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((short description|Strand of critical geography))
((More citations needed|date=April 2008))
((Marxism|Aspects))

'''Marxist geography''' is a strand of [[critical geography]] that uses the theories and philosophy of [[Marxism]] to examine the [[Spatial analysis|spatial relations]] of [[human geography]]. In Marxist geography, the relations that geography has traditionally analyzed — natural environment and spatial relations — are reviewed as outcomes of the mode of material production. To fully understand geographical relations, on this view, the social structure must also be examined. Marxist geography attempts to change the basic structure of society.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Peet |first1=J. Richard |title=An Introduction to Marxist Geography |journal=[[Journal of Geography]] |date=1985 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1080/00221348508979261|bibcode=1985JGeog..84....5P |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ312759&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ312759))</ref>

==Definition==
Marxism encompasses the ideas of Marx and [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], revolutionary socialists such as [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] and later thinkers building on Marx, such as [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]]. Marxist geography is the Marxist examination of society 'from the vantage point of space, place, scale and human transformation of nature'. Marxist geographers argue that incorporating Marxist thinking into Geography enriches geographical thinking.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Das |first=Raju J |date=March 2022 |title=What is Marxist geography today, or what is left of Marxist geography? |journal=Human Geography |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.1177/19427786211049757 |issn=1942-7786|doi-access=free ))</ref> For Marxist geographers, it is imperative that space be understood both as a fundamental component of capitalist production and the [[relations of production]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Smith |first=Neil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593303347 |title=Uneven development : nature, capital, and the production of space |date=2008 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-3590-2 |edition=Third |location=Athens |oclc=593303347))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Harvey |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704418427 |title=Social justice and the city |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-8203-3604-6 |edition=Revised |location=Athens |oclc=704418427))</ref> Some of the major concepts developed by Marxist geographers include [[Uneven development|uneven geographical development]], historical-geographical materialism,<ref>((Cite journal |last=Swyngedouw |first=Erik A. |date=1999-01-01 |title=Marxism and historical-geographical materialism: A spectre is haunting geography |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14702549908553819 |journal=Scottish Geographical Journal |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |doi=10.1080/14702549908553819 |bibcode=1999ScGJ..115...91S |issn=1470-2541))</ref> and the [[Henri Lefebvre|production of space]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Lefebvre |first=Henri |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22624721 |title=The production of space |date=1991 |others=Donald Nicholson-Smith, David Harvey |isbn=0-631-14048-4 |location=Oxford, UK |oclc=22624721))</ref> Today, some of the most prominent Marxist geographers include [[David Harvey]], [[Andy Merrifield]],<ref>((Cite book |last=Merrifield |first=Andy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875269584 |title=The new urban question |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-78371-135-2 |location=London |oclc=875269584))</ref> and [[Neil Brenner]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Neil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056201757 |title=New urban spaces : urban theory and the scale question |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-062722-5 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1056201757))</ref>

==Philosophy==

Marxist geography is [[Political radicalism|radical]] in nature and its primary criticism of the positivist [[spatial science]] centered on the latter's methodologies, which failed to consider the characteristics of [[capitalism]] and abuse that underlie socio-spatial arrangements.<ref>((Cite book |last=Cresswell |first=Tim |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802319135 |title=Geographic thought : a critical introduction |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4051-6940-0 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |oclc=802319135))</ref> As such, early Marxist geographers were explicitly political in advocating for social change and activism; they sought, through application of geographical analysis of social problems, to alleviate [[poverty]] and exploitation in capitalist societies.<ref>Harvey, David. 1973. "Social Justice and the City"</ref> Marxist geography makes exegetical claims regarding how the deep-seated structures of capitalism act as a determinant and a constraint to human agency. Most of these ideas were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s out of dissatisfaction with the [[quantitative revolution]] in geography and spurred on by the founding of the journal Antipode. In some cases, these movements were led by former "space cadets" such as [[David Harvey]] and [[William Bunge|Bill Bunge]], who were at the forefront of the quantitative revolution.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |date=2009-07-06 |title="Not Only … But Also": Quantitative and Critical Geography |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330120902931937 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/00330120902931937 |bibcode=2009ProfG..61..292B |s2cid=144095328 |issn=0033-0124))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J |date=November 2018 |title=A marginal man and his central contributions: The creative spaces of William ('Wild Bill') Bunge and American geography |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308518X17707524 |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |language=en |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=1697–1715 |doi=10.1177/0308518X17707524 |s2cid=149173226 |issn=0308-518X))</ref> 

To accomplish such philosophical aims, these geographers rely heavily upon Marxist social and economic theory, drawing on [[Marxian economics]] and the methods of [[historical materialism]] to tease out how the [[means of production]] control human spatial distribution in capitalist structures. [[Karl Marx|Marx]] is also invoked to examine how spatial relationships are affected by [[social class|class]]. The emphasis is on structure and structural mechanisms.

== See also ==
* [[Social metabolism]]

== References ==
((reflist))

((Human geography))

[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Marxism]]

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