You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Open source widget toolkit and application development tools))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=January 2010))
((prose|date=January 2012))
((primary sources|date=February 2011))
))

((Infobox software
| name = GNUstep
| logo = GNUstep logo.svg
| logo size = 100px
| screenshot = Gnustep.png
| screenshot size = 300px
| caption = GNUstep screenshot, showing [[Window Maker]] and a variety of applications developed with the GNUstep libraries, including a [[gomoku]] game, [[calculator]], and [[TextEdit]].<ref>Ported from [[NeXTSTEP]]. Recent builds, when built with libobjc2, can use a newer version ported from [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]]</ref>
| developer = GNUstep Developers
| latest_release_version = make 2.9.0, base 1.28.0, gui 0.29.0, back 0.29.0
| latest_release_date = ((start date and age|2021|05|06))
| latest preview version = only in the SVN software repository
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
| programming language = [[Objective-C]]
| genre = [[Widget toolkit]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License]] for the applications <br /> [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] for the libraries.
| website = ((URL|https://gnustep.github.io/))
))

'''GNUstep''' is a [[free software]] implementation of the [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] (formerly [[OpenStep]]) [[Objective-C]] [[Software framework|frameworks]], [[widget toolkit]], and application development tools for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s and [[Microsoft Windows]]. It is part of the [[GNU Project]].

GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].  Apart from the default [[Objective-C]] interface, GNUstep also has [[language binding|bindings]] for [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.gnustep.org/experience/RIGS.html|title=GNUstep Developer Tools - RIGS|website=www.gnustep.org|access-date=10 April 2018))</ref> [[GNU Guile]] and [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme GScheme<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme/ |date=2005-12-18 ))</ref> The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] to remain compatible. The roots of the GNUstep application interface are the same as the roots of Cocoa: [[NeXTSTEP]] and [[OpenStep]]. GNUstep thus predates Cocoa, which emerged when [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] acquired [[NeXT]]'s technology and incorporated it into the development of the original [[macOS|Mac OS X]], while GNUstep was initially an effort by [[GNU Project|GNU]] developers to replicate the technically ambitious NeXTSTEP's programmer-friendly features.

== History ==
GNUstep began when [[Paul Kunz]] and others at [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] wanted to port [[HippoDraw]] from [[NeXTSTEP]] to another platform. Instead of rewriting HippoDraw from scratch and reusing only the application design, they [[Rewrite (programming)|decided to rewrite]] the NeXTSTEP [[object-oriented programming|object]] layer on which the application depended. This was the first version of ''libobjcX''. It enabled them to port HippoDraw to Unix systems running the [[X Window System]] without changing a single line of their application source. After the OpenStep specification was released to the public in 1994, they decided to write a new ''objcX'' which would adhere to the new APIs. The software would become known as "GNUstep".<ref>((cite web|url=http://gnustep.made-it.com/Guides/History.html|title=GNUstep History|website=gnustep.made-it.com|access-date=10 April 2018))</ref>

== Software architecture==
[[File:Free and open-source-software display servers and UI toolkits.svg|thumb|Illustrates software components of the Linux desktop stack like the [[display server]], [[widget toolkit|graphics control element libraries]] or [[graphical shell]]s.]]

=== Rendering ===
GNUstep contains a set of [[graphical control element]]s written in the Objective-C programming language.

The [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) of [[GNUMail]] is composed of graphics control elements. GNUMail has to interact with the [[windowing system]], e.g. [[X Window System core protocol|X11]] or [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], and its graphical user interface has to be [[Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]]. GNUstep's backend provides a small set of functions used by the user interface library to interface to the actual [[windowing system]]. It also has a [[rendering engine]] which emulates common [[PostScript|Postscript]] functions. The package gnustep-back provides the following backends:

* cairo – default backend using the [[cairo (graphics)|Cairo]] 2D graphics library.
* winlib – default backend on Microsoft Windows systems. Cairo and [[Windows API]] variants.
* art – old (deprecated) backend on unix-like systems. Uses the vector-based PostScript-like 2D graphics library [[Libart]].
* [[xlib]] – old (deprecated) X11 backend.

=== Paradigms ===
GNUstep inherits some design principles proposed in OPENSTEP (GNUstep predates Cocoa, but Cocoa is based on OPENSTEP) as well as the [[Objective-C]] language.

* [[Model–view–controller]] paradigm
* [[Target–action]]
* [[Drag-and-drop]]
* [[Delegation (computer science)|Delegation]]
* [[Message passing|Message forwarding]] (through NSInvocation)

=== Other interfaces ===
In addition to the Objective-C interface, some small projects under the GNUstep umbrella implement other APIs from Apple:
* The Boron library aims to implement the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon API]]. It is very incomplete.<ref>((cite web |title=gnustep/libs-boron: Boron is the atom that comes before carbon. |url=https://github.com/gnustep/libs-boron |website=GitHub |publisher=GNUstep |date=23 March 2019))</ref>
* The CoreBase library is designed to be compatible with [[Core Foundation]]. It is not complete enough for the Base (Foundation Kit) component to simply be a wrapper around it.<ref>((cite web |title=gnustep/libs-corebase |url=https://github.com/gnustep/libs-corebase |publisher=GNUstep |date=19 November 2019))</ref>
* The QuartzCore library implements [[Core Animation]] APIs.<ref>((cite web |title=gnustep/libs-quartzcore |url=https://github.com/gnustep/libs-quartzcore |publisher=GNUstep |date=11 December 2019))</ref> The Opal library implements [[Quartz 2D]].
((as of|2020|02)), there are no projects that build the [[Swift programming language]] against the GNUstep Objective-C environment.

