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((Short description|Style of singing multiple notes at once))
((distinguish|text=[[throat singing]] of the Inuit and Ainu))
((More citations needed|date=June 2022))
[[File:Pachelbel's Canon - Overtone Singing.webm|thumb|Polyphonic overtone singing ''[[Pachelbel's Canon]]'', performed by Wolfgang Saus]]
[[File:Chirgilchin 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Chirgilchin]] performing various styles of [[Tuva|Tuvan]] throat singing.]]

'''Overtone singing''', also known as '''overtone chanting''', '''harmonic singing''', '''polyphonic overtone singing''', or '''diphonic singing''', is a set of singing techniques in which the vocalist manipulates the [[resonance]]s of the vocal tract to arouse the perception of additional separate notes beyond the fundamental frequency that is being produced.

From a fundamental pitch, made by the human voice, the belonging [[harmonic]] [[overtone]]s can be selectively amplified by changing the [[vocal tract]]: the dimensions and the shape of the resonant cavities of the mouth and the [[human pharynx|pharynx]].<ref>Titze 2008; Titze 1994; Pariser & Zimmerman 2004</ref><ref>((Citation|last1=Welch|first1=Graham|title=Solo Voice|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0016|work=The Science & Psychology of Music Performance|pages=252–268|editor-last=Parncutt|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2021-10-03|last2=Sundberg|first2=Johan|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0016|isbn=978-0-19-513810-8|editor2-last=McPherson))</ref> That resonant tuning allows singers to create more than one pitch at the same time (the fundamental and one or more selected overtones) and usually generates a single fundamental frequency with their vocal folds.

Overtone singing should not be confused with [[throat singing]], although many throat singing techniques include overtone singing. As mentioned, overtone singing involves the careful manipulations of the [[vocal tract]], and throat singing is mostly related to the voice source.

== Asia ==
=== Mongolia and Buryatia ===
((Main|Music of Mongolia#Overtone singing))
It is thought that the art of overtone singing originated in southwestern [[Mongolia]] in today's [[Khovd Province]] and [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi Altai]] region. Nowadays, overtone singing is found throughout the country and Mongolia is often considered the most active center of overtone singing in the world.<ref>Sklar, 2005</ref> The most commonly practiced style, called ((transliteration|mn|khöömii)) ([[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: ((lang|mn|хөөмий))), can be divided up into the following categories:

* ((transliteration|mn|Uruulyn)) / labial khöömii
* ((transliteration|mn|Tagnain)) / palatal khöömii
* ((transliteration|mn|Khamryn)) / nasal khöömii
* ((transliteration|mn|Bagalzuuryn, khooloin)) / glottal, throat khöömii
* ((transliteration|mn|Tseejiin khondiin, khevliin)) / chest cavity, stomach khöömii
* ((transliteration|mn|Turlegt, khosmoljin khöömii)) / khöömii combined with [[long song]]

Mongolians also use many other singing styles such as ((transliteration|mn|karkhiraa)) (literally 'growling') and ((transliteration|mn|isgeree)).

=== Tuva ===
((Main|Tuvan throat singing))
Tuvan overtone singing is practiced in the Republic of [[Tuva]] (southern Siberia, Russia).

The Tuvan way of singing overtones is based on appreciation of complex sounds with multiple layers or textures, which is how the Tuvans developed a wide range of rhythmic and melodic styles during the centuries. Most of the styles are sung with ((transliteration|tyv|korekteer)) (((transliteration|tyv|korek)) 'chest' + ((transliteration|tyv|teer)) 'sing'), literally 'to sing with chest voice'. Styles include:
* ((transliteration|tyv|Khöömei))
* ((transliteration|tyv|Sygyt))
* ((transliteration|tyv|Kargyraa)) (which also uses a second sound source made by false vocal folds. This technique is called "false-folds-diplophony")

Other sub-styles include:
* ((transliteration|tyv|Borbangnadyr)),
* ((transliteration|tyv|Chylandyk)),
* ((transliteration|tyv|Dumchuktaar)),
* ((transliteration|tyv|Ezengileer)).
* ((transliteration|tyv|Byrlang)) (a unique type of vibrato, mainly applied to khöömei and kargyraa styles)

The melodies are traditionally created by using the 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th and sometimes the 16th [[harmonic]]s, which form the major [[pentatonic scale]], so the 7th and 11th harmonics are carefully skipped.

