Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
Near Jacksonville, North Carolina in the United States
A M1A1 Abrams main battle tank with 2nd Tank Battalion, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune during 2013
MCB Camp Lejeune is located in the United States
MCB Camp Lejeune
MCB Camp Lejeune
Location in the United States
MCB Camp Lejeune is located in North Carolina
MCB Camp Lejeune
MCB Camp Lejeune
Location in North Carolina
Coordinates34°35′00.9″N 77°21′37.4″W / 34.583583°N 77.360389°W / 34.583583; -77.360389
TypeMarine Corps base
Site information
OwnerDepartment of Defense
OperatorUS Marine Corps
Controlled byMarine Corps Installations East
ConditionOperational
WebsiteOfficial website
Site history
Built1941 (1941)
In use1941–present
Events
Garrison information
Current
commander		Brigadier General Adolfo Garcia, Jr.
Garrison

Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune[1] (/ləˈʒɜːrn/ luh-ZHERN or /ləˈʒuːn/ luh-ZHOON)[2][3] is a 246-square-mile (640-square-kilometer)[4] United States military training facility in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Its 14 miles (23 kilometers) of beaches make the base a major area for amphibious assault training, and its location between two deep-water ports (Wilmington and Morehead City) allows for fast deployments. The main base is supplemented by six satellite facilities: Marine Corps Air Station New River, Camp Geiger, Stone Bay, Courthouse Bay, Camp Johnson, and the Greater Sandy Run Training Area. The Marine Corps port facility is in Beaufort, at the southern tip of Radio Island (between the NC State Port in Morehead City, and the marine science laboratories on Pivers Island in Beaufort). It is occupied only during military port operations.

Facilities

Camp Lejeune encompasses 156,000 acres, with 18 kilometers of beach capable of supporting amphibious operations, 32 gun positions, 48 tactical landing zones, three state-of-the-art training facilities for Military Operations in Urban Terrain and 80 live fire ranges to include the Greater Sandy Run Training Area. Military forces from around the world come to Camp Lejeune regularly for bilateral and NATO-sponsored exercises.

Resident commands at Camp Lejeune include:

Recreation & Fitness:

Auto Skills Center, Bowling, Community Centers, Golf Course, Inline Hockey, Marinas, Paintball, Movie Theater, Onslow Beach Facilities, Outdoor Adventures Center, Pools, Fishing, Hunting, Beach Camping, Recreational Shooting, E-sports Center, Recreational Equipment Checkout & Rentals, Skate Park, and a large number of Sports and Gym facilities.

Portions of Camp Lejeune are in the Jacksonville city limits while other parts are in unincorporated areas.[5]

History

In April 1941, construction was approved on an 11,000-acre (45 km2) tract in Onslow County, North Carolina. On May 1 of that year, Lieutenant Colonel William P. T. Hill began construction on Marine Barracks New River. The first base headquarters was in a summer cottage on Montford Point and then moved to Hadnot Point in 1942. Later that year it was renamed in honor of the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps, John A. Lejeune, upon his death.

One of the satellite facilities of Camp Lejeune served for a while as a third boot camp for the Marines, in addition to Parris Island and San Diego. That facility, Montford Point, was established after Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802. Between 1942 and 1949, a brief era of segregated training for black Marines, the camp at Montford Point trained 20,000 African Americans. After the military was ordered to fully integrate, Montford Point was renamed Camp Gilbert H. Johnson and became the home of the Marine Corps Combat Service Support Schools.

On May 10, 1996, two helicopters performing a joint United States/British training exercise collided and crashed into a swampy wooded area, killing fourteen and injuring two.