== Applications ==
Here are some examples of applications written for or ported to GNUstep.<ref>((cite web|url=http://wiki.gnustep.org/index.php/Category:Applications|title=Category:Applications - GNUstepWiki|website=wiki.gnustep.org|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323152437/http://wiki.gnustep.org/index.php/Category:Applications|url-status=dead))</ref>

((See also|Category:Software that uses GNUstep))

=== Written from scratch ===
* Addresses, an address/[[contacts manager]]
* Étoilé, a [[desktop environment]]
* [[GNUMail]], an [[e-mail client]]
* GNUstep Database Library 2, an [[Enterprise Objects Framework]] clone
* [[GNUstepWeb]], an application server compatible with WebObjects 4.x
* [[Gorm (computing)|Gorm]], a [[user interface]] builder application, and part of the developer tools of GNUstep. Gorm is the equivalent of [[Interface Builder]] that was originally found on [[NeXTSTEP]], then [[OPENSTEP]], and finally on [[Mac OS X]]. It supports the old ''.nib'' files as well as its own ''.gorm'' file format.
* GWorkspace, a workspace and [[file manager]]
* Grr, an [[RSS Feed Reader|RSS feed reader]]
* [[Oolite (video game)|Oolite]], a clone of ''[[Elite (video game)|Elite]]'', a space simulation game with trading components
* PRICE, imaging application
* ProjectCenter, the [[Project Builder]] or [[Xcode]] equivalent.
* TalkSoup, an [[IRC]] client
* [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]]
* Zipper, a [[file archiver]] tool

=== Ported from NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, or macOS ===
* Adun
* [http://bioinformatics.org/biococoa/wiki/pmwiki.php BioCocoa]
* [[Chess (Mac OS)|Chess]]
* [http://cenon.info Cenon]
* [http://twilightedge.com/mac/redoomed/index.html DoomEd]
* [http://www.edenwaith.com/products/edenmath/ EdenMath]
* Eggplant
* [[Emacs]]
* Fortunate
* [[Gomoku]]
* NeXTGO
* [http://twilightedge.com/mac/pikopixel/ PikoPixel]
* [[TextEdit]]
* [http://www.nongnu.org/gap/timemon/index.html TimeMon]

=== Forks of GNUstep ===
* [[Universal Windows Platform]], which includes a [[WinObjC]] suite consisting of various parts of GNUstep and [[Microsoft]]'s own implementations of things like the [[Cocoa Touch]] API.<ref name=libobjc>((cite web |title=GNUstep Objective-C Runtime 2.0 |url=https://github.com/gnustep/libobjc2/releases/tag/v2.0 |website=GitHub |quote=Note: Microsoft's WinObjC project contains a friendly fork of this library that includes a work around for the incremental linking issue.))</ref>

== Class capabilities ==

===Foundation Kit===
The [[Foundation Kit]] provides basic classes such as wrapper classes and data structure classes.

===Application Kit===

The [[Application Kit]] provides classes oriented around [[graphical user interface]] capabilities.

== See also ==
((Portal|Free and open-source software))
* [[Darling (software)]], a compatibility layer that relies on GNUstep
* [[GNUstep fat bundle]]
* [[GNUstep Renaissance]], framework for XML description of portable GNUstep/Mac OS X [[user interface]]s
* [[Miller Columns]], the method of file tree browsing the GWorkspace File Viewer uses
* [[Property list]], often used file format to store user settings
* [[StepTalk]], Scripting framework
* [[Window Maker]], a window manager designed to emulate the NeXT GUI as part of the wider GNUstep project

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons))
* ((official |url=https://gnustep.github.io/))
* [https://gap.nongnu.org/ GNUstep Application Project]
* [http://www.network-theory.co.uk/articles/pero.html A 2003 interview with GNUstep developer Nicola Pero] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107021109/http://www.network-theory.co.uk/articles/pero.html |date=2007-01-07 ))
* [https://twit.tv/floss44 FLOSS Weekly Interview with Gregory Casamento and Riccardo Mottola from GNUstep]
* GNUstep on [https://packages.debian.org/sid/gnustep Debian], [https://cgit.freebsd.org/ports/tree/devel/gnustep FreeBSD], [https://ports.macports.org/port/gnustep/ MacPorts]
* [https://github.com/trunkmaster/nextspace NEXTSPACE desktop environment, based on GNUstep]

((GNU))
((Widget toolkits))
((Software in the Public Interest))

((DEFAULTSORT:Gnustep))
[[Category:GNUstep| ]]
[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Objective-C]]
[[Category:GNU Project software]]
[[Category:NeXT]]
[[Category:Software that uses Cairo (graphics)]]
[[Category:Widget toolkits]]
[[Category:X Window System]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

GNUstep (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:As of (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:GNU (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox software (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox software/simple (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Official (view source) (protected)
Template:Official website (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Primary sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Prose (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Software in the Public Interest (edit)
Template:Start date and age (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Time ago (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Widget toolkits (edit)
Template:Wikidata (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Official website (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/f (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Time ago (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to GNUstep.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep"