degrees in teacher education, human development & family science, and social work. Minors are also available in American Sign Language, special education, and education for cultural and linguistic diversity. The college comprises the Department of Leadership and Developmental Sciences, Department of Education, Department of Social Work, and the Center on Disability and Community Inclusion. Studies leading to a master's degree or doctorate (Ed.D. or Ph.D.) also are offered.
UVM enrolls approximately 100 medical students in each class; there are approximately 400 medical students. The University of Vermont Medical Center is the primary site of clinical education.
The College of Medicine currently ranks tied for 29th for overall quality in primary care training among the country's 89 programs ranked by U.S. News & World Report for 2016 and 43rd out of 120 in 2019[update].[68][69]
The largest medical library in Vermont, the Charles A. Dana Library, is the Vermont Resource Library of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine[72] and serves the information needs of the Academic Health Center at the University of Vermont. The Academic Health Center is composed of the faculty, staff and students at UVM's College of Medicine and the College of Nursing and Health Sciences, as well as the physicians, and other health care providers at the University of Vermont Medical Center. The library also meets the health sciences information needs of the university's undergraduate and graduate programs and is open to the residents of the state of Vermont with health sciences information questions.
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
The College of Nursing and Health Sciences at UVM comprises four departments: Biomedical and Health Sciences, Communication Sciences and Disorders, Nursing, and Rehabilitation and Movement Science, as well as the Institute of Integrative Health, a shared program with the Robert Larner College of Medicine offering a Certificate in Integrative Healthcare.Some of these undergraduate degrees prepare students to enter graduate degree programs for Speech-Language Pathology, Audiology, or a doctorate of physical therapy program. The college also utilizes clinical facilities at the UVM Medical Center (formerly known as Fletcher Allen Health Care).
The Patrick Leahy Honors College
The Patrick Leahy Honors College sponsors opportunities for students to participate in co-curricular programs and extracurricular activities — special symposia, dinners with visiting scholars, and trips to museums and theaters in Montreal and Boston.
Faculty are selected from throughout the university to participate in the college as lecturers in a first-year ethics course and advanced seminars, as participants in reading groups, as speakers at the Plenary Lecture Series, and as mentors to honors students conducting research.
Through a required ethics course, small seminars, informal gatherings, and special research projects, students work alongside scholars from a section of the university's academic disciplines in the humanities, the sciences, engineering, nursing, medicine, education, business and more.
In May 2023, the college was renamed in honor of former U.S. senator Patrick Leahy.[73]
Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources
The George D. Aiken Center houses the Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources.
From its origins in the School of Natural Resources (originally established in 1973), the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources (RSENR) was created in 2003. The Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources seeks to cultivate an appreciation and understanding of ecological and social processes and values aimed at maintaining the integrity of natural systems and achieving a sustainable human community in harmony with the natural environment. The Rubenstein School targets three general areas of emphasis for scholarly pursuit: 1. Applied Ecology; 2. Environment & Society; and 3. Development & Use of Innovative Tools (e.g. GIS, spatial analysis, and modeling).
The main building hosting RSENR is located at the George D. Aiken Center, which was renovated in 2012 and received a U.S. Green Building CouncilLEED Platinum certification.[74]
In 2007, the university won a $6.7 million grant to research the pollution problems of Lake Champlain.[75]
The athletic teams at UVM are known as the Catamounts. The university offers 18 varsity sports. Women's teams include basketball, cross country, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, swimming and diving, and track and field (indoor and outdoor). Men's teams include basketball, cross country, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, and track and field (indoor and outdoor). All teams compete at the NCAADivision I level. Most teams compete in the America East Conference. Men's and women's hockey teams compete in the Hockey East Association. The alpine and Nordic ski teams compete in the E.I.S.A. (Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association).
UVM's athletic teams won seven straight America East Academic Cups (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011) for the best overall combined GPA among its student-athletes. UVM is the first school in the America East Conference to win three straight years and four times overall.
Highlights of recent varsity athletic seasons include the men's hockey teams trip to the Frozen Four in 2009; the women's and men's basketball teams advancing to the 2010 NCAA Tournament following America East Tournament titles; the ski team winning its sixth NCAA National Championship in 2012 in Bozeman, Montana; in 2014, the men's hockey team earned its third trip to the NCAA Tournament since 2009 and the men's basketball team won the America East Regular Season title for the sixth time. The university has discontinued several major sports programs in its history, including football, softball and baseball. The softball and baseball programs were eliminated in 2009.[76]
Thirty-six former UVM athletes have competed in 16 Olympic Games (13 winter, 3 summer) and combined have won six Olympic medals.[77] The UVM fight song was written in 1938 and is entitled "Vermont Victorious."[78]
Club sports
UVM sponsors many club sports teams. The UVM sailing team was competitively ranked 8th in the nation as of November 15, 2009.[79][80] UVM crew competes in the Head of the Charles Regatta and Dad Vail Regatta, winning bronze for the men's coxed four in the 2015 ACRA national club rowing championship. The cycling team competes against other collegiate varsity teams and has won multiple national titles.
Arts
UVM's Lane Performing Arts Series and Music Department sponsor instrumental and choral performances featuring national and international performers throughout the year. The Royall Tyler Theatre presents theater productions on its mainstage, often featuring Equity actors along with student talent. In addition to the Department of Theatre's three mainstage shows each year, a group of student-directed one acts, and The Toys Take Over Christmas, a holiday tradition in Burlington, are also performed. Past mainstage shows have included Godspell (2009); Compleat Female Stage Beauty (2008); The Miss Firecracker Contest, Found a Peanut, and La Ronde (2007); Ring Round the Moon, The Underpants, and Macbeth (2006); A Midsummer Night's Dream, Beyond Therapy, and Hair (2005); The Art of Dining, Anouilh's Antigone, and Rumors (2004); and Remember the Children: Terezin and Metamorphoses (2003).
The Fleming Museum of Art is the university's museum. Its permanent collection includes works of art as well as anthropological and ethnographic artifacts. The museum also features various visiting exhibits and special events.
The Davis Center, the student center of the university completed in the fall of 2007
The Vermont Mozart Festival developed at UVM, and its first festivals also were held at UVM. The festival was incorporated as an independent nonprofit organization in 1976 but retains ties to UVM.
Student clubs and organizations, totaling more than 100, span student interests and receive sponsorship from the Student Government Association. Clubs with longstanding history and the largest memberships include: Volunteers in Action, the UVM Outing Club,[82] Ski & Snowboard Club. Hillel also has a strong presence on the UVM campus.[83][84][85] UVM also is home to the oldest FeelGood chapter in the nation, started in 2006, with the chapter raising over $100,000 since its inception for the end of extreme poverty by 2030 through on-campus grilled cheese delis.[86]
In 2015, the university launched a wellness program called the Wellness Environment, or WE, a substance-free residential program that gives interested students access to fitness and nutrition coaches, has daily yoga instruction, round-the-clock meditation sessions, and a mentorship program that pairs them with a Burlington youth.[87] In the fall of 2017, the Central Campus Residence Hall completed construction, and now houses nearly 700 residents in the Wellness Environment.
Thanks to an organization known as GIRT, or Gender Inclusive Restroom Taskforce, the University of Vermont has a growing number of single-occupancy, gender-neutral bathrooms for use by non-binary and gender non-conforming students, faculty, and visitors.[88]
Outing Club
The UVM Outing Club was established in 1913 and is the largest outing club in the country. The club is completely student run and offers kayaking, canoeing, hiking, backpacking, rock climbing, ice climbing, backcountry skiing, and nordic skiing trips.[89] The club has assisted with the formation of TREK, an outdoor pre-orientation student program that takes incoming freshman on 5 day excursions to connect them to the UVM community and the State of Vermont.[90] One of the most remarkable events annual run by the club is the Catamountain Classic event, in which the club hikes all 272 miles of the Long Trail [91] in one weekend. Students will hike in memory of Avi Kurganoff (a UVM Outing Club leader who passed away in the spring of 2012) and teams will be asked to raise funds to establish a scholarship program that sends local underprivileged youth on an Outward Bound trip.[92]
Events
UVM Program Board (UPB) is responsible for bringing campus events and activities to the UVM community.[93] Over the past few years, UPB has organized events like the annual SpringFest featuring comedian Michelle Wolf, Two Door Cinema Club and Laverne Cox. It was also run battles of the bands, weekly pub quiz tournaments, and international film and food events.[93]
In addition to campus events, UPB organizes live musical entertainment featuring acts from across the country as well as local bands. UPB is composed of four committees, one of which is a concerts committee. The concerts committee learns about various aspects of the music industry by putting on shows and working with local sound and production professionals. Students are in charge of choosing and booking bands and are responsible for all production aspects on the day of the show.
The University of Vermont Greek community is one of the oldest in the nation, with the first fraternal organization starting in 1836. 2% of male students and 2% of female students join Greek life. Fraternity and sorority members become involved in Student Government Association (SGA) and work as Orientation Leaders, advocates, and Residence Assistants.
The Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, also known as FIJI, was suspended for four years in 2017 due to hazing and alcohol abuse. One of the fraternity's pledges had stolen a Black Lives Matter flag from the Davis Center flagpole. He said he had been told to steal it as part of a hazing ritual.[94]
Sustainability
The University of Vermont has a long history of environmental sustainability on its campus.[9] In 2023[update], The Princeton Review placed UVM in 13th place among the "Top 50 Green Colleges" in the country.[95]
1990s
In 1995, the Environmental Council at UVM was established to fill a gap regarding a bridge between operations and academics on campus greening issues.[96] The council's first project was to hear presentations from the various environmental programs on campus to provide a baseline scan of campus operation environmental impact. Greening UVM was published in 1998 by the council to establish a baseline on the environmental impact of the campus' operations. During the same year, a recycled paper policy was created and was implemented in 1999.[97] As a community stakeholder in the Lab-XL project, the Environmental Council received an EPA grant to support the Tracking UVM project and publication to assess the relative environmental impact and community interest in laboratory chemical waste. Tracking UVM,[98] a follow-up to the Greening UVM report, was published in 2002 and reported on the environmental progress of the university from 1990 to 2000. The University of Vermont's commitment to tracking its environmental performance was recognized in 2004 with Vermont's Governor's Award for Environmental Excellence for this 2002 environmental report card. Tracking UVM is one of the first report cards that track the environmental impact of campus operations in an institution of higher education.
2000s
In 2005, UVM's President Daniel M. Fogel signed the institution's Green Building Policy.[99][100] The recycled paper policy was updated in 2006 after two students pushed for the university to commit to purchasing 100% post-consumer, chlorine-free paper for routine copying and printing.[101]
In 2007, President Fogel signs on to the American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment.[102] The American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) is a high-visibility effort to address global climate disruption undertaken by a network of colleges and universities that have made institutional commitments to eliminate net greenhouse gas emissions from specified campus operations, and to promote the research and educational efforts of higher education to equip society to re-stabilize the earth's climate. Its mission is to accelerate progress towards climate neutrality and sustainability by empowering the higher education sector to educate students, create solutions, and provide leadership by example for the rest of society.[103] In 2008, UVM dissolved the Environmental Council and established the Office of Sustainability.[104] The Office of Sustainability aims to foster sustainable development and promote environmental responsibility at the University of Vermont by strategically bridging the academic activities of teaching, research, and outreach with the operations of the university.[105] The sustainability office reports jointly to the Provost and to the Vice President for Finance & Administration, who supervises the director. There are two full-time staff and four Graduate Fellows, plus an Academic Advisor and a team of supporters.
2010s
In 2011, UVM released its Climate Action Plan[106] to the American College & University President's Climate Commitment. The Climate Action Plan focuses on the direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the institution's operations. The target dates for UVM's Climate Action Plan were 2015 for 100% carbon neutral electricity (Scope 1)[107] and 2020 for carbon neutral heating, cooling, and fleet (Scope 2).[107] UVM aims to target the net zero emissions for its "Scope 3"[107] sources by 2025.
In 2012, UVM became one of the first institutions nationwide to end the sale of bottled water on campus and mandate that one third of drinks offered in vending machines be healthy options.[108] During the same year, UVM's Board of Trustees passed a resolution to earmark $13 million for the fund, making it the largest challenge to date. Harvard's $12 million green loan fund had been the largest.[109] In March 2012, UVM became fifth school in the nation to sign the "Real Food Campus Commitment",[110] pledging to purchase 20% "real food" by 2020. In April 2017, UVM announced it had surpassed this goal and set a new goal to source 25% "real food" by 2020.[111]
The Certification for Sustainable Transportation (CST) was founded in 2012 to help improve economic, environmental, and energy efficiency within the passenger transportation sector. The CST is a direct outgrowth of work that began at the University of Vermont in 2005 and now houses the eRating certification, driver trainings, and an array of awareness and education programs. It is a nonprofit operating out of UVM's Extensions office.[112]
In May 2015, UVM introduced a sustainability requirement for all undergraduates, allowing students to choose from pre-approved sustainability classes.[113]
Present
In April 2023, the university committed to carbon neutrality by 2030.[10] It would pursue investments in renewable energy, electrified buildings and vehicles, reduced vehicle fleets, and geothermal exploration.[114]
Lawrence Debate Union
Parts of this article (those related to Lawrence Debate Union) need to be updated. The reason given is: Sourcing and information is outdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2023)
The Lawrence Debate Union (LDU) has been UVM's official debate team since 1899.[115][116][non-primary source needed] Competing in British parliamentary debate, policy debate, and social justice-oriented debate, it is one of the oldest organizations on campus, receiving funding from a private grant established in 1899.[117][118] The LDU has sent students to international competitions, from Slovenia, Malaysia, and Thailand (2007) to Greece and South Africa.[119][non-primary source needed] The school has also sent students to the World Universities Debating Championship held in Ireland, Turkey, Botswana, Manila, Berlin, and Chennai, breaking into elimination rounds in the 2011 World University Debating Championship.[citation needed] Debaters from the LDU have also regularly competed in tournaments hosted by Oxford University and Cambridge University, and in 2013 won the title of the Budapest IV and Vienna IV in consecutive tournaments. Domestically, the LDU has also won the title of Northeast Universities Debating Sweepstakes champion for four consecutive years.[citation needed] The program is currently ranked seventh in the top schools for British Parliamentary debate in the world, and is the third-ranked American university on the list, behind only Yale and Cornell.[citation needed][needs update] It encourages participation of all interested UVM students, and sponsors public debates at UVM and for the Burlington community.[120][needs update] The late Alfred C. Snider, who coached the LDU for over thirty years, was one of the most decorated debate coaches in the world. He also coached the National Speech and Debate Organization's national high school debate team to compete in the world championships.[121]
^Donaldson, Thomas (1884). The Public Domain, Its History. 47th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives ;45, pt. 4 mis. Doc. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
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