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((short description|Historical development of the Isle of Man))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((More citations needed|date=April 2018))
The [[Isle of Man]] had become physically separated from [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]] by 6500 BC. It appears that colonisation took place by sea sometime during the [[Mesolithic]] era (about 6500 BC).<ref name=Brad8>Richard Bradley ''The prehistory of Britain and Ireland,'' Cambridge University Press, 2007, ((ISBN|0-521-84811-3)) p. 8</ref> The island has been visited by various [[Raid (military)|raiders]] and [[trade|trading peoples]] over the years. After being settled by people from Ireland in the first millennium [[Anno Domini|AD]], the Isle of Man was converted to Christianity and then suffered raids by [[Viking]]s from [[Norway]]. After becoming subject to Norwegian [[suzerainty]] as part of the [[Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]], the Isle of Man later became a possession of the Scottish and then the English crowns.

Since 1866, the Isle of Man has been a [[Crown Dependency]] and has [[Democracy|democratic]] [[self-government]].
[[Image:Old House of Keys.jpg|thumb|right|[[Old House of Keys]], [[Castletown, Isle of Man|Castletown]]]]

==Prehistory==
[[Image:Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg|thumb|150px|Cross-section of the Irish Sea through Man, showing sea levels.]]
[[Image:CIIC 504.gif|thumb|150px|[[Ogham]] stone from the Isle of Man showing the ''droim'' in centre. Text reads BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA[LI]; in English: Of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava[li].]]

===Mesolithic===
The Isle of Man effectively became an island around 8,500 years ago at around the time when rising sea levels caused by the melting glaciers cut [[Mesolithic]] Britain off from continental Europe for the last time. There had earlier been a land bridge between the Isle of Man and Cumbria, but the location and opening of the land bridge remain poorly understood.<ref>''A New History of the Isle of Man Volume 1 - The Evolution of the Natural Landscape.'' edited by Richard Hiverrell and Geoffrey Thomas pp295-296 (1st Edition)(2006) Liverpool University Press ((ISBN|0-85323-587-2))</ref>

The earliest traces of people on the Isle of Man date back to the Mesolithic Period, also known as the Middle Stone Age. The first residents lived in small natural shelters, [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting, gathering and fishing]] for their food. They used small tools made of [[flint]] or bone, examples of which have been found near the coast. Examples of these artifacts are kept at the [[Manx National Heritage]] museum.

===Neolithic to Bronze Age===
The [[Neolithic]] Period marked the coming of [[farming]], improved [[stone tool]]s and [[pottery]]. During this period [[Megalith|megalithic monuments]] began to appear around the island. Examples are found at [[Cashtal yn Ard]] near [[Maughold]], [[King Orry's Grave]] in [[Laxey]], Meayll Circle near [[Cregneash]], and Ballaharra Stones in [[St John's, Isle of Man|St John's]]. The builders of the megaliths were not the only culture during this time; there are also remains of the local [[Ronaldsway culture]] (lasting from the late Neolithic into the Bronze Age).

===Iron Age===
The [[Iron Age]] marked the beginning of [[Celts|Celtic]] cultural influence. Large [[hill fort]]s appeared on hill summits and smaller promontory forts along the coastal cliffs, while large timber-framed [[roundhouse (dwelling)|roundhouses]] were built.

It is likely that the first Celts to inhabit the Island were [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] tribes from mainland Britain. The secular history of the Isle of Man during the Brythonic period remains mysterious. It is not known if the [[Roman Britain|Romans]] ever made a landing on the island and if they did, little evidence has been discovered. There is evidence for contact with Roman Britain as an [[amphora]] was discovered at the settlement on the [[South Barrule]]; it is hypothesised this may have been trade goods or plunder.((citation needed|date=July 2021))

It is generally assumed that Irish invasion or immigration formed the basis of the modern Manx language; Irish migration to the island probably began in the 5th century AD. This is evident in the change in language used in [[Ogham]] inscriptions. The transition between ''Manx Brythonic'' (a [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic language]] like modern [[Welsh language|Welsh]]) and ''[[Manx Gaelic]]'' (a [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic language]] like modern [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Irish language|Irish]]) may have been gradual. One question is whether the present-day Manx language survives from pre-Norse days or reflects a linguistic reintroduction after the Norse invasion. The island lends its name to ''[[Manannán mac Lir|Manannán]]'', the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island.

==Middle Ages==

===Early Middle Ages===
Tradition attributes the island's conversion to Christianity to [[St Maughold]] (Maccul), an Irish missionary who gives his name to a parish. There are the remains of around 200 tiny early chapels called [[keeill|keeils]] scattered across the island. Evidence such as [[radiocarbon dating]] and [[magnetic drift]] points to many of these being built around AD 550–600.<ref>((cite book|title=Speke Keeill, Mount Murray Hotel, Isle of Man: Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results|url=http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/files/62511_Isle%20of%20Man%20report.pdf|publisher=[[Wessex Archaeology]]|date=2007|access-date=2016-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072202/http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/files/62511_Isle%20of%20Man%20report.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead))</ref>

The [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] culture of ''Manaw'' appears throughout early British tradition and later [[Medieval Welsh literature|Welsh writings]]. The family origins of [[Gwriad ap Elidyr]] (father of [[Merfyn Frych]] and grandfather of [[Rhodri the Great]]) are attributed to a ''Manaw'' and he is sometimes named as  ''Gwriad Manaw''.<ref name=Lloyd324>((cite book |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest|last= Lloyd|first= John Edward|author-link= John Edward Lloyd|year= 1912|publisher= Longmans, Green, and Co.|page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ/page/n346 324] and note |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ |quote=Gwriad.|access-date=May 30, 2013))</ref> The 1896 discovery of a cross inscribed ''Crux Guriat'' (Cross of Gwriad) and dated to the 8th or 9th century greatly supports this theory.<ref>((Harvcolnb|Kermode|1897|pp=48–53)), ''A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man''</ref>

The best record of any event before the incursions of the Northmen is attributed to [[Báetán mac Cairill]], king of [[Ulster]], who (according to the ''[[Annals of Ulster]]'') led an expedition to Man in 577–578, imposing his authority on the island (though some have thought this event may refer to [[Manaw Gododdin|Manau Gododdin]] between the Firths of [[Firth of Clyde|Clyde]] and [[Firth of Forth|Forth]], rather than the Isle of Man).((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537)) After Báetán's death in 581, his rival [[Áedán mac Gabráin]], king of [[Dál Riata]], is said to have taken the island in 582.

Even if the supposed conquest of the Menavian islands – Mann and [[Anglesey]] – by [[Edwin of Northumbria]], in 616, did take place, it could not have led to any permanent results, for when the English were driven from the coasts of [[Cumberland]] and [[Lancashire]] soon afterwards, they could not well have retained their hold on the island to the west of these coasts.((citation needed|date=January 2017)) One can speculate, however, that when [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria|Ecgfrið]]'s Northumbrians laid Ireland waste from Dublin to [[Drogheda]] in 684, they temporarily occupied Mann.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537))

===Viking Age and Norse kingdom===
((main|Kingdom of the Isles))
The period of Scandinavian domination is divided into two main epochs – before and after the conquest of Mann by [[Godred Crovan]] in 1079. Warfare and unsettled rule characterise the earlier epoch, the later saw comparatively more peace.
[[Image:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg|thumb|right|The [[Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]] about the year 1100. Sodor and Mann in red.]]
Between about AD 800 and 815 the Vikings came to Mann chiefly for plunder. Between about 850 and 990, when they settled, the island fell under the rule of the Scandinavian [[Kings of Dublin]] and between 990 and 1079, it became subject to the powerful [[Earl of Orkney|Earls of Orkney]].((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537))

There was a mint producing coins on Mann between c. 1025 and c. 1065. These Manx coins were minted from an imported type 2 [[Hiberno-Norse]] penny die from [[Dublin]]. Hiberno-Norse coins were first minted under Sihtric, [[King of Dublin]]. This illustrates that Mann may have been under the thumb of Dublin at this time.

Little is known about the conqueror, [[Godred Crovan]]. According to the ''Chronicon Manniae'' he subdued Dublin, and a great part of [[Leinster]], and held the Scots in such subjection that supposedly no one who set out to build a vessel dared to insert more than three bolts. The memory of such a ruler would be likely to survive in tradition, and it seems probable therefore that he is the person commemorated in Manx legend under the name of King Gorse or Orry.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537)) He created the [[Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]] in around 1079 including the south-western islands of Scotland until 1164, when two separate kingdoms were formed from it. In 1154, later known as the [[Diocese of Sodor and Man]], was formed by the [[Catholic Church]].

The islands under his rule were called the ''Suðr-eyjar'' (South isles, in contrast to the ''Norðr-eyjar'' North isles", i.e. Orkney and [[Shetland]]), consisting of the [[Hebrides]], all the smaller western islands of [[Scotland]], and Mann. At a later date his successors took the title of ((lang|la|Rex Manniae et Insularum)) ([[King of Mann and the Isles|King of Mann and of the Isles]]).((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537)) The kingdom's capital was on [[St Patrick's Isle]], where [[Peel Castle]] was built on the site of a Celtic monastery.

[[Olaf I Godredsson|Olaf]], Godred's son, exercised considerable power and according to the Chronicle, maintained such close alliance with the kings of Ireland and Scotland that no one ventured to disturb the Isles during his time (1113–1152). In 1156 his son [[Godred II Olafsson|Godred]] (reigned 1153–1158), who for a short period also ruled over Dublin, lost the smaller islands off the coast of Argyll as a result of a quarrel with [[Somerled]] (the ruler of [[Argyll]]). An independent sovereignty thus appeared between((clarify|date=January 2017)) the two divisions of his kingdom.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537))

In the 1130s the Catholic Church sent a small mission to establish the first [[Diocese|bishopric]] on the Isle of Man, and appointed [[Wimund]] as the first bishop. He soon afterwards embarked with a band of followers on a career of murder and looting throughout Scotland and the surrounding islands.

During the whole of the Scandinavian period, the Isles remained nominally under the suzerainty of the [[Kings of Norway]] but the Norwegians only occasionally asserted it with any vigour.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537)) The first such king to assert control over the region was likely [[Magnus III of Norway|Magnus Barelegs]], at the turn of the 12th century. It was not until Hakon Hakonarson's 1263 expedition that another king returned to the Isles.

===Decline of Norse rule===
[[File:NW Britain 11th cent.jpg|300px|thumb|left|11th century (north is to the right)]]

From the middle of the 12th century until 1217 the suzerainty had remained of a very shadowy character; Norway had become a prey to civil dissensions. But after that date it became a reality, and Norway consequently came into collision with the growing power of the [[kingdom of Scotland]].((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537))

Early in the 13th century, when [[Ragnald IV of the Isle of Man|Ragnald]] (reigned 1187–1229) paid homage to King [[John of England]] (reigned 1199–1216), we hear for the first time of English intervention in the affairs of Mann.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=537)) But a period of Scots domination would precede the establishment of full English control.

Finally, in 1261, [[Alexander III of Scotland]] sent envoys to Norway to negotiate for the cession of the isles, but their efforts led to no result. He therefore initiated a war, which ended in the indecisive [[Battle of Largs]] against the Norwegian fleet in 1263. However, the Norwegian king [[Haakon IV of Norway|Haakon Haakonsson]] died the following winter, and this allowed King Alexander to bring the war to a successful conclusion. [[Magnus Olafsson|Magnus Olafsson, King of Mann and the Isles]] (reigned 1252–1265), who had campaigned on the Norwegian side, had to surrender all the islands over which he had ruled, except Mann, for which he did [[homage (feudal)|homage]]. Two years later Magnus died and in 1266 King [[Magnus VI of Norway]] ceded the islands, including Mann, to Scotland in the [[Treaty of Perth]] in consideration of the sum of 4,000 [[Mark (money)|marks]] (known as ((lang|sco|merks)) in Scotland) and an [[annuity]] of 100 marks. But Scotland's rule over Mann did not become firmly established until 1275, when the Manx suffered defeat in the decisive [[Battle of Ronaldsway]], near [[Castletown, Isle of Man|Castletown]].((sfn|Moore|1911|pp=537–538))

===English dominance===
In 1290 King [[Edward I of England]] sent [[Walter de Huntercombe, 1st Baron Huntercombe|Walter de Huntercombe]] to seize possession of Mann, and it remained in English hands until 1313, when [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert Bruce]] took it after besieging [[Castle Rushen]] for five weeks. In about 1333 King [[Edward III of England]] granted Mann to [[William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury|William de Montacute]], 3rd [[Baron]] Montacute (later the 1st [[Earl of Salisbury]]), as his absolute possession, without reserving any service to be rendered to him.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

Then, in 1346, the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] decided the long struggle between England and Scotland in England's favour.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538)) King [[David II of Scotland]], Robert Bruce's last male heir, had been captured in the Battle of Neville's Cross and ransomed; however, when Scotland was unable to raise one of the ransom installments, David made a secret agreement with King [[Edward III of England]] to cancel it, in return for transferring the Scottish kingdom to an English prince.

Following the secret agreement, there followed a confused period when Mann sometimes experienced English rule and sometimes Scottish. In 1388 the island was "ravaged" by [[Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale]] on his way home from the destruction of the town of [[Carlingford, County Louth|Carlingford]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras#page/899/mode/2up The Douglas book<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 1392 William de Montacute's son sold the island, including sovereignty, to Sir [[William le Scrope]]. In 1399 [[Henry IV of England|Henry Bolinbroke]] brought about the beheading of Le Scrope, who had taken the side of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] when Bolinbroke usurped the throne and appointed himself ''Henry IV''. The island then came into the de facto possession of Henry, who granted it to [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland]]; but following the latter's later attainder, Henry IV, in 1405, made a lifetime grant of it, with the patronage of the bishopric, to Sir [[John I Stanley of the Isle of Man|John Stanley]]. In 1406 this grant was extended – on a [[feudatory]] basis under the English Crown – to Sir John's heirs and assigns, the feudal fee being the service of rendering [[Homage (medieval)|homage]] and [[tribute|two falcons]] to all future Kings of England on their [[coronation]]s.

==Early Modern period==
With the accession of the Stanleys to the throne there begins a more settled epoch in Manx history. Though the island's new rulers rarely visited its shores, they placed it under governors, who, in the main, seem to have treated it with the justice of the time. Of the thirteen members of the family who ruled in Mann, the second [[John II Stanley of the Isle of Man|Sir John Stanley]] (1414–1432), [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|James, the 7th Earl]] (1627–1651), and the [[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby|10th Earl of the same name]] (1702–1736) had the most important influence on it. They first curbed the power of the spiritual barons((clarify|date=January 2017)), introduced trial by jury, which superseded [[trial by battle]], and ordered the laws to be written. The second, known as the Great Stanley, and his wife, [[Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby|Charlotte de la Tremoille]] (or Tremouille), are probably the most striking figures in Manx history.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

===Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum; 1642 to 1660===
[[File:James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]]]]
Shortly after the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] began in June 1643, [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]] returned to Mann to find the island on the brink of rebellion. Among the causes were complaints at the level of [[tithes]] payable to the [[Church of England]], and Derby's attempts to replace the Manx ‘tenure of straw’ by which many of his tenants held their lands, a customary tenure akin to freehold, with commercial leases. He managed to restore the situation through a series of meetings, but made minimal concessions.((sfn|Coward|2004))

Six months after [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] was executed on 30 January 1649, Derby received a summons from [[Henry Ireton|General Ireton]] to surrender the island, but declined to do so. In August 1651, he and 300 Manxmen landed in Lancashire to take part in the [[Third English Civil War]]; defeated at [[Battle of Wigan Lane|Wigan Lane]] on 25 August 1651, Derby escaped with only 30 troops to join [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Captured after the [[Battle of Worcester]] in September, he was imprisoned in [[Chester Castle]], tried by [[court-martial]] and executed at [[Bolton]] on 15 October.((sfn|Coward|2004))

Soon after Stanley's death, the Manx Militia, under the command of William Christian (known by his [[Manx language|Manx]] name of [[Illiam Dhone]]), rose against the Countess and captured all the insular forts except Rushen and Peel. They were then joined by a Parliamentarian force sent from the mainland, led by Colonels [[Thomas Birch (English Parliamentarian)|Thomas Birch]] and [[Robert Duckenfield]], to whom the Countess surrendered after a brief resistance.((sfn|Booker|1859|p=95))((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

[[Oliver Cromwell]] had appointed [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] "Lord of Mann and the Isles" in September 1651, so that Mann continued under a monarchical government and remained in the same relation to England as before.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

===1660 Restoration===
The restoration of Stanley government in 1660 therefore caused as little friction and alteration as its temporary cessation had. One of the first acts of the new Lord, [[Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby]], was to order Christian to be tried. He was found guilty and executed. Of the other persons implicated in the rebellion only three were excepted from the general amnesty. But by [[Order in Council]], Charles II pardoned them, and the judges responsible for the sentence on Christian were punished.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

Charles Stanley's next act was to dispute the permanency of the tenants' holdings, which they had not at first regarded as being affected by the acceptance of leases, a proceeding which led to an almost open rebellion against his authority and to the neglect of agriculture, in lieu of which the people devoted themselves to the fisheries and to contraband trade.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

Charles Stanley, who died in 1672, was succeeded first by his son William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby until his death in 1702.

The agrarian question subsided only in 1704, when [[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby]], William's brother and successor, largely through the influence of [[Thomas Wilson (bishop)|Bishop Wilson]], entered into a compact with his tenants, which became embodied in an Act, called the [[Act of Settlement 1704|Act of Settlement]]. Their compact secured the tenants in the possession of their estates in perpetuity subject only to a fixed rent, and a small fine on succession or [[Alienation (property law)|alienation]]. From the great importance of this act to the Manx people it has been called their ''[[Magna Carta]]''. As time went on, and the value of the estates increased, the rent payable to the Lord became so small in proportion as to be almost nominal,((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538)) being extinguished by purchase in 1916.

===Revestment===
James died in 1736, and the [[suzerainty]] of the isle passed to [[James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl]], his first cousin and heir-male. In 1764 he was succeeded by his only surviving child [[Charlotte Murray, Duchess of Atholl|Charlotte, Baroness Strange]], and her husband, [[John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl|John Murray]], who ([[Jure uxoris|in right of]] his wife) became [[Lord of Mann]]. In about 1720 the [[smuggling|contraband trade]] had greatly increased. In 1726 [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] had checked it somewhat for a time, but during the last ten years of the Atholl regime (1756–1765) it assumed such proportions that, in the interests of the Imperial revenue, it became necessary to suppress it. With a view to so doing, Parliament passed the [[Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765]] (commonly called the ''Revestment Act'' by the Manx), under which it purchased the rights of the Atholls as [[Lord of Mann|Lords of Mann]], including the customs revenues of the island, for the sum of £70,000 [[pound sterling|sterling]], and granted an [[annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]] to the Duke and Duchess. The Atholls still retained their [[manorialism|manorial]] rights, the patronage of the [[Bishop of Sodor and Man|bishopric]], and certain other [[wikt:perquisites|perquisites]], until they sold them for the sum of £417,144 in 1828.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))
[[File:Iom mnh 1954 7451 large.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The scene in Ramsey Bay after the [[Battle of Bishops Court]] between the English and French squadrons, enacted off the Manx coast in 1760]]

Up to the time of the revestment((ill|revestment|lt=‌|wikt|preserve=y)), [[Tynwald]] had passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. After the revestment, or rather after the passage of the [[Smuggling Act 1765]] (commonly called the'' Mischief Act'' by the Manx), the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] at Westminster legislated with respect to customs, harbours and merchant shipping, and, in measures of a general character, it occasionally inserted clauses permitting the enforcement in the island of penalties in contravention of the Acts of which they formed part. It also assumed the control of the insular customs duties. Such changes, rather than the transference of the full [[suzerainty]] to the King of Great Britain and Ireland, modified the (unwritten) constitution of the Isle of Man. Its ancient laws and tenures remained untouched, but in many ways the revestment affected it adversely. The hereditary [[Lord of Mann|Lords of Mann]] had seldom, if ever, functioned as model rulers, but most of them had taken some personal share in its government, and had interested themselves in the well-being of the inhabitants. But now the whole direction of its affairs became the work of officials who regarded the island as a pestilent nest of smugglers, from which it seemed their duty to extract as much revenue as possible.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

There was some alleviation of this state of things between 1793 and 1826, when [[John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl]] served as [[Governor of the Isle of Man|governor]], since, though he quarrelled with the [[House of Keys]] and unduly cared for his own pecuniary interests, he did occasionally exert himself to promote the welfare of the island. After his departure the English officials resumed their sway, but they showed more consideration than before. Moreover, since smuggling, which the [[Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765|Isle of Man Purchase Act]] had only checked – not suppressed – had by that time almost disappeared, and since the Manx revenue had started to produce a large and increasing surplus, the authorities looked more favourably on the Isle of Man, and, thanks to this fact and to the representations of the Manx people to British ministers in 1837, 1844 and 1853, it obtained a somewhat less stringent customs [[tariff]] and an occasional [[wikt:dole|dole]] towards erecting its much neglected public works.((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538))

==Modern period==
Since 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a nominal measure of [[home rule|Home Rule]], the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and currently form a prosperous community,((sfn|Moore|1911|p=538)) with a thriving [[offshore financial centre]], a [[tourism|tourist]] industry (albeit smaller than in the past) and a variety of other industries.

The Isle of Man was a base for alien civilian [[internment]] camps in both the [[First World War]] (1914–18) and the [[Second World War]] (1939–45). During the First World War there were two camps: one a requisitioned holiday camp in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] and the other the purpose-built [[Knockaloe internment camp|Knockaloe camp]] near [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]] in the parish of [[Patrick (parish)|Patrick]]. During the Second World War there were a number of smaller camps in Douglas, Peel, [[Port Erin]] and [[Ramsey, Isle of Man|Ramsey]]. The (now disbanded) [[Manx Regiment]] was raised in 1938 and saw action during the Second World War.

On 2 August 1973, a [[Summerland disaster|flash fire killed between 50 and 53 people]] at the Summerland amusement centre in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/2/newsid_2526000/2526967.stm 1973: Dozens die in resort fire, BBC News item]</ref>

===Greater autonomy===
The early 20th century saw a revival of music and dance, and a limited revival of the [[Manx language]] – although the last "native" speaker of Manx Gaelic died in the 1970s. In July 1947 the [[Taoiseach]] of the Republic of Ireland, [[Éamon de Valera]], visited, and was so dissatisfied with the lack of support for Manx that he immediately had two recording vans sent over <ref>Culture Vannin - Learn Manx</ref>

During the 20th century the Manx tourist economy declined, as the English and Irish started flying to [[Spain]] for [[package holiday]]s. The Manx Government responded to this by successfully promoting the island, with its low tax rates, as an offshore financial centre,<ref>International Monetary Fund, ''Isle of Man: Financial Sector Assessment Program Update: Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Insurance Core Principles'' (IMF, 2009). ((ISBN|1451986653)), 9781451986655</ref> although Man has avoided a place on a 2009 UK [[blacklist]] of tax havens.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/8030546.stm BBC NEWS | Europe | Isle of Man | UK praises Manx tax list status<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The financial centre has had its detractors who have pointed to the potential for [[money laundering]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/24/business/international-business-undercurrents-safe-harbor-isle-man-corporations-enclave.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: Undercurrents at a Safe Harbor; Isle of Man (and Corporations) Is an Enclave of Intrigue - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 1949 an [[Executive Council of the Isle of Man|Executive Council]], chaired by the [[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man|Lieutenant-Governor]] and including members of [[Tynwald]], was established. This marked the start of a transfer of executive power from the unelected Lieutenant-Governor to democratically elected Manx politicians. Finance and the police passed to Manx control between 1958 and 1976.<ref>Finance Act 1958, Finance Act 1962, Police (Isle of Man) Act 1962, Governor's Financial and Judicial Functions (Transfer) Act 1976: ''Statutes of the Isle of Man''</ref> In 1980 a chairman elected by Tynwald replaced the Lieutenant-Governor as Chairman of the Executive Council.<ref>Constitution (Executive Council) (Amendment) Act 1980</ref> Following legislation in 1984, the Executive Council was reconstituted in 1985 to include the chairmen of the eight principal Boards;<ref>Constitution (Executive Council) Act 1984</ref> in 1986 they were given the title of Minister and the chairman was re-titled "Chief Minister".<ref>Constitution (Executive Council) (Amendment) Act 1986</ref> In 1986 [[Miles Walker|Sir Miles Walker CBE]] became the first [[Chief Minister of the Isle of Man]]. In 1990 the Executive Council was renamed the "Council of Ministers".<ref>Council of Ministers Act 1990</ref>

The 1960s also saw a rise in [[Manx nationalism]], spawning the parties [[Mec Vannin]] and the [[Manx National Party]], as well as the now defunct ((lang|gv|Fo Halloo)) (literally "Underground"), which mounted a direct-action campaign of spray-painting and attempted house-burning.