In mid-September 2018, Hurricane Florence damaged IT systems and over 900 buildings in the camp, leading to a $3.6 billion repair cost. 70 percent of base housing was damaged and 84,000 gallons of sewage were released.[6][7]

Drinking water contamination

Further information: Camp Lejeune water contamination

From at least 1953 through 1987, Marines and their families at Lejeune drank and bathed in water contaminated with toxicants at concentrations 240 to 3,400 times permitted by safety standards. A 1974 base order required safe disposal of solvents and warned that improper handling could cause drinking water contamination, yet solvents were dumped or buried near base wells for years.[8] The base's wells were shut off in the mid-1980s but were placed back online in violation of the law.[9] In 1982, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in Camp Lejeune's drinking water supply.[10] VOC contamination of groundwater can cause birth defects and other ill health effects in pregnant and nursing mothers. This information was not made public for nearly two decades, when the government attempted to identify those who may have been exposed.

An advocacy group called The Few, The Proud, The Forgotten was created to inform possible victims of the contamination at Lejeune. The group's website includes an introduction with some basic information about the contamination at Lejeune, including that many health problems such as various types of cancer, leukemia, miscarriages and birth defects, have been noted in people who drank the contaminated water. According to the site, numerous base housing areas were affected by the contamination, including Tarawa Terrace, Midway Park, Berkeley Manor, Paradise Point, Hadnot Point, Hospital Point, and Watkins Village.[11] As many as 2,000,000 people may have been exposed to contaminated water at Camp Lejeune over a period of 30 years.[12]

Camp LeJeune Justice Act of 2022

Efforts to create a Camp LeJeune Justice Act in 2021 failed, but the effort was renewed in 2022 when Camp LeJeune Justice Act became Section 706[13] of the SFC Heath Robinson Honoring Our PACT Act, H.R. 3967.[14] The U.S. House passed H.R. 3967 on March 3, 2022, by a vote of 256–174.[15] The U.S. Senate passed H.R. 3967 with some minor amendments on June 16, 2022, by a vote of 84–14.[16] Following the bill's passage in the U.S. Senate, President Biden's White House made a celebratory statement that included mention of Camp LeJeune victims.[17] There were constitutional taxation problems with the amended version and a "blue slip"[18] was issued causing the matter to return to the U.S. House. The U.S. House made the changes necessary to avoid the constitutional issue and passed the PACT Act on July 13, 2022, by a vote of 342–88.[19] This new PACT Act was repackaged as S. 3373[20] with the Camp LeJeune Justice Act set as Section 804.[21] Some Republican senators changed their votes and refused cloture on July 27, 2022, by a vote of 55–42.[22] After several days of veterans protesting at the Capitol, there was another vote on S. 3373 and this time it passed by a vote of 86–11 on August 2, 2022.[23] The bill was signed into law by President Biden on August 10, 2022.[24]

The language of Section 804 provides for monetary relief for those injured by exposure to the Camp Lejeune base and its toxic water.[25] Thirty days of "living" or "working" or "otherwise" being exposed between 1953 and 1987 is the prerequisite for compensation. This includes in-utero exposure. Harms must be demonstrated and they must be associated with some condition caused by the base toxicants. Some of the possible conditions may include those listed for the Janey Ensminger Act of 2012. 38 C.F.R. 17.400(b).[26]

Litigation

At least 850 former residents filed claims for nearly $4 billion from the military. The multi-district litigation, MDL-2218, was dismissed on North Carolina statute of repose grounds on December 5, 2016,[27] and the appeal to the 11th Circuit failed (Straw, et. al. v. United States, 16–17573). The U.S. Supreme Court refused certiorari.[28] A U.S. Supreme Court ruling in June 2014 potentially curbed groundwater contamination lawsuits by families at Camp Lejeune.[29] Federal law, which imposes a two-year statute of limitations after the harm is discovered, preempts North Carolina's 10-year statute of repose law, but this was not followed by the 11th Circuit. State lawmakers tried to eliminate the state prohibition on lawsuits being filed 10 years after the last pollution occurred or from the time a polluted property was sold.[29] The Camp LeJeune Justice Act of 2022, Section 804(b) of the PACT Act, S. 3373, provide an entirely new means for justice to the victims and removes normal tort defenses. Public Law 117-168, SEC. 804(b), 136 Stat. 1802–1804.

Disability activist, lawyer, columnist, and politician, Andrew U. D. Straw,[30][31][32][33] has appealed his cases unsuccessfully. He has also pursued claims at the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, stating that the U.S. Marine Corps' UCMJ responsibilities imply a contract to protect U.S. Marine Corps family members (Straw v. United States, 1:17-cv-00560, U.S. COFC). This case was dismissed and denied on appeal. Straw has advocated for legislative reform to avoid the legal arguments of the Department of Justice.[34] The main chemicals involved were trichloroethylene (TCE, a degreaser), perchloroethylene (PCE, a dry cleaning solvent), vinyl chloride, and benzene; however, more than 70 chemicals have been identified as contaminants at Lejeune.[9] Andrew Straw is pursuing his own infant brain injury pro se and as estate executor for the wrongful death of his mother from a Camp LeJeune cancer.[35] Straw v. United States, 7:23-cv-1475-FL (E.D.N.C.)[36]

Straw has sought not only compensation, but he also has sought health care under the Janey Ensminger Act of 2012. He litigated for that benefit for seven years. He was rejected at the VA, the BVA, the U.S. Court of Veterans Claims, and finally in 2021 at the Federal Circuit. Despite Straw being born at Camp LeJeune in 1969, his having 19 months of base access while his father worked there as a U.S. Marine, the language of the Janey Ensminger Act was interpreted narrowly so as to deny Straw this benefit. Straw's parents had a home off base at the time of his birth and this is where they slept, even while using and working at the base during the day from 1968–1970. The fact that Straw's mother died from one of the cancers listed in the Act and Straw having neurobehavioral effects listed in the Act was irrelevant to the Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit also refused to consider the misapplication of the North Carolina Statute of Repose as being a taking of private property. Straw v. Wilkie, 843 F. App’x 263 (Fed. Cir. 1/15/2021);[37][38][39] Straw v. United States, 4 F.4th 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2021).[40] The narrow construction of the Janey Ensminger Act of 2012 in Straw's case led to the Camp LeJeune Justice Act of 2022 having no such on-base limitation. Straw suggested that change to Attorney Ed Bell, the author of the CLJA, and Bell agreed. The new 2022 law provides a catch-all "otherwise exposed" inclusive provision so such exclusion for sleeping off base cannot be used to deny the relief.

On March 8, 2010, Paul Buckley of Hanover, Massachusetts, received a 100 percent, service connected disability from the Department of Veterans Affairs for cancer (multiple myeloma), which was linked to toxic water exposure on Camp Lejeune. This is believed to be the first time the government has admitted the link between the contamination and illnesses.[41]

In 2007, Jerry Ensminger, a retired Marine master sergeant, found a document dated 1981 that described a radioactive dump site near a rifle range at the camp. According to the report, the waste was laced with strontium-90, an isotope known to cause cancer and leukemia.[9] According to Camp Lejeune's installation restoration program manager, base officials learned about the document in 2004.[9] Ensminger served in the Marine Corps for 24+1⁄2 years and lived for part of that time at Camp Lejeune. In 1985, his nine-year-old daughter, Janey, died of cancer.[9] Straw's mother died in 1997 from breast cancer.

On July 6, 2009, Laura Jones filed suit against the U.S. government over the contaminated water at the base. Jones previously lived at the base where her husband, a Marine, was stationed, and she has since been diagnosed with lymphoma.[42] Twenty former residents of Camp Lejeune—all men who lived there during the 1960s and the 1980s—have been diagnosed with breast cancer.[12] In April 2009, the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry withdrew a 1997 public health assessment at Camp Lejeune that denied any connection between the toxicants and illness.[43]

On August 10, 2022, President Biden signed the Camp Lejeune Justice Act of 2022, allowing victims to sue for sicknesses related to water contamination at Camp Lejeune.[44]

Straw has renewed his several claims for compensation. Straw v. United States, 7:23-cv-162-BO-BM (E.D.N.C.) (Camp LeJeune Justice Act lawsuit, docketed 2/21/2023).[45] The Estate of Straw's mother also has a claim pending at U.S. Navy JAG Code 15 for her wrongful death from breast cancer. CLS23-5185. Straw is appealing the denial of his motion for health care and education benefits. Straw v. United States, 23-2156 (4th Cir.)[46]

One of the DOJ lawyers involved in denial of relief under FTCA in MDL-2218, Adam Bain, has appeared again in CLJA case filings. Estate of Jane Ensminger v. United States, 7:23-cv-161 (E.D.N.C.)

A review of the backgrounds of 4th Circuit judges on Ballotpedia.org reveals that half of the 14 judges worked for the Justice Department or federal government prior to appointment to the bench and several were JAG attorneys for the Military previously.

The lead attorneys for the plaintiffs have set up a website to inform the victims and the public of happenings in the case.[47] The Court ordered these attorneys to submit a Master Complaint that will apply to all lawsuits and plaintiffs. The Master Complaint is now online.[48] Each plaintiff is required to submit a short form complaint using a template provided by the Court at pages 14–18 of its Case Management Order #2.[49] The government had until November 20, 2023, to answer. The consolidated case[50] is meant to streamline prosecution of the matter. The government told the Court in November 2023 that there were over 1,300 cases in federal court along with 117,000 claims at Navy JAG under Camp LeJeune Justice Act (CLJA), amounting to $3.3 trillion in claims.[51]

Janey Ensminger Act

In July 2012, the U.S. Senate passed a bill, called the Janey Ensminger Act in honor of retired Marine Master Sergeant Jerry Ensminger's daughter Janey who died of cancer at age 9, authorizing medical care to military and family members who had resided at the base between 1957 and 1987 and developed conditions linked to the water contamination.[52][53] The measure applies to up to 750,000 people.[54] The bill applies to 15 specific ailments believed to be linked to the contamination, including cancer of the esophagus, lung, breast, bladder or kidney; leukemia; multiple myeloma; myleodysplasic syndromes; renal toxicity; hepatic steatosis; female infertility; miscarriage; scleroderma; and/or neurobehavioral effects or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Department of Veterans Affairs is assigned to provide the medical care. To fund the medical care, the bill extended higher fees for VA home loan guarantees through 2017.[55] This health coverage was worded to require the victim to have lived on the base and any civilian dependent who slept off base was excluded regardless of getting the illnesses on the list. Straw v. Wilkie, 843 F. App’x 263 (Fed. Cir. 1/15/2021).[56][39] (Straw was born at Camp LeJeune Naval Hospital and had base access for 19 months but was denied health care for a condition—bipolar disorder—PCE doubles the chance of contracting).[57]

A 2023 cohort study of 172,128 American veterans who were stationed in Lejeune and 168,361 who were stationed in Pendleton found that the rates of Parkinson's disease were 70% higher in Lejeune as compared to Pendleton, suggesting that exposure to trichloroethylene in the water may increase risk of Parkinson's disease.[58]

A Cancer Incidence Study was delayed at ATSDR when this information may be critical to the victims in obtaining compensation.[59] The Cancer Incidence Study was released at the end of January 2024 after about 8 years of work. It showed more evidence that the water increased the risk of various cancers.[60] Another ATSDR mortality study showed that the risk of death from Camp LeJeune exposure and diseases was elevated.[61] ATSDR provides a FAQ about Camp LeJeune toxic exposure andvarious studies done or to be done.[62]


Education

Residents are zoned to schools of the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA).[63] Different housing areas are zoned to the following:[64]

All residents of Camp Lejeune and of Marine Corps Air Station New River (which has Delalio Elementary) are zoned to Brewster Middle School and Lejeune High School.

See also

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps.
  1. ^ Welch, Catherine (July 16, 2010). "Pronouncing The 'R' In Camp Lejeune". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved July 24, 2022. One of the Marine Corps biggest bases is Camp Lejeune (luh-JUNE) near Jacksonville, North Carolina. But for years, many people have been mispronouncing the base's name. The family of Lt. Gen. John Lejeune, whom the base was named for, says luh-JERN. Now there's a quiet move by the military to correct the pronunciation.
  2. ^ Brent, Patrick "P.T." (April 2008). "Lejeune, Lejern and How to Say It". Leatherneck Magazine. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  3. ^ "NC Pronunciation Guide". WRAL. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  4. ^ "Camp Lejeune History". Lejeune. United States. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  5. ^ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): Jacksonville city, NC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
    "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): Onslow County, NC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  6. ^ Snow, Shawn (December 12, 2018). "$3.6 billion price tag to rebuild Lejeune buildings damaged by Hurricane Florence". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  7. ^ Jowers, Karen (September 25, 2018). "Hurricane Florence blamed for 84,000-gallon sewage spill on Camp Lejeune". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  8. ^ Camp Lejeune residents blame rare cancer cluster on the water For three decades, dry-cleaning chemicals and industrial solvents laced the water used by local Marines and their families. Mike Partain and at least 19 others developed male breast cancer.
  9. ^ a b c d e Thompson, Estes (2007-07-10). "EPA investigating whether radioactive waste was buried at pollution-plagued Camp Lejeune". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
  10. ^ Coverage of what happened at Camp Lejeune
  11. ^ The Few, The Proud, The Forgotten. 2008-02-04. Access date 2008-02-06
  12. ^ a b Male breast cancer patients blame water at Marine base
  13. ^ Takano, Mark (2022-06-16). "Text - H.R.3967 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Honoring our PACT Act of 2022". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  14. ^ Takano, Mark (2022-06-16). "H.R.3967 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Honoring our PACT Act of 2022". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  15. ^ "House passes bill to expand health care for veterans exposed to toxicants; 174 Republicans vote against". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  16. ^ Owermohle, Sarah. "Senate advances bill on veterans' burn pit care". POLITICO. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  17. ^ House, The White (2022-06-16). "Statement by President Joe Biden on Bipartisan Senate Passage of the PACT Act". The White House. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  18. ^ "'Blue slip' problem hangs up veterans toxic exposure bill". Roll Call. 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  19. ^ "Aid for Toxin-Exposed Veterans Passed by House After Tax Fix". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  20. ^ Kaine, Tim (2022-08-03). "S.3373 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Honoring our PACT Act of 2022". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  21. ^ Kaine, Tim (2022-08-03). "Text - S.3373 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Honoring our PACT Act of 2022". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  22. ^ Dress, Brad (2022-07-28). "GOP senators block bill expanding care for veterans exposed to toxicants". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  23. ^ NPR Staff (2022-08-02). "The Senate passes help for veterans exposed to toxicants, after a reversal drew fury". NPR. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  24. ^ "'They've been killing' our Marines: Inside the long push to aid Camp Lejeune victims". Roll Call. 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  25. ^ "Camp Lejeune Justice Act: An Inside Look at How the PACT Act Will Help Veterans Exposed to Toxic Chemicals". JD Supra. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  26. ^ "38 CFR § 17.400 - Hospital care and medical services for Camp Lejeune veterans". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  27. ^ NewsUSA. "Lawsuits Being Prepped for Military Camp LeJeune Contamination Victims". Rappahannock News. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  28. ^ "Supreme Court Won't Hear Camp Lejeune Toxic Water Suits - Law360". www.law360.com. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  29. ^ a b Jarvis, Craig (June 14, 2014). "Lawmakers rush bill to protect Lejeune, Asheville residents in pollution cases". Charlotte News & Observer. NC. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  30. ^ "Andrew Straw". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  31. ^ "Andrew Straw". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  32. ^ "Author Andrew Straw's articles at Democracy Chronicles". Democracy Chronicles. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  33. ^ "Indiana Secretary of State election, 2022". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  34. ^ "E. Texas man seeks congressional help for illness caused by toxic water". KLTV. January 27, 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  35. ^ "2022: Year Of Radical Change For Camp Lejeune Justice". Democracy Chronicles. 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  36. ^ "Straw v. United States, 7:23-cv-01475 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  37. ^ "Opinions & Orders - January 15, 2021". Fed Circuit Blog. 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  38. ^ "STRAW v. WILKIE, No. 20-2090 (Fed. Cir. 2021)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  39. ^ a b Shomaker, Calvin. "Petition for Camp Lejeune water registry to be presented to congressional representation". The Daily News - Jacksonville, NC. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  40. ^ "Straw v. United States, 4 F.4th 1358 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  41. ^ Sawyer, Diane, and Steve Osunsami, "Toxic Water", ABC World News, March 19, 2010.
  42. ^ Contaminated Water At Base Spurs Suit July 7, 2009
  43. ^ ATSDR Withdraws Scientifically Flawed Public Health Document
  44. ^ "Lawyers are lining up to participate in the Camp LeJeune water lawsuit claims". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-06-26.
  45. ^ "Straw v. United States, 7:23-cv-00162 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  46. ^ "Andrew Straw v. United States, 23-2156 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  47. ^ "In Re: Camp Lejeune Water Litigation". camplejeunecourtinfo.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  48. ^ "Master Complaint | In Re: Camp Lejeune Water Litigation". camplejeunecourtinfo.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  49. ^ "Case Management Order #2" (PDF). Camp LeJeune Plaintiffs' Lead Counsel Website. September 26, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  50. ^ "Camp Lejeune Water Litigation v. United States, 7:23-cv-00897 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  51. ^ "Camp Lejeune Toxic Water Claims Already Top $3 Trillion, US Says". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  52. ^ Ordonez, Franco, "Congress Helps Camp Lejeune Families Hurt By Tainted Water", McClatchy, 1 August 2012
  53. ^ Ordonez, Franco, and Barbara Barrett, (McClatchy), "Obama Signs Law Giving Health Care to Lejeune Tainted-Water Victims", Raleigh News & Observer, 7 August 2012
  54. ^ Ordonez, Franco, (McClatchy), "Senate Passes Lejeune Water-Contamination Bill", Raleigh News & Observer, 19 July 2012
  55. ^ Philpott, Tom, "'First step of justice' for ailing Camp Lejeune vets, families", Stars and Stripes, 9 August 2012
  56. ^ "STRAW v. WILKIE, No. 20-2090 (Fed. Cir. 2021)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  57. ^ Aschengrau, Ann; Weinberg, Janice M.; Janulewicz, Patricia A.; Romano, Megan E.; Gallagher, Lisa G.; Winter, Michael R.; Martin, Brett R.; Vieira, Veronica M.; Webster, Thomas F.; White, Roberta F.; Ozonoff, David M. (2012-01-20). "Occurrence of mental illness following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study". Environmental Health. 11 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-2. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 3292942. PMID 22264316.
  58. ^ "Widely used chemical strongly linked to Parkinson's disease". www.science.org. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  59. ^ mshaw (2023-11-14). "Key study of Camp Lejeune cancers in limbo as cases go to court". Roll Call. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  60. ^ Farrell, James. "Water At Camp Lejeune Linked To Higher Risks Of Various Cancers, New Study Finds". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  61. ^ "A retrospective cohort study | Camp Lejeune, North Carolina | ATSDR". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. 2024-01-31. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  62. ^ "Chemicals at Camp Lejeune (FAQs) | Camp Lejeune, North Carolina | ATSDR". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. 2022-08-02. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  63. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Onslow County, NC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2022-07-05. - Text list - "Camp Lejeune Schools" refers to the DoDEA schools.
  64. ^ "Camp Lejeune Community Schools Attendance Areas" (PDF). Department of Defense Education Activity. Retrieved 2022-07-05.

External links

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