Church of Saint Stepanos of the Holy Virgins Կուսանաց Սուրբ Ստեփանոս վանք ქვემო ბეთლემის ეკლესია
Religion
Affiliation	Georgian Orthodox Church
Location
Location	Old Tbilisi, Georgia
Geographic coordinates	41°41′21″N 44°48′14″E / 41.689230°N 44.8040148°E / 41.689230; 44.8040148
Architecture
Style	Armenian
Completed	1868–1870

The Lower Bethlemi Church(Georgian: ქვემო ბეთლემის ეკლესია), also known as the Church of Saint Stepanos of the Holy Virgins (Armenian: Կուսանաց Սուրբ Ստեփանոս վանք) or Koosanats Sourb Stepanos Vank^[1]) – is a 14th–19th-century church at the foot of Narikala fortress in Old Tbilisi, Georgia.^[2] It was rebuilt between 1868 and 1870 ^[1] and operated as an Armenian church. In 1988 it was given to the Georgian Orthodox^[3] and its Armenian identity was "Georgianized" in 1991.^[4][1]

Georgian appropriation

From 1989 to 1995, the church underwent a heavy process of "Georganization", during which time all evidence of Armenian religious iconography was destroyed or removed and was replaced with Georgian ones.^[5]

The alterations to remove the church's original Armenian characteristics included:^[5]

• the destruction of the ground floor portal and mausoleum of Mother-Superior Peprone in 1990
• the removal of the iron gratings of the windows and the covering of windows with bricks in 1995
• the removal of Armenian high-reliefs stretching all around the drum of the church from 1991–1993
• the destruction on the top of the western pediment of the church (blown up on February 9, 1990)
• the destruction of the marble Armenian "khachkal" in the middle of the apse in 1990
• the removal of a marble cross, altar stone, and other fragments for safe-keeping at the Cathedral of Saint Gevorg in 1990
• the razing of the high altar and khachkal (1990–1991)
• the destruction of the baptistery font which had been in the northern wall
• the removal of the marble washing-basin (1870) and taken to safe-keeping at Saint Gevorg
• the destruction of the Armenian inscription on the interior of the drum that recounts the repairs of the cupola roof
• the removal of the Armenian inscription from 1870 that recounting the erection of the column with deaconess Hripsime Begtabeguiantz's means (removed in 1991)
• the removal of a marble inscription slab (1870) recounting deaconess Katarine Yerkainabazouk-Arghoutiantz's construction activity removed in 1990)
• the removal of the marble inscription slab which recounts the construction of activity of the Ourdoubekiantz couple (disappeared in 1990)
• the removal of the marble inscription slab recounting the construction of the upper floor of the church
• the removal of the inscription specifying that the metal spiral stairs leading to the upper floor were built in 1885 on the initiative and means of arch-deaconess Evpimia Behboutiantz
• the throwing away of other Armenian lapidary inscriptions during the abolition of the Armenian characteristics of the church between 1990–1991
• the removal and destruction of the memorial inscription carved on a marble slab on the wall of Mother-Superior Heprosime Abamelikian's burial vault under the portal in front of the northern entrance of the church (the mausoleum was also destroyed) in 1990
• A painting in the style of a Georgian fresco was placed on the tympanum of the altered northern entrance in June 1995

Gallery

• 
  View of Saint Stepano (far right) and two other Armenian churches in Old Tbilisi: Holy Mother of God (Bethlehem) (middle) and Saint George (far left)
• 
  Another view of the Armenian Quarter with Saint Stepanos Church (right of center)