On 5 July 1973 control of the postal service passed from the UK [[General Post Office]] to the new [[Isle of Man Post]], which began to issue its own [[postage stamp]]s.

The 1990s and early 21st century have seen a greater recognition of indigenous [[Manx culture]], including the opening of the first Manx-language primary school.<ref>Julia Sallabank, "Language Policy for Endangered Languages" in Peter K. Austin and Sallabank, eds., ''The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages'' (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011), 288-90. ((ISBN|9781139500838))</ref>

Since 1983 the Isle of Man government has designated more than 250 historic structures as [[Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man]].

==See also==
((Portal|History))

* [[King of Mann]] (1164–1504)
* [[List of concentration and internment camps#Isle of Man|Internment camps in the Isle of Man]]
* [[Extinct animals from the Isle of Man]]
* [[Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
* ((cite book |last1=Booker |first1=John |title=A History of the Ancient Chapel of Birch, in Manchester Parish; Volume XLVII |date=1859 |publisher=Chetham House))
*((Citation
|last=Kermode
|first=Philip Moore Callow
|author-link=P. M. C. Kermode
|year=1897
|editor-last=Meyer
|editor-first=Kuno
|editor2-last=Stern
|editor2-first=L. Chr.
|chapter=A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z4MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47-IA1
|title=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
|volume=I
|publisher=Max Niemeyer
|publication-date=1897
|publication-place=Halle
|pages=48–53
))
* ((cite odnb|id=26274|title=Stanley, James, seventh earl of Derby |last=Coward |first=Barry|year=2004))
* ((EB1911|wstitle=Man, Isle of|volume=17|pages=534–539|first=Arthur William|last=Moore|author-link=Arthur William Moore))

==Bibliography==
* Chiverrell, R. and G. Thomas, eds. ''A New History of the Isle of Man'' (5 vol. Liverpool University Press) 
** Richard Chiverrell and Geoffrey Thomas. ''New History of the Isle of Man Volume 1: The Evolution of the Natural Landscape'' (2005)
** Peter Davey, ''A New History of the Isle of Man: Prehistory'' (vol 2 2010).
** Sean Duffy. ''New History of the Isle of Man Volume 3: The Medieval Period, 1000-1406'' (2005)
** John Belchem. ''New History of the Isle of Man Vol. 5: The Modern Period, 1830-1999''  (2001)
* Gawne, C.W. ''The Isle of Man and Britain: Controversy, 1651-1895, from Smuggling to the Common Purse'' (Douglas: Manx Heritage Foundation, 2009)
* Gelling, J. ''A History of the Manx Church'' (Douglas: Manx Heritage Foundation, 1998) 
* Hoy, Michael John. "Isaac Barrow: builder of foundations for a modern nation." (PhD thesis,  U of Liverpool, 2015), bishop of Sodor and Man (1663–71) and governor (1664-69). [http://repository.liv.ac.uk/2010267/1/HoyMic_Apr2015_2010267.pdf online]; bibliography pp 259–80.
* Moore, A. W. ''A History of the Isle of Man'' (2 vols, London: Fisher Unwin, 1900). [http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/hist1900/ online]
* Moore, David W. ''The Other British Isles: A History of Shetland, Orkney, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Anglesey, Scilly, Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands'' (2011).

==External links==
* [http://www.gov.im/mnh/heritage/story/storyofmann.xml The Story of Mann] – Government site with a collections of links on Isle of Man history.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150424004932/http://www.courts.im/courtinformation/ourbackground/history.xml The History of the Courts on the Isle of Man]  – Government site with a summary on the history of rulers on the Isle of Man.
* [http://www.isleofman.com/Genealogy/ Isle of Man Genealogy] – information about the genealogy of the Isle of Man from isleofman.com
* [http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/ the manx notebook] – A vast electronic compendium of all matters, past and present regarding the Isle of Man at isleofman.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231015819/http://www.george-broderick.de/iom_docs/iom_place-names.htm  Place-Names Of The Isle of Man] – George Broderick Tübingen: Niemeyer. 7 vols. 1994-2004
((British Isles))
((History of Europe))
((European history by country))
((History of the British Isles|bar=yes))

((DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Isle Of Man))
[[Category:History of the Isle of Man| ]]

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