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((refimprove|date=March 2010))
((Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Get Away Special (GAS)
| names_list            = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed. 
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak. 
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name. 
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image                 = File:GAS logo.gif
| image_caption         = <!--image caption-->
| image_alt             = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size            = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = Various
| operator              = NASA
| Harvard_designation   = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID             = <!--spacecraft launched since 1963 only (aka NSSDC ID; eg. 1998-067A)-->
| SATCAT                = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)-->
| website               = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| mission_duration      = <!--How long the mission lasted-->
| distance_travelled    = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed      = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range      = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee     = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft            = 
| spacecraft_type       = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus        = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer          = <!--company or companies who built the satellite-->
| launch_mass           = <!--fuelled mass at launch, not including rocket or upper stage-->
| BOL_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass          = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass          = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions            = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

| programme             = Shuttle Small Payloads Project
))

'''Getaway Special''' was a [[NASA]] program that offered interested individuals, or groups, opportunities to fly small [[experiment]]s aboard the [[Space Shuttle]]. Over the 20-year history of the program, over 170 individual missions were flown.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/gas/new.html|title=Get Away Special - What's New|date=June 4, 2004|website=Gas Away Special - NASA GSFC|publisher=NASA GSFC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604042524/http://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/gas/new.html|archive-date=June 4, 2004|access-date=June 15, 2016|url-status=dead|quote=To commemorate 20 years of flight and 167 individual missions of the Get Away Special (GAS) Program, the Shuttle Small Payloads Project Office (Code 870) held an Open House on June 27, 2002 at the Goddard Visitor Center.))</ref> The program, which was officially known as the ''Small, Self-Contained Payloads program'', was canceled following the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]] on February 1, 2003.

== History ==
[[Image:GAS closeup sts-91.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Two Getaway Special (GAS) canisters, used on [[STS-91]]]]
The program was conceived by [[NASA]]'s [[Shuttle program]] manager [[John F. Yardley|John Yardley]], and announced in the fall of 1976. The "Getaway Special" nickname originated from a special vacation fare for flights between Los Angeles and Honolulu being advertised by [[Trans World Airlines]] at the time around the program's conception.

The first Getaway Special was purchased by Gilbert Moore of [[Thiokol]] on October 12, 1976,<ref name="GAS20">((cite web|title=NASA's Get Away Special Program: Twenty Years and No Sign of Running out of GAS|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=8744|access-date=August 21, 2019))</ref> and donated to [[Utah State University]]. It was flown on ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'' during STS-4 in June/July 1982.<ref>[https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_004_STS-004_Press_Kit.pdf NASA.gov]</ref> The program was canceled after the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]] on February 1, 2003. The last Getaway Special, which was carried aboard [[STS-107]], was the [[Freestar experiment]] package, which carried six different experiments. Much of the data was lost when ''Columbia'' was destroyed, but some data was transmitted during the mission.

After reorganization of the Shuttle Program, NASA cited the need for the remaining Shuttle fleet to complete assembly of the ISS to justify its decision to cancel the program. The GAS program canisters and GAS Bridge combined weight were only usable on low orbit missions, which were rescheduled with higher priority payloads. With payload and program limits set on the remaining Shuttle missions until the expected STS close-out in 2010, the GAS program was eliminated.