The most peculiar melody, from Tuvan tradition, is "((transliteration|tyv|italics=unset|Artii Sayir))", mostly performed in kargyraa style.((citation needed|date=August 2020))

=== Altai and Khakassia ===
Tuva's neighbouring Russian regions, the [[Altai Republic]] to the west and [[Khakassia]] to the northwest, have developed forms of throat singing called kai (((lang-alt|кай)), ''qay'') or khai (((lang-kjh|хай)), ''xay''). In Altai, this is used mostly for [[epic poetry]] performance, to the instrumental accompaniment of a [[topshur]]. Altai narrators (((transliteration|alt|[[kai-chi]]))) perform in kargyraa, khöömei, and sygyt styles, which are similar to those in Tuva. They also have their own style, a very high harmonics, emerging from kargyraa. Variations of kai are:
* ((transliteration|alt|Karkyra)),
* ((transliteration|alt|Sybysky)),
* ((transliteration|alt|Homei)), and
* ((transliteration|alt|Sygyt)).
The first well-known kai-chi was Alexei Kalkin.

=== Chukchi Peninsula ===
The [[Chukchi people]] of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] in the extreme northeast of Russia also practice a form of throat singing.<ref name="mustrad1">((cite web|last= Deschênes |first=Bruno |date=2002-03-04 |url=http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm |title=Inuit Throat-Singing |publisher=Mustrad.org.uk |access-date=2008-11-27))</ref>

=== Tibet ===
[[Tibet]]an [[Buddhist chant]]ing is a subgenre of throat singing, mainly practiced by monks of Tibet, including Khokhonor ([[Qinghai]]) province in the [[Tibetan plateau]] area, Tibetan monks of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], and various locations in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region. Most often the chants hold to the lower pitches possible in throat singing. Various ceremonies and prayers call for throat singing in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], often with more than one monk chanting at a time.
There are different Tibetan throat singing styles, such as Gyuke (((lang-bo|རྒྱུད་སྐད་)) [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ((transliteration|bo|rgyud skad))), which uses the lowest pitch of voice; Dzoke (((lang|bo|མཛོ་སྐད་)) ((transliteration|bo|mdzo skad))); and Gyer (((lang|bo|གྱེར་)) ((transliteration|bo|gyer))).

===Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan===
The poet-musicians of Kazakhstan and the Uzbek region of [[Karakalpakstan]], known as ((transliteration|kaa|zhirau)), employ throat singing in their epic poetry recitations, accompanied by the [[dombra]].<ref>((cite journal|last=Margarethe|first=Adams|title=The Fiddle's Voice: Timbre, Musical Learning, and Collaborative Ethnography in Central and Inner Asia|journal=Collaborative Anthropologies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=149–169|date=2013|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|doi=10.1353/cla.2013.0010|s2cid=191364601 ))</ref> ((transliteration|kaa|Zhirau)) singers believe that the ability to throat-sing is an innate gift of selected Kazakhs, and that it cannot be taught.

Besides zhirau, there is another form of throat singing called "Kömeimen än aituw (Көмеймен ән айту)" in Kazakhstan. This technique is similar to throat singing in [[Altai Republic]]. The Kömeimen än aituw is now being revived by famous Kazakh ethno-folk musical bands HasSak and [[Turan ensemble|Turan Ensemble]], after Kazakhs believed that this form of throat singing might have been died out because of Russian conquest or rarely practiced or didn't know them at all due to lack of documentings of this practice.

===Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan===
[[Balochi Nur Sur]] is one of the ancient forms of overtone singing and is still popular in parts of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan – especially in the [[Sulaiman Mountains]].((Citation needed|date=November 2017))

=== Kurdistan ===
[[Dengbêj]], the Kurdish-Yazidi style of bardic chanting, often incorporates overtones as part of the chant, and in a way which is distinct from other forms of overtone singing. There is an article 'Dengbêj - Kurdish long song and overtone singing' by Nick Hobbs in 2020 where he discusses the use of overtones in dengbêj in some detail. Dengbêj is largely a traditional style of Turkish Kurdistan and practitioners are mostly Anatolian. Dengbêj singers often also sing Kurdish folk song but overtones can rarely be heard in Kurdish traditional music outside of dengbêj.

==Europe==
===Sardinia===
((Main|Cantu a tenore))
On the island of [[Sardinia]] ([[Italy]]), especially in the subregion of [[Barbagia]], one of the two different styles of polyphonic singing is marked by the use of throat singing. This kind of choir is called "singing [[Tenores|''a tenore'']]". The other style, known as ''cuncordu'', does not use throat singing. Cantu a Tenore is practiced by groups of four male singers, each of whom has a distinct role; the '' 'oche '' or ''boche'' (pronounced ((IPA|/oke/)) or ((IPA|/boke/)), "voice") is the solo voice, while the '' mesu 'oche '' or ''mesu boche'' ("half voice"), ''contra'' ("against"), and ''bassu'' ("bass") – listed in descending pitch order – form a [[Choir|chorus]] (another meaning of ''tenore''). ''Boche'' and ''mesu boche'' sing in a regular voice, whereas ''contra'' and ''bassu'' sings with the use of the false vocal folds, just like the Tuvan Khoomei and Kargyraa techniques. In 2005, [[Unesco]] classed the ''cantu a tenore'' as an intangible world heritage.<ref>Bandinu 2006.</ref> The most well known groups who perform the singing a Tenore are from Bitti, Orosei, Oniferi, and Neoneli. Each town has usually more than one group, and their name is based on a specific place, or monument, and then their hometown: for example:  Tenore Su Remediu(place) de Orosei(Town).

===Northern Europe===
The [[Sami people]] of the northern parts of [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]], and the [[Kola Peninsula]] in [[Russia]] have a singing genre called [[yoik]].  While overtone techniques are not a defining feature of yoik, individuals sometimes utilize overtones in the production of yoik.

===Bashkortostan===
The [[Bashkirs]] of [[Bashkortostan]], Russia have a style of overtone singing called ''özläü'' (sometimes spelled ''uzlyau''; [[Bashkir language|Bashkort]] '''Өзләү'''), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashkorts also sing uzlyau while playing the [[Kurai (flute)|kurai]] flute, a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a [[flute]] can also be found in [[folk music]] as far west as the [[Balkans]] and [[Hungary]].

===Andalusia===
In Flamenco's [[Cante Jondo]] singers often include overtonal colour at the end of phrases. Perhaps originating as a way of facilitating sustain, and then becoming an appreciated ornamentation in its own right. There are many examples but [[Carmen Linares]] and [[Duquende]] often incorporate overtones. ((Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Please cite a use of polyphonic singing in a Canto Jondo.))




==Africa==
===South Africa===
Some [[Thembu people|Thembu]] [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] women of [[South Africa]] have a low, rhythmic style of throat-singing, similar to the Tuvan Kargyraa style, that is called umngqokolo. It is often accompanied by [[call-and-response]] vocals and complicated poly-rhythms.<ref>[http://tranquanghaisworld.blogspot.com/2008/01/dave-dargie-some-recent-developments-in.html Dr. Dave Dargie "Some recent developments in Xhosa music : activities of the Ngqoko Traditional Xhoa Music Ensemble, and at the University of Fort Hare".] Retrieved on 2014-04-23.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYj-55T6Uzs Dr. Dave Dargie "UMNGQOKOLO – Thembu Xhosa – OVERTONE SINGING filmed 1985–1998 in South Africa".] Retrieved on 2014-04-23.</ref><ref>Dargie, Dave. "Xhosa Overtone Singing"  The world of South African music: A reader. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005. 152–155 Google Books Web. 23 Apr. 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RoKnvlA0xLgC&pg=PA152]</ref>

==Non-traditional styles==
===Canada, United States, and Europe===
The 1920s [[Texas|Texan]] singer of cowboy songs, [[Arthur Miles]], independently created a style of overtone singing, similar to sygyt, as a supplement to the normal [[yodelling]] of [[Country music|country western music]]. [[Blind Willie Johnson]], also of Texas, is not a true overtone singer according to [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]], but his ability to shift from guttural grunting noises to a soft lullaby is suggestive of the tonal [[timbre]]s of overtone singing.<ref name=national-geo>((cite magazine|last=Miller|first=Bruce|title=Overtone Singing Music|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/overtone_singing_763/en_US|magazine=National Geographic|access-date=February 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526001818/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/overtone_singing_763/en_US|archive-date=May 26, 2012|url-status=dead))</ref>

Starting in the 1960s, some musicians in the West either have collaborated with traditional throat singers or ventured into the realm of throat singing and overtone singing, or both. Some made original musical contributions and helped this art rediscover its transcultural universality. As harmonics are universal to all physical sounds, the notion of authenticity is best understood in terms of musical quality. Musicians of note in this genre include [[Collegium Vocale Köln]] (who first began using this technique in 1968), [[Michael Vetter]], [[Tran Quang Hai]], [[David Hykes]],<ref>Bellamy and MacLean 2005, 515.</ref> [[Jill Purce]], Jim Cole, [[Ry Cooder]], [[Paul Pena]] (mixing the traditional Tuvan style with that of American Blues), Steve Sklar, and [[Kiva (musician)|Kiva]] (specializing in jazz/ world beat genres and composing for overtone choirs). Others include composer Baird Hersey and his group Prana with [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] (overtone singing and Hindu mantra), as well as Canadian songwriter [[Nathan Rogers]], who has become an adept throat singer and teaches [[Tuva]]n throat singing in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].((Citation needed|date=January 2010))

[[Paul Pena]] was featured in the documentary ''[[Genghis Blues]]'', which tells the story of his pilgrimage to Tuva to compete in their annual throat singing competition. The film won the documentary award at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival, and was nominated for an Oscar in 2000.

Tuvan singer [[Sainkho Namtchylak]] has collaborated with [[free jazz]] musicians such as [[Evan Parker]] and [[Ned Rothenberg]]. [[Lester Bowie]] and [[Ornette Coleman]] have worked with the [[Tenores di Bitti]], and [[Eleanor Hovda]] has written a piece using the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] style of singing. [[Disc jockey|DJ]]s and performers of [[electronic music]] like [[The KLF]] have also merged their music with throat singing, overtone singing, or with the theory of harmonics behind it.

Tran Quang Hai, a researcher on overtone singing since 1969 in Paris, France, has published many articles, videos on overtone singing from 1971. His film "The Song of Harmonics" directed by Hugo Zemp in 1989 obtained 4 international prizes in Estonia (1990) France (1990) and Canada (1991).

David Hykes, a pioneer in new music, contemplative chant and healing sounds, founded Harmonic Chant in New York in 1975, the year he also founded his legendary group, The Harmonic Choir, considered to be one of the world's pre-eminent overtone ensembles.

[https://www.oberton.org Wolfgang Saus], from Germany, is considered one of the major teachers/performers of "polyphonic overtone singing" in Europe. Formerly trained as a classical baritone, his unique skills make him instantly recognizable. He's also a renowned composer and arranger of polyphonic overtone singing music for solo voice and choirs.

A cappella singer [[Avi Kaplan]] also exhibited overtone singing during his group's ([[Pentatonix]]) performances. He merged throat singing together with a cappella dubstep.

The Overtone Choir Spektrum from Prague, Czech Republic, is unique among overtone choirs, particularly because it connects traditional choir singing with overtone techniques. It is the only one of its kind in the Czech Republic, and one of only a few in the world.[http://www.alikvotnispektrum.cz/en] [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfgjeTDVTcQbUBmhmyiMxfg]

MuOM Ecstatic Voices is another unique and peculiar overtone singing choir, as it combines in its own compositions Western overtone singing and Tuvan/Mongolian throat singing techniques (such as kargyraa, khoomei, sygyt, ezengiler, bonbarnadyr, among others). Created in Barcelona in 2008, with 8 singers on average, it has specialised in the creation of overtone polyphonies, (each singer is emitting an overtone) in addition to the polyphony of the fundamentals, creating two distinguishable sound planes.[https://www.muom.net/en/]

Sherden Overtone Choir was founded in 2016 in Sardinia by Ilaria Orefice and Giovanni Bortoluzzi. The choir combines Tuvan Throat Singing Styles with Sardinian Throat singing.

Contemporary multi-instrumentalist performer The Suitcase Junket employs a self-taught overtone singing, or throat singing technique in his live and recorded performances.

Several contemporary classical composers have incorporated overtone singing into their works. [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] was one of the first, with ''[[Stimmung]]'' in 1968. [[Tran Quang Hai]] (b.1944), a French national of Vietnamese origin, created the composition "Ve Nguon" with the collaboration of Vietnamese composer Nguyen Van Tuong in 1975, in Paris.((Citation needed|date=November 2018)) "Past Life Melodies" for SATB chorus by Australian composer [[Sarah Hopkins (composer)|Sarah Hopkins]] (b. 1958) also calls for this technique. In ''Water Passion after St. Matthew'' by [[Tan Dun]], the soprano and bass soloists sing in a variety of techniques including overtone singing of the Mongolian style.

American singer [[Lalah Hathaway]] masters a rare type of multiphonic overtone singing which allows her to "split" her voice and sing several notes at the same time.<ref>((cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSafdMblnyQ?si=TM591Togbi9aarHm | title="Overtones & Polyphonic Singing" Lalah Hathaway Interview Part 8 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=March 10, 2024|access-date=April 12, 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SJIgTLe0hc?t=369  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/0SJIgTLe0hc| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Snarky Puppy feat. Lalah Hathaway – Something (Family Dinner – Volume One) |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=September 23, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2020))((cbignore))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lalah-hathaway-does-the-impossible-and-so-can-you_b_5781690 |title=Lalah Hathaway Does the Impossible and So Can You|date=November 11, 2014 |publisher=[[HuffPost]]|orig-date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2024))</ref> Hathaway earned her first career GRAMMY for 2013 for Best R&B Performance for "Something" with [[Snarky Puppy]], where she displayed this ability.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/making-something-learn-lalah-hathaways-special-talent|title=How did Lalah Hathaway make 'Something'?|date=May 15, 2017|website=Grammy.com|access-date=March 28, 2020))</ref> Hathaway also demonstrated this talent on [[the Jennifer Hudson Show]]. <ref>((cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx-XTfJFDR0?si=tNu7XLGfCZlDxn36|title=Jennifer Hudson Blown Away Heating Lalah Hathaway 'Split' Her Voice|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=May 8, 2023|access-date=April 12, 2024))</ref>

In 2014 German singer [[Anna-Maria Hefele]] went viral on YouTube with her "polyphonic overtone" singing. The [[Huffington Post]] has commented on her "amazing ability" and her singing being "utterly bizarre".<ref name=HP>((cite web|title=German Musician Anna-Maