Score higher than 89 Score equal to or between 80 and 89 Score equal to or between 70 and 79 Score equal to or between 60 and 69 Score equal to or between 50 and 59 Score equal to or between 40 and 49 | Score equal to or between 30 and 39 Score equal to or between 20 and 29 Score equal to or between 10 and 19 Score less than 10 Data unavailable |
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.
The 2021 CPI, published in January 2022, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2020 and 30 April 2021.[4] Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, Singapore, and Sweden are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, Somalia (both scoring 13), and South Sudan (11).[5]
Political corruption |
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Concepts |
Corruption by country |
Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[6] The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.[7] The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.[3] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[8] The institutions are:[9]
Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[8] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[10]
A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.[11]
All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three fourths of the variance.[11] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)
Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, Managing Director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."[12]
Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[13] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[14] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.
Legend:
Scores | Perceived as less corrupt | Perceived as more corrupt | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
99–90 | 89–80 | 79–70 | 69–60 | 59–50 | 49–40 | 39-30 | 29–20 | 19–10 | 9–0 |
Corruption Perceptions Index table:[15]
# | Nation or Territory | 2021[5] | 2020[16] | 2019[17] | 2018[18] | 2017[19] | 2016[20] | 2015[21] | 2014[22] | 2013[23] | 2012[24] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | Δ | Score | |||
1 | ![]() |
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4 | ![]() |
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42 |
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49 |
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73 | ![]() |
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78 | ![]() |
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36 |
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87 | ![]() |
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34 |
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29 |
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27 |
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96 | ![]() |
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85 | ![]() |
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