V6: Bosch [3] I4 2.0: Bosch MED17 with CAN-Bus and individual cylinder knock control I4 1.6: Bosch MED17 with CAN-Bus and individual cylinder knock control I3 1.5: Bosch MG1CS016 with CAN-Bus and individual cylinder knock control. FGEC software
EcoBoost is a series of turbocharged, direct-injectiongasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc. (now FEV North America Inc.).[5] EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger-displacement (cylinder volume) naturally aspirated engines, while achieving up to 20% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions, according to Ford.[6] The manufacturer sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup.[7]
Global production
EcoBoost gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine technology adds 128 patents and patent applications to Ford's 4,618 active and thousands of pending US patents.[8] Some of the costs of US development and production were assisted by the $5.9 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program of the Department of Energy.[9]
By 2012, the company planned to produce 750,000 EcoBoost units annually in the US and 1.3 million globally in the world market. Ford expected over 90% of its global vehicle lineup (includes North America) to offer EcoBoost engine technology by 2013.[11][13] From the engine's beginning to November 2012, 500,000 Ford EcoBoost vehicles have been sold.[14]
During Ford's ownership of Volvo (until 2010), it used the term PTDi (petrol turbocharged direct injection) for the 1.6 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo S60 concept[15] and for the 2.0 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo XC60.[16]
Safety issues
Ford has had to refund hundreds of customers worldwide because Ford EcoBoost engines in their vehicles have overheated and, in some cases, caused engine fires.[17] In 2015, a South African man died after becoming trapped in his Ford Kuga after its 1.6-litre EcoBoost engine burst into flames.[18] In 2017, Ford South Africa recalled all Kugas in the country for engine checks.[19]
Ford produces a 1.0 L turbocharged in-line three-cylinder engine for the EcoBoost family developed at Ford's Dunton Technical Centre in the UK. Production started in April 2012. The 1.0 is built initially in two versions: 74 kW (101 PS; 99 hp) and 88 to 92 kW (120 to 125 PS; 118 to 123 hp).
Both versions deliver a maximum of 170 N⋅m (130 lbf⋅ft) from 1,400 to 4,500 rpm, whereas higher performing versions can provide up to 200 N⋅m (150 lbf⋅ft) on overboost for 30 seconds, which makes for a broad torque curve when compared to a naturally aspirated gasoline engine. A 140 PS (100 kW; 140 hp) version has also been released in the Fiesta Red Edition and Black Edition (some markets), as well as the Focus ST-Line, with 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) of torque. The engine block is cast iron, which offers, in addition to the required strength, up to 50% faster warm-up than aluminum, at the expense of additional weight.[21][22]
To quell the natural vibrations of a three-cylinder design, unspecified efforts have been made in the flywheel design to ensure satisfactorily smooth running without the use of energy sapping balance shafts. The 1.0L EcoBoost GTDI engine uses an oil-bathed timing belt.[23]
The engine is packaged in an engine block with a footprint the size of an A4 sheet of paper.[24] With the introduction of the face-lifted 2013 Ford Fiesta, Ford introduced a naturally aspirated version of 1.0 Fox engine. The two versions produce 65 hp and 80 hp, and both engines use direct injection and Ti-VCT like the turbocharged versions. Start-stop technology is also available.
The engines are produced in Cologne (Germany), Craiova (Romania) and Chongqing (China). Production is expected to be 700,000–1,500,000 units per year.
The 1.0 L EcoBoost engine was introduced to the American market with the 2014 Ford Fiestasedan and hatchback, although cars with this engine did not sell particularly well. It was announced at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show, when the Fiesta was introduced. The 123-hp version debuted in the North American market Focus in the 2015 model year. The engine accounted for less than 5 percent of Fiesta and Focus sales in the U.S., according to a 2017 report.[25] The 1.0 L engine was awarded the International Engine of Year Award 2016, making it the Best Engine Under 1.0 L for the fifth time in a row.[26] After the discontinuation of the Focus and Fiesta in North America, the 1.0 L is only available there in the EcoSport.
In 2017 Ford was again awarded International Engine of Year (for Engines Under 1.0 L) with a largely reconfigured version of the Ecoboost 1.0. Although thermodynamically similar to the old Ecoboost 1.0, the new engine features cylinder deactivation under low-load conditions. A new dual-mass flywheel and a vibration-damping clutch disc (in manual-transmission vehicles) help neutralise engine oscillations when running on two cylinders.[27] Production started in 2018.
In 2019, Ford launched an mHEV version of the 1.0 EcoBoost engine first fitted to the Puma SUV, which uses a belt-driven integrated starter/generator-motor (BiSG); which is in essence a starter motor, alternator, and propulsion motor in one. Fundamentally, the engine is identical to the 2018–present 1.0 EcoBoost, but features the electric starter/generator and its battery system. The motor itself is not used to propel the vehicle on its own, and is mainly used to increase efficiency by reducing engine load, provide extra power during acceleration, and to reduce the perceived ‘turbo-lag’ at certain engine speeds while accelerating. The starter/generator makes use of a 48-volt battery system in the car, although vehicles fitted with these engines are not plug-in hybrids or full hybrids. Further developments introduced include a more comprehensive ‘start-stop’ functionality, which was previously available but did not cut the engine off until the vehicle was completely stopped. The new engines can turn off while the car decelerates, at a maximum speed of about 15 mph. The new, electrified engines are available with a manual- or Ford's new seven-speed dual-clutch PowerShift automatic transmission, and are available in either 125 bhp or 154 bhp outputs.
In 2024, 139,730 US-market Fox engines are subject to a safety recall. The oil pump belt tensioner may fail and/or the belt may fail resulting in a loss of oil pressure causing severe engine damage and/or lockup and loss of power braking assist. Before the recall there were 2,099 allegedly-related warranty claims.[28]
On 24 February 2017, as part of the unveiling of the seventh generation (Mk8 - UK) derived Fiesta ST, Ford announced an all-new aluminum inline 3-cylinder 1.5 L EcoBoost engine with cylinder deactivation technology.[29] The version of this engine announced for the Fiesta ST produces 200 PS (150 kW; 200 hp) at 6,000 rpm and delivers 290 N⋅m (210 lbf⋅ft) of torque from 1,600 to 4,000 rpm.[30]
The engine is based on an expansion of the 1.0 EcoBoost, taking the capacity per cylinder up to 500cc which Ford consider is likely to be the maximum for optimum thermal efficiency.[31] The engine is an all-aluminum design with integrated exhaust manifold, low inertia mixed flow turbocharger and combines both port fuel injection and direct fuel injection.
The engine will be available with cylinder deactivation technology, implemented by stopping fuel delivery and valve operation for one of the engine's cylinders in conditions where full capacity is not needed.
Four versions of EcoBoost I4 engines are in production. A 1.5 L downsized version of the 1.6 L, the 1.6 L which replaces larger-displacement, naturally aspirated I4 engines in Ford vehicles, a 2.0 L which replaces small-displacement, naturally aspirated V6 engines, and a 2.3 L used in high-performance applications. All four engines are turbocharged and direct injected. The production engine family was officially announced at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.[32]
1.5 L
A 1.5 L version of the EcoBoost engine family was first unveiled in the 2014 Ford Fusion as a downsized version of the 1.6 L EcoBoost engine.[33] The downsized displacement is a result of Chinese vehicle tax regulations which tax vehicles with engine displacements of 1.5 L or less at lower rates. The 1.5 L EcoBoost adds new technology compared to the 1.6 L on which it is based, including an integrated exhaust manifold and a computer-controlled water pump clutch to decrease warm up time. In the 2015 Fusion, the engine produces 181 hp (135 kW; 184 PS) and 185 lb ft .
The 1.6-litre version was first unveiled in the 2009 Lincoln C concept. The engine is rated at 197 hp (147 kW; 200 PS) and 207 lb⋅ft (280.7 N⋅m).[34] This was also installed in many Volvos during the years of Ford's ownership of that company; Volvo badged the engine B4164T# (with # being different number for different iterations).
The European market version of the 1.6 L provides 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS), although a 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS) version is used in the Ford Mondeo.
The 1.6 L EcoBoost engine is raced in the British Formula Ford Championship. The units have replaced the original N/A 1.6 L Duratec units, which in turn replaced the 1.8 L Zetec-engined cars. The engine has also been used for the past few seasons in the WRC in the Ford Fiesta.
In 2013, Ford has recalled certain Ford Escapes equipped with this engine due to the potential for them to catch fire after overheating.[35]
In 2017, Ford recalled over 360,000 Ford Escape, Ford Fiesta ST, Ford Fusion, Ford Transit Connect, Ford Focus and C-Max hybrid with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a "lack of coolant circulation". There were 29 fires in the U.S. and Canada reported to Ford. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford.[36][37]
Specifications
Type-turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable-camshaft timing Displacement-1,596 cc (1.6 L; 97 cu in)
More details
Type
Turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable-camshaft timing Displacement
1,596 cc (1.6 L; 97 cu in) Bore
79.0 mm (3.1 in) Stroke
81.4 mm (3.20 in) Compression ratio
10.0:1 Valve gear
DOHC with four valves per cylinder, twin independent variable-cam timing Cylinder head
Cast aluminium Cylinder block
Cast aluminium Camshaft drive
Timing belt with dynamic tensioner Crankshaft
Cast iron, four counterweights, five main bearings Engine management
Bosch MED17 with CAN-Bus and individual cylinder knock control Fuel injection
High-pressure direct fuel injection with six-hole injectors Emission control
Close-coupled three-way catalyst system with heated oxygen sensors and catalyst monitor sensors after catalyst Emission level
Euro Stage 5 Turbocharger
Borg Warner KP39 low-inertia turbo Lubrication system
Pressure-fed lubrication system with variable-displacement pump and full-flow oil filter System capacity with filter
4.1 L (4.3 US qt)
2.0L EcoBoost demo engine at the 2011 NAIAS. Note the exhaust manifold, not present on production North American engines
Another angle of the 2011 NAIAS demo engine, again showing the Euro-spec exhaust manifold
A 2.0 L version was first seen in the 2008 Ford Explorer America concept.[38] The engine was rated at 275 hp (205 kW; 279 PS) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m).
It is the first EcoBoost engine to include twin independent variable cam timing (Ti-VCT), with advertised 10–20% better fuel economy while maintaining the performance of 3.0 L V6s.[39][40]
This engine is derived from the 2.0 L Mazda L engine block used by Ford in the North American Focus MK3, but equipped with unique heads, fuel injection system, and Ford's Ti-VCT. It should not be confused with the Mazda 2.3 DISI Turbo, which also features direct injection along with turbocharging, but shares little else aside from the same engine block.
The 2.0 L EcoBoost engine used in North American vehicles is now produced at the Cleveland Engine Plant in Brook Park, Ohio.
Specifications
Type- turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with Ti-VCT Displacement-1,999 cc (2 L; 122 cu in)
More details
Type
Turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with Ti-VCT Displacement
1,999 cc (2 L; 122 cu in) Bore
87.5 mm (3.4 in) Stroke
83.1 mm (3.3 in) Compression ratio
9.3:1 Valve gear
DOHC with four valves per cylinder, Ti-VCT Cylinder head
DOHC Gravity die-cast aluminum alloy with sintered valve guides and seats Cylinder block
High-pressure die-cast aluminum alloy with bed plate Camshaft drive
Single chain Crankshaft
Cast iron with 47 mm diameter crankpins, eight counterweights, five 52 mm diameter main bearings and damped front pulley Engine management
Bosch MED17 with CAN-Bus and individual knock control Fuel injection
High-pressure fuel direct injection with 7-hole injectors Emission control
Close-coupled three-way catalyst system with heated oxygen sensors and catalyst monitor sensors after catalyst Emission level
Euro Stage 5 Turbocharger
Borg Warner K03 low-inertia integrated turbo system Lubrication system
Wet-Sump System capacity with filter
5.7Qt
Applications
Although not listed some 2.0 EcoBoost engines have a different block design including alternate weaker deck design and cooling ports missing. When installed in Volvos, these engines are called B4204T6 and T7.
It should also be noted that North American-spec and European-spec engines have different cylinder heads: North American market vehicles use a cylinder head with an integrated exhaust manifold, while European-spec vehicles use a cylinder head with individual exhaust ports and a conventional exhaust manifold.
162 PS (119 kW; 160 hp) at 6500 rpm, 146 lb⋅ft (198 N⋅m) at 4450 rpm[41]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)
A redesigned 2.0 L EcoBoost four-cylinder was introduced with the second-generation Ford Edge, followed by the 2017 Ford Escape in spring 2016.[52] It features a higher compression ratio than its predecessor (10.1:1 vs 9.3:1) along with a twin-scroll turbocharger and fuel and oil systems upgrades, as well as a redesigned block and cylinder head.[53] This new engine will deliver more low-end torque than its predecessor. It is expected to tow 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) in the redesigned Edge and 2017+ Escape.
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Seventh-generation Ford Mustang has an all-new 2.3-L engine. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023)
The 2.3L version of the EcoBoost engine debuted in the 2015 Ford Mustang and also the Lincoln MKC crossover and has been implemented in many Ford and Lincoln vehicles with various outputs.
The 2.3 L EcoBoost engine is produced with the 2.0 L EcoBoost at the Valencia Engine Plant in Valencia, Spain. In March 2015 Ford announced the official production start of the all-new twin-scroll 2.0-liter and 2.3-liter EcoBoost engines for North America at its Cleveland Engine Plant in Ohio.[57]
Applications
270 hp (201 kW; 274 PS) at 5500 rpm, 310 lb⋅ft (420 N⋅m) at 3000 rpm
Introduced with the 2015 Ford F-150 is a twin-turbo 2.7 L V6 EcoBoost engine. It delivers about 325 hp (242 kW) and 375 lb⋅ft (508 N⋅m).[69] The engine is built at the Lima Ford Engine Plant.[70] Ford has invested US$500 million in the Lima plant for the new engine. Ford also states that the new engine will bring 300 jobs to Allen County, Ohio,[71] but transfers from other plants make the actual number hard to pin down. A 335-hp version is to be an option on the 2017 Lincoln Continental. Being a next-generation design, it uses a two piece block design. Compacted graphite iron, a material Ford uses in its 6.7 L PowerStroke diesel engine, is used for the upper cylinder section with aluminum used for the lower stiffening section of the block.[72]
Applications
325 hp (242 kW) at 5750 rpm, 375 lb⋅ft (508 N⋅m) at 3000 rpm
The second generation 2.7L EcoBoost V6 was introduced with the 2018 Ford F-150 and is mated to a 10-speed transmission that debuted the year prior. It produces an additional 25 lb⋅ft (34 N⋅m) of torque over the first generation. The engine uses a compacted-graphite iron (CGI) block, which is both high strength and lightweight.
It boasts a number of changes from the first generation, with many carrying over from the second generation 3.5L EcoBoost engine that arrived a year earlier in the F-150. The most prominent change being the addition of port fuel injection, while keeping the direct injection system. It also has reduced internal friction to improve power and fuel economy, and new exhaust gas recirculation system.[75] The specific output of the engine is now 121 hp/L, versus the 395-hp Ford Coyote 5.0L naturally aspirated V-8 which has a specific output of only 78 hp/L. The peak torque matches the 5.0L V-8, albeit at a lower 2,750 rpm vs. 4,500 rpm for the V-8.
Additional changes include a new lightweight cam to save weight, dual-chain cam drive system that is stronger and reduces parasitic friction loss, a new electrically actuated wastegate that provides more accurate turbo boost control, a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system, and a variable-displacement belt-driven oil pump that is electronically controlled to modulate oil flow to further reduce parasitic losses.
[76]
Applications
325 hp (242 kW) at 5000 rpm, 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) at 2750 rpm
A 3.0L V6 twin-turbocharged gasoline direct-injection engine, derived from the 2.7 L EcoBoost, was released in 2016 that produces between 350 and 400 horsepower. The 3.0 L is gradually replacing the 3.7 L Ti-VCT Cyclone V6 engine in various vehicles, including the MKZ, Continental, Aviator, Ford Explorer and the 2022 Ford Bronco Raptor.
The 3.0-liter version of the engine was created by increasing the 2.7-liter's cylinder bore in the CGI-block from 83.0 millimeters to 85.3, and by lengthening piston stroke by 3.0 millimeters (to 86.0).[78]
Applications
350 hp (261 kW) at 5500 rpm, 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) at 2750 rpm (Front-wheel drive only)
2017– 2020 Lincoln MKZ
400 hp (298 kW) at 5750 rpm, 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) at 2750 rpm (All-wheel drive only)
2017– 2020 Lincoln Continental
2017– 2020 Lincoln MKZ
365 hp (272 kW) at 5500 rpm, 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm
2020–2021 Ford Explorer
392 hp (292 kW) at 5650 rpm, 430 lb⋅ft (583 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm
2022– Ford Ranger Raptor
400 hp (298 kW) at 5500 rpm, 415 lb⋅ft (563 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm
2020– Ford Explorer ST (2022– King Ranch & Platinum trims)
2020– Lincoln Aviator
418 hp (312 kW) at 5650 rpm, 440 lb⋅ft (597 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm
2022– Ford Bronco Raptor
494 hp (368 kW) total, with added electric engines at 5500 rpm, 630 lb⋅ft (854 N⋅m)total, with added electric motors at 3000 rpm
2020– Lincoln Aviator plug-in hybrid
550 hp (410 kW) at 6250 rpm, 594 lb⋅ft (805 N⋅m) at 5900 rpm
3.5 L (first generation)
The first Ford vehicle to feature this engine was the 2007 Lincoln MKRconcept vehicle under the name TwinForce.[79] The engine was designed to deliver power and torque output equivalent to a typical 6.0 L or larger-displacement V8 while achieving at least 15% better fuel efficiency and reduced greenhouse emissions. In the MKR, the concept TwinForce engine was rated at 415 hp (309 kW) and 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) of torque, as well as run on E85 fuel.[80] When the same prototype engine reappeared in the Lincoln MKT concept in 2008 North American International Auto Show, the name was changed to EcoBoost. Official EcoBoost production began on May 19, 2009 at Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1.
The production engines use the Duratec 35 V6 engine block. The fuel charging and delivery systems can attain high fuel pressures up to 14.8 megapascals (2,150 psi), necessary for efficient operation of the direct fuel injection system. The F-series EcoBoost 3.5L V6 uses two BorgWarner K03 turbochargers which can spin up to 170,000 rpm and provide up to 100 kPa (15 psi) of boost. The transverse EcoBoost 3.5L V6 uses two Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and provides up to 76 kPa (11 psi) of boost. The turbos are set up in a twin-turbo configuration. The engine can consume up to 25% more air over the naturally aspirated counterpart. Through the use of direct injection, the engine needs only regular-grade gasoline to run. The EcoBoost V6 was first available as an engine option for 2010 Lincoln MKS, followed by 2010 Ford Flex, 2010 Ford Taurus SHO, and 2010 Lincoln MKT.[81] The fuel-charging and -delivery systems were co-developed with Robert Bosch GmbH.[82]
In 2009, Ford modified an experimental 3.5 L V6 EcoBoost engine with both E85 direct injection and gasoline indirect fuel injection, which achieved a brake mean effective pressure of 2.72 MPa (395 psi) (27 bar), which translates to roughly 750 newton-metres (553 lb⋅ft) of torque and 316 horsepower (236 kW) at 3000 rpm (flat torque curve from 1500–3000 rpm).[83]
Applications
310 hp (231 kW) at 5500 rpm, 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) at 2250 rpm
The second generation 3.5L EcoBoost V6 (codename D35) was introduced for the 2017 Ford GT, revealed at the 2015 Detroit Auto Show in January, as well as the 2017 F-150, 2018 Expedition and 2018 Navigator.[92] It produces up to 647 hp (482 kW) [93] paired with a seven-speed semiautomatic transmission. This engine replaces the 5.4 L supercharged modular V8 from the last generation Ford GT. The GT was on an 11-year hiatus and returned in 2016 for the 2017 model year.
Also announced at the 2015 Detroit Auto Show was the 2017 Ford F-150 SVT Raptor, which is powered by an all-new 3.5 L twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6.[94] This new engine will produce 450 horsepower in the Raptor, up from the previous 6.2-L V8's 411.
The same second-generation 3.5L V6 is replacing the first-generation engine in the 2017 F-150 line-up. It will be standard on the F-150 Limited and remain an optional upgrade for other trim levels. Paired with the second-generation 3.5L EcoBoost V6 is the new 10R80 10-speed automatic transmission that was co-designed with GM. This new transmission will be outfitted on all second-generation 3.5L V6 EcoBoost F-150s. The 10-speed will be exclusive to the 3.5L EcoBoost engine in F-150s for the 2017 model year.
Changes from previous generation
The most prominent change is the addition of port fuel injection, while keeping the direct injectors. The port fuel injection was partly added due to the fuel output needs on the 3.5L HO Raptor engine, but also has several benefits for the 3.5L EcoBoost. It will prevent buildup on the intake valves and keep them clean due to fuel passing over the valves. Under certain engine conditions such as low rpm and low loads the high-pressure fuel pump and direct injection system will turn off and the engine will only use the port fuel injection, reducing efficiency losses due to the HPFP. Both systems will operate at cold start, which will reduce emissions that direct injection suffers due to cold cylinder walls and lower fuel atomization.
Turbocharger changes include electronically actuated wastegates, turbine wheels now made with lighter Mar-M-247 super-alloy increasing responsiveness, and the same 51 mm turbine wheels but with sharper vane angles allowing between 2.5 psi (0.17 bar) and 16 psi (1.1 bar) higher boost. The turbochargers continue to be supplied by Borg Warner.
The cam drive system changed from a single primary chain to a stronger two primary chain system with separate chains driving each cylinder bank. In addition to dual primary chains, the side plates on the chains were also thickened. The cam chain drive sprocket on the crankshaft is a double gear arrangement to drive the two primary chains. These two changes were done to improve the harmonics, and are also stronger to help minimize the chain stretch that can occur over time on the 1st generation 3.5L EcoBoost.
The camshafts were made hollow for weight savings, along with the addition of a roller-finger follower valvetrain. The compression ratio was increased from 10.0:1 to 10.5:1 (except on the 3.5L EcoBoost HO for the Raptor, which remains at 10.0:1).
The camshaft VCT (phaser) design was also changed to improve reliability and reduce the development of an engine start-up tapping/rattling noise over time. However, the VCT units are found to be failing around 40-80k miles, requiring a replacement to resolve.
Ford has issued multiple service bulletins, with the most recent being Customer Satisfaction Program 21N03 – Supplement #4.[95] This program extended warranty coverage under certain conditions for a VCT replacement due to tapping phasers.
The latest VCT part number (ML3Z prefix) is a significant redesign and so far has been durable and not shown the rattling/tapping issue develop.
Ford uses a single piston cooling jet per cylinder, but the oil volume was increased. The underside of the pistons were also redesigned to better transfer heat into the oil.
The engine also features auto start/stop, which decreases emissions during city driving by shutting the engine off in extended idling periods.
The engines are also 4 lb (1.8 kg) lighter than the previous 3.5L EcoBoost.
[96]
Applications
375 hp (280 kW) at 5000 rpm, 470 lb⋅ft (637 N⋅m) at 2250-3500 rpm
^Pettendy, Marton (July 27, 2009). "Ford Falcon EcoBoosted". GoAuto. John Mellor. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