((Bar chart
| title      = GAS Cans Per Year
| label_type = Year
| data_type  = Cans Flown (Shuttle Flight)
| data_max   = 23
| label1  = 1982 | data1  = 2 | comment1  = STS-4/5
| label2  = 1983 | data2  = 14 | comment2  = STS-6/7/8
| label3  = 1984 | data3  = 23 | comment3  =  STS-41B/G
| label4  = 1985 | data4  = 12 | comment4  =  STS-51-D/B/G/61-A/B
| label5  = 1986 | data5  = 12| comment5  =  STS-61-C
| label6  = 1987 | data6  = 0| comment6  =  
| label7  = 1988 | data7  = 0| comment7  =  
| label8  = 1989 | data8  = 2| comment8  =  STS-28/34
| label9  = 1990 | data9  = 0| comment9  =  
| label10  = 1991 | data10  = 12| comment10  =  STS-40
| label11  = 1992 | data11  = 20| comment11  =  STS-42/45/47
| label12  = 1993 | data12  = 10| comment12  =  STS-57
| label13  = 1994 | data13  = 20| comment13  =  STS-59/60/64
| label14  = 1995 | data14  = 6| comment14  =  STS-67/68/69
| label15  = 1996 | data15  = 15| comment15  =  STS-72/76/77
| label16  = 1997 | data16  = 3| comment16  =  STS-85/87
| label17  = 1998 | data17  = 16| comment17  =  STS-88/89/90/91/95
| label18  = 1999 | data18  = 0| comment18  =  
| label19  = 2000 | data19  = 1| comment19  =  STS-106
| label20  = 2001 | data20  = 9| comment20  =  STS-102/105/108
| label21  = 2003 | data21  = 6| comment21  =  STS-107
|caption= Total missions: 173<ref>((cite web|title=Gas Away Special - Historical Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604041405/http://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/gas/history.html|archive-date=June 4, 2004|url-status=dead|url=http://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/gas/history.html))</ref>
))

== Allocation ==
To assure that diverse groups would have access to space, [[NASA]] rotated GAS payload assignments among four major categories of users: educational, foreign, commercial, and U.S. government. GAS payloads had been reserved by foreign governments and individuals; U.S. industrialists, foundations, high schools, colleges and universities; professional societies; service clubs; and many others. Although persons and groups involved in space research obtained many of the reservations, a large number of spaces were reserved by persons and organizations outside the space community.

GAS requests were first approved at [[NASA Headquarters]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], by the director of the Transportation Services Office. At that point NASA screened the propriety and objectives of each request. To complete the reservation process for GAS payloads, each request was accompanied or preceded by the payment of [[United States dollar|$]]500. Approved requests were assigned an identification number and referred to the GAS team at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] in [[Greenbelt, Maryland]], the designated lead center for the project. The GAS team screened the proposals for safety and provided advice and consultation on payload design. It certified that proposed payloads would be safe and would not harm or interfere with the operations of the space shuttle, its crew, or other experiments on the flight. The costs of any physical testing required to answer safety questions before launch were borne by the GAS customer.

== Requirements ==

[[Image:GAS mounted sts-91.jpg|400px|thumb|GAS canisters shown mounted in the [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] cargo bay. This image is from STS-91. The front of the Shuttle is to the left of the picture.]]

There were no stringent requirements to qualify for participation in the GAS program. However, each [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]] was required to meet specific safety criteria, have been screened for its propriety, as well as being evaluated for its educational, scientific or technological objectives. These guidelines preclude commemorative items, such as medallions, that are intended for sale as objects that have flown in space. [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle program]] had specific standards and conditions relating to GAS payloads. Payloads were required to have fit into NASA standard containers and weigh no more than ((Convert|200|lb)). Two or more experiments could have been included in a single container if they fit while not exceeding weight limitations. The payload must have been self-powered, as experiments could not draw on the Shuttle orbiter's electricity. In addition, the crew's involvement with GAS payloads was limited to six simple activities (such as turning on and off up to three payload switches), due to the fact that crew activity schedules do not provide opportunities to either monitor or service GAS payloads in flight.

The cost of this unique service depended on the size and weight of the experiment. Getaway specials of ((Convert|200|lbs)) and ((Convert|5|cuft)) cost [[United States dollar|$]]10,000; ((Convert|100|lbs)) and ((Convert|2.5|cuft)), $5,000; and ((Convert|60|lbs)) and ((Convert|2.5|cuft)), $3,000. The weight of the GAS container, experiment mounting plate and its attachment screws, and all hardware regularly supplied by NASA was not charged to the experimenter's weight allowance.

The GAS container provided internal [[pressure]], which could be varied from near [[vacuum]] to about one [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmosphere]]. The bottom and sides of the container were always [[Thermal insulation|thermally insulated]], and the top may have been insulated or not, depending on the specific experiment. A lid that could be opened, or one with a window, may be required, and were offered as options at additional cost. The GAS containers were made of [[aluminum]], and the circular end plates are <sup>5</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> inch (16&nbsp;mm) thick aluminum. The bottom ((Convert|3|in)) of the container were reserved for NASA interface equipment, such as [[command decoder]]s and [[pressure regulator|pressure regulating]] systems. The container was a pressure vessel that could be evacuated before or during launch, or on orbit, and could be re-pressurized during re-entry, or on orbit, as required by the experimenter.

The getaway bridge, which was capable of holding 12 canisters, made its maiden flight on [[STS-61-C]]. The aluminum bridge fit across the payload bay of the orbiter and offered a convenient and economic way of flying several GAS canisters.

== Example of GAS experiments ==
* STS-7 - [[Pugas]]
* STS-40 - [[G-616]] Cosmic Radiation Effects on Floppy Disks
* STS-47 - [[Project POSTAR]]
* STS-61-C - 1986: Vertical Horizons (G-481)
**Ellery Kurtz, artist, and Howard Wishnow, Project Coordinator. An art conservation experiment on board the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]. Included in the canister as part of the experiment were four original oil paintings by Kurtz, and other artistic materials, in order to evaluate the effects of spaceflight on fine art materials.
* STS-91 - June 2, 1998 (G-743)<ref>[http://www.scis.nova.edu/~esa/about.htm Terrestrial and Atmospheric Multispectral Explorer (TAMSE) - An Interdisciplinary Payload to Perform Space Based Remote Sensing and to Measure Microgravity and Radiation Effects.] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410053944/http://www.scis.nova.edu/~esa/about.htm |date=2009-04-10 ))</ref>

==Full list of experiments==

((Sspp missions))

==See also==
((portal|Spaceflight))
* [[Hitchhiker Program]] - program run by the same office as the GAS Program (SSPP)
* [[Space Shuttle]]
((Clear))

== References ==
((Reflist))

== Further reading ==
((Div col|colwidth=30em))
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/spacelab.html GETAWAY SPECIAL PROGRAM] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918002441/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/spacelab.html |date=2012-09-18 ))
* ((cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/79871 | doi=10.1109/13.79871 | title=Get Away Special (GAS) educational applications of space flight | year=1991 | last1=Gerondakis | first1=G.G. | journal=IEEE Transactions on Education | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=5–10 | bibcode=1991ITEdu..34....5G | hdl=2060/19890009950 | hdl-access=free ))
* [http://www.successwithseed.org/seeds-in-space-history First Flight: the Get Away Special]
* [http://www.endeavours.org/sec/about_us/SILHISTORYWEB.htm ENDEAVOUR]
* [http://www.arttechnologies.com/clar-sfd.html Space Flight Dolphin]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890001548_1989001548.pdf The Transportation of Fine Arts Materials Aboard the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'', GAS Payload 481 PDF]
* [http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/march2005.html Remarks at the funeral of NASA's Get Away Special Program]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790077385_1979077385.pdf Crew compartment annex: Get Away Special (GAS) 1979]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790079986_1979079986.pdf Flight planning annex. Get Away Special (GAS) flight test payload 1979]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790077384_1979077384.pdf Payload data package annex. Get Away Special (GAS) 1979]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900007459_1990007459.pdf Get Away Special: The First Ten Years PDF] 
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840019690_1984019690.pdf Get Away Special: Experimenter's Symposium 1984) PDF]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19860017825_1986017825.pdf Get Away Special: Experimenter's Symposium 1985 PDF]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870010869_1987010869.pdf Get Away Special: Experimenter's Symposium 1986 PDF]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880008307_1988008307.pdf Get Away Special: Experimenter's Symposium 1987 PDF]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890001531_1989001531.pdf Get Away Special: Experimenter's Symposium 1988 PDF]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930003970_1993003970.pdf The 1992 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940014689_1994014689.pdf The 1993 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960003744_1996103744.pdf The 1995 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990087485_1999116299.pdf The 1999 Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium]
((div col end))

((Space Shuttle))
((GSFC))

((Use American English|date=January 2014))

[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:University of Michigan]]

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