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Japanese expatriates and descendants in Vietnam
Japanese red seal ship sailing out of Nagasaki for Annam (Vietnam)
The community of Japanese expatriates and descendants in Vietnam consist mainly of Japanese expatriates and migrants residing in Vietnam, as well as their descendants who identify their ancestry to be Japanese. As of 2016, there are about 16,145 Japanese residents in Vietnam, mostly around Hanoi.
For a brief period in the 16th to the 17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities, known as Nihonmachi, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.[4] One of which was Hội An in Nguyễn, Southern Vietnam.[5] The Japanese community there was quite small, consisting of only a few tens of households.[6]
Over the course of the 17th century, the Japanese community in Hội An gradually shrank and disappeared, assimilated into the Vietnamese community. Intermarriage not only within the Nihonmachi, but between notable Japanese merchant families and the Nguyễn noble family, is indicated by contemporary records, grave markers, and various forms of anecdotal evidence. The descendants of several of these merchant families still hold today as heirlooms objects relating the families' connections to Vietnam.[7]
Japanese women called Karayuki-san migrated to cities like Hanoi, Haiphong and Saigon in colonial French Indochina in the late 19th century to work as prostitutes and provide sexual services to French soldiers who were occupying Vietnam since the French viewed Japanese women as clean they were highly popular.[8][9] Images of the Japanese prostitutes in Vietnam were put on French postcards by French photographers.[10][11][12][13] The Japanese government tried to hide the existences of these Japanese prostitutes who went abroad and do not mention them in books on history.[14][15] Japanese prostitutes were also in other European colonies in Southeast Asia like Singapore as well as Australia and the US.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
During World War II, on 22 September 1940, Japan invaded Vietnam and began constructing military bases to strike against the Allies in Southeast Asia. Japanese troops remained in Vietnam until their surrender to the Allies in 1945.
Some Japanese troops from the IJA stayed in Vietnam and were recruited into the ranks of the Viet Minh as NCO's and Officers were needed to train the Viet Minh in modern tactics.
Some also simply assimilated, intermarried with the Vietnamese population and adopted Vietnamese names.
In 1954, the Vietnamese government had ordered the (former) Japanese soldiers to return home.[24] They were "encouraged" to leave their families behind effectively abandoning their war children in Vietnam.[24]
Modern era
In recent years, many natives of Japan have migrated to Vietnam, mostly to Hanoi for all sorts of reasons. According to the Japan Foundation, Hanoi is home to under 5,000 Japanese residents.[25] Chief among the professional lures are construction management, manufacturing and financial services jobs. Japan-owned Toyota, Honda, Panasonic, Yamaha and Canon have large manufacturing plants on the outskirts of Hanoi.
Outside of business, Japanese foreign aid services and management have also been significant. Since 1992, Japan have been the biggest international donor to Vietnam.[26]
There are about 22,000 Japanese people living in Vietnam in 2023, most of them live in large cities. Hanoi has about 8,700 and Ho Chi Minh City has about 10,600 Japanese people.
^A 1642 report to the Dutch East India Company by a Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. (Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Li and Reid (eds.) Southern Vietnam. p31.)
^Chuong, Thau. "Bridge of Friendship." in Ancient Town of Hoi An. p209.
^Roustan, Frédéric (2012). "Mousmés and French Colonial Culture: Making Japanese Women's Bodies Available in Indochina". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 7 (1): 52–105. doi:10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52. JSTOR10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52.
^HomeArchived 14 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Japanese School of Hanoi. Retrieved on 13 February 2015. "HAM NGHI, MY DINH 2, NAM TU LIEM, HA NOI"
Ch. Lemire, Les cinq Pays de l'Indo-Chine française, l'établissement de Kouang-Tchéou, le Siam，Juillet 1899．
Dean Meyers and My-Van Tran, The Cao Dai, Prince Cuong De and the Japanese in 1937–1939, THE CRISIS OF THE EIGHTH LUNAR MONTH, University of South Australia, IJAPS Vol. 2 (May) 2006.
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