Much of the western part of I-40, from Barstow to Oklahoma City, parallels or overlays the historic U.S. Route 66. East of Oklahoma City, the route generally parallels US 64 and US 70. I-40 was established by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the numbering was subsequently approved on August 14, 1957, along with most of the rest of the system. The eastern terminus was initially planned to be located at I-85 in Greensboro, but the Federal Highway Administration later approved extending the route to its current eastern terminus in Wilmington. As a result, this was the last segment of I-40 to be completed upon its dedication in 1990.
I-40 is the third-longest freeway in the United States, spanning 2,556.61 miles (4,114.46 km) across the southern half of the country. The longest stretch of the highway is in Tennessee, and the shortest is in California. The busiest stretch of I-40 is in Knoxville, concurrent with I-75, which has an annual average daily traffic volume of more than 210,000 vehicles.[3] The lowest traffic volumes are found on rural stretches in New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, where the freeway carries fewer than 15,000 vehicles per day.[4][5][6]
California
A sign at the start of I-40 in Barstow, California, showing the distance to the freeway's eastern terminus in Wilmington, North Carolina. This sign has been stolen several times.
I-40 in California crosses through the lightly-populated northern part of the Inland Empire region of the state. Its western end is in Barstow, California. Known as the Needles Freeway, it heads east from Barstow across the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County to Needles, before it crosses into Arizona southwest of Kingman. I-40 covers 155 miles (249 km) in California. Some signs show the control city for I-40 westbound to be Los Angeles, where drivers would follow I-15 south from its western terminus in Barstow. The highway is four lanes for the entirety of its length in the state.
I-40 is a main route to the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, with the exits leading into Grand Canyon National Park in Williams and Flagstaff. I-40 covers 359 miles (578 km) in Arizona. Just west of exit 190, west of Flagstaff, is its highest elevation along I-40 in the US, as the road crosses just over 7,320 feet (2,230 m). I-40 also passes through the Navajo Nation, the largest Indian reservation in the US. Like California's segment, the highway is four lanes for the entirety of its length in the state.
I-40 covers 374 miles (602 km) in New Mexico. Notable cities along I-40 include Gallup, Grants, Albuquerque, Santa Rosa, and Tucumcari. I-40 also travels through several different Indian reservations in the western half of the state. It reaches its highest point in the state of 7,275 feet (2,217 m) at the Continental Divide in western New Mexico between Gallup and Grants.
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas are the five states where I-40 has a speed limit of 75 mph (121 km/h) instead of the 70 mph (110 km/h) limit in California, Tennessee, and North Carolina.[8][9]
In the west Texas panhandle area, there are several ranch roads connected directly to the Interstate. The only major city in Texas that is directly served by I-40 is Amarillo, which connects with I-27 that runs south toward Lubbock. I-40 also connects to US 287 that runs southeast to Dallas–Fort Worth and US 87/US 287 north to Dumas and then on into Oklahoma. I-40 has only one welcome center in the state, which is located in Amarillo at the exit for Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport, serving both sides of the Interstate.
In Downtown Oklahoma City, I-40 was rerouted one mile (1.6 km) south of its former alignment and a 10-lane (five in each direction) facility replaced the former I-40 Crosstown Bridge; the former I-40 alignment will be replaced with an urban boulevard currently designated as Oklahoma City Boulevard.
The section of I-40 which runs between Memphis and Nashville is often referred to as the Music Highway.[13] During reconstruction, a short section of I-40 through downtown Knoxville near the central Malfunction Junction was completely closed to traffic from May 1, 2008, and not reopened until June 12, 2009, with all traffic redirected via I-640, the northern bypass route. The redesigned section now has additional lanes in each direction, is less congested, and has fewer accidents.[14][15]
North Carolina
Sign displaying distance to Barstow near Wilmington. This sign is no longer posted by NCDOT due to the frequency of its theft.[16]
In North Carolina, I-40 travels 420 miles (680 km). It enters the state as a winding mountain freeway through the Great Smoky Mountains, which frequently closes due to landslides and weather conditions. It enters the state on a mostly north–south alignment, turning to a more east–west alignment upon merging with US 74 at the eastern terminus of the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway. From there, the highway passes through Asheville, Hickory, and Statesville before reaching the Piedmont Triad. Just east of the Triad City of Greensboro, North Carolina, it merges with I-85, and the two roads split again just west of the Research Triangle area, passing through Durham and Raleigh. From the Triangle to its eastern terminus in Wilmington, it once again takes a more north–south alignment.
A standard distance sign existed near the start of the westbound section of I-40 in Wilmington that indicated the distance to Barstow, California, as 2,554 miles (4,110 km). In 2009, NCDOT said it would not be replaced after frequent thefts.[17]
During the colonial and westward expansion eras, a number of Native American trails existed within the vicinity of what is now Interstate 40. In 1857, an expedition led by Edward Fitzgerald Beale was tasked with establishing a trade route along the 35th parallel north from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles. This route, which became known as Beale's Wagon Road, was constructed by a team of about 100 men and 22 camels led by Lt. Edward Fitzgerald Beale. Completed in 1859, it is generally considered the first federal highway in the Southwestern United States.[18] In the early 20th century, a number of auto trails were established by private organizations to aid motorists in traveling between major cities. Among these was the National Old Trails Road, which roughly followed the western part of present-day I-40 to Albuquerque, and the Lee Highway, which followed much of the eastern portion of the route.[19] When the state governments established the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926, two of these most important highways, US 66 and US 70 were established within the present-day I-40 corridor.[20] US 66, which followed the route from its western terminus to Oklahoma City, became arguably the most famous highway in the United States and has been recognized multiple times in popular culture.[21] US 70, which roughly follows the remainder of the Interstate, was also one of the most important highways for east−west travelers, and was considered part of the "Broadway of America" highway between California and New York.[22]
An east−west trans-continental freeway to serve the south-central United States was proposed in multiple plans throughout the 1930s and 1940s for what later became the Interstate Highway System.[23] The general alignment for the highway that became I-40 was included in a plan released on August 2, 1947, by the Public Roads Administration of the now-defunct Federal Works Agency.[24] The Interstate was officially authorized between Barstow and Greensboro by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which created the Interstate Highway System. The numbering was subsequently approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) on August 14, 1957, along with most of the system.[2] That year, the California Department of Highways, the predecessor agency to the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), proposed that the route be renumbered to I-30 instead because of the already existing US 40 in the state. This route was decommissioned in the state in 1964 as a part of a major revamping of California's overall highway numbering system.[25] The California state government also submitted State Route 58 (SR 58) between Barstow and Bakersfield for I-40 extension potential in 1956 and 1968, but both of these requests were rejected.[26]
From 1963 to 1966, the US government considered a plan, part of Project Plowshare, to use atomic bombs to excavate a path for I-40 through California. The project was canceled largely due to the cost of developing the explosives and due to the unavailability of a "clean bomb".[27]
Construction
The first sections of I-40 reused freeways that had been constructed prior to the Interstate Highway System or were under construction at the time of the authorization of the system. The first stretch in Tennessee reused a short freeway in Knoxville called the Magnolia Avenue Expressway, which was opened in two segments in 1952 and 1955. The first stretches in North Carolina were a short controlled-access sections of US 421 in Winston-Salem, and from Kernersville, constructed between 1955 and 1958. By 1957, most states had begun construction on the first sections of I-40. The stretch between Memphis and Nashville, completed on July 24, 1966, was the first major stretch of interstate highway completed in Tennessee.[28]
On June 30, 1972, the final stretch of I-40 entirely within Arkansas, located between Clarksville and Ozark was opened;[29] the last section to open in the state was the Hernando de Soto Bridge, which opened on August 2, 1973.[30][31] The last segment in California to be completed was a short stretch in Needles, opened on August 13, 1973.[32][33] The last original planned stretch of the highway in Tennessee, located east of Knoxville, was partially opened on December 20, 1974,[34] and fully opened on September 12, 1975.[35] The last section of I-40 in Oklahoma, a 17-mile (27 km) stretch near Erick near the western end of the state, opened on June 2, 1975.[36][37]
In 1971, the North Carolina State Highway Commission approved a plan to extend I-40 from Research Triangle Park to I-95, a distance of 41 miles (66 km), at a cost of $75 million (equivalent to $417.26 million in 2022[38]). Most of the highway would be four lanes, though six lanes were likely near Raleigh, where I-40 would extend the Beltline. Several routes were being considered, but, at the time, the most likely route would have ended north of Smithfield.[39] When the last portion of I-40, connecting Wilmington to Raleigh, was dedicated on June 29, 1990, CBS journalist Charles Kuralt stated:
Thanks to the Interstate Highway System, it is now possible to travel from coast to coast without seeing anything.[40][41]
Controversies
In Memphis, I-40 was originally planned to pass through the city's Overton Park, a 342-acre (138 ha) public park. Following a public announcement of the routing, a group of community activists opposed to the routing founded an organization called Citizens to Preserve Overton Park in 1957, and collected 10,000 signatures in their support.[42] After Secretary of Transportation John Volpe authorized the state to solicit bids for the construction of the interstate through the park in 1969, the organization filed a lawsuit, which culminated in the landmarkSupreme Court ruling of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe in 1971, which ruled that the state highway department had not adequately explored alternative routes for the interstate.[43] This case is considered to have established the modern process of judicial review of infrastructural projects, and eventually resulted in the state rerouting the alignment of I-40 through the park onto a section of I-240 in 1981.[44][45]
Major projects
Between May 1980 and March 1982, a major project was conducted on I-40 in Knoxville that widened the route, eliminated several interchanges, added frontage roads, and reconstructed the congestion-prone cloverleaf interchange with I-75, which had earned the nickname "Malfunction Junction", into a three-level stack interchange.[46][47] This was conducted as part of a larger $250 million (equivalent to $645 million in 2022[38]) road improvement project in the Knoxville area in preparation for the 1982 World's Fair.[48][49]
Originally, I-40 was constructed through downtown Winston-Salem, and it continued to follow that route until a new urban bypass route was built. After the bypass was completed around 1992, I-40 was relocated to the new freeway. The old highway was then redesignated as Interstate 40 Business (I-40 Bus.), establishing a business route that was actually an expressway for its entire length, a rarity among business routes. Following a reconstruction, the expressway was renamed Salem Parkway and redesignated as part of US 421.
The "Big I" interchange in Albuquerque between I-40 and I-25 was reconstructed between 2000 and 2002 in a project that eliminated left-hand entrance ramps and added lanes. This project was given an honorable mention by the United States Department of Transportation and the FHWA for excellence in urban highway design in 2002.[50]
In Memphis, the cancellation of the Overton Park stretch of I-240, along with increased traffic volumes and safety hazards, rendered both interchanges with I-240 unable to effectively handle unplanned traffic patterns, thus necessitating their reconstruction. This was accomplished in three phases between January 2001 and December 2016.[52][53][54][55]
A $203.7 million two-phase project dubbed "SmartFix 40" resulted in a complete closure of a short stretch of I-40 through Knoxville between May 1, 2008, and June 12, 2009.[56] This was done in order to accelerate the construction timeline, and during this time, through traffic was required to use I-640.[57] Both phases of the project won an America's Transportation Award from AASHTO in 2008 and 2010, respectively.[58][59]
Geological difficulties
Landslides are common in the Pigeon River Gorge section along the Tennessee and North Carolina border. Here, the roadway was cut into the slopes of several steep mountains. Accidents on the winding road are also common especially during bad weather. On October 25, 2009, I-40 was closed at the North Carolina and Tennessee border due to a landslide at milemarker 2.6 just east of the Tennessee state line. All traffic was detoured via I-26 and I-81, and non-heavy-load traffic via US 25 and US 70.[60] The roadway was reopened on April 25, 2010, with some remaining limitations on westbound traffic.[61]
Major incidents
The collapsed section of the I-40 bridge, May 31, 2002
On December 23, 1988, a tanker truck hauling liquefied propane overturned on a ramp in the interchange between I-40 and I-240 in the Midtown neighborhood of Memphis, rupturing a small hole in the front of the tank.[62][63] The leaking gas ignited in a massive fireball, and the tank was propelled 125 yards (114 m) from the crash site into a nearby duplex apartment.[64] The incident killed six motorists and three occupants of nearby structures, and provided momentum for the eventual reconstruction of the interchange.[65][55]
The I-40 bridge disaster occurred on May 26, 2002, when a barge collided with a bridge foundation member near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma, causing a 580-foot (180 m) section of the I-40 bridge to plunge into the Arkansas River. Automobiles and semitrailers fell into the water, killing 14 people.
On May 11, 2021, the Hernando de Soto Bridge carrying I-40 over the Mississippi River was closed when inspectors discovered a crack on a tie girder.[66] A subsequent investigation revealed that the crack had existed since at least May 2019, and reports later surfaced that the crack had likely existed since August 2016.[67][68] An emergency contract to repair the beam was awarded six days after the closure,[69][70] and the bridge reopened on July 31, 2021, to eastbound traffic,[71] and to westbound traffic on August 2, 2021.[72]
In Oklahoma City, the designation I-440 had been given to a stretch of Interstate Highway from I-240 to US 66. It was a part of Grand Boulevard that had been built in compliance with Interstate Highway standards. In 1982, as part of Oklahoma's "Diamond Jubilee", I-44's western terminus was moved from the I-35/I-44 junction to the Texas–Oklahoma state line via the Belle Isle Freeway (connecting I-440 with I-35); I-440, the H. E. Bailey Turnpike; and the turnpike connector road on the eastern edge of Lawton, Oklahoma. The I-440 number was dropped at the time.
^Tamara P. Haas (October 10, 2017). Traffic Counts New Mexico Interstates(PDF) (Report). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
^Planning and Research Division (2011). General Highway Map, Crawford County, Arkansas(PDF) (Map). 1:62,500. Little Rock: Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^Planning and Research Division (2009). General Highway Map, Pulaski County, Arkansas(PDF) (Map). 1:62,500. Little Rock: Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^Planning and Research Division (2009). General Highway Map, Crittenden County, Arkansas(PDF) (Map). 1:62,500. Little Rock: Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^Rand McNally (1926). Auto Road Atlas (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2012 – via Broer Maps Online.
^Veazey, Walter (July 25, 1966). "A Giant Of Progress Grows 195 Miles". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 1. Retrieved December 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^"Last Stretch Of I-40 Opens To Traffic Today". Northwest Arkansas Times. Fayetteville, Arkansas. Associated Press. June 30, 1972. p. 3. Retrieved January 15, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^"Bridge Gets 'Ho-Hum' Opening". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. August 3, 1973. p. 1-1. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^Kofoed, Richard (August 5, 1973). "Span Rekindles Westward Ho". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 2-2. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^Cunningham, Morris; Brosnan, James W. (January 17, 1981). "I-40 Funds Diverted, Park Route Canceled". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 1, 3. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission; Barton-Aschman Associates; Knoxville International Energy Exposition; K-Trans (December 1982). 1982 World's Fair Transportation System Evaluation (Report). Office of Planning Assistance, Urban Mass Transportation Administration. DOT-I-83-4. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Google Books.
I-15 in Barstow, CA
US 117 in Wilmington, NC
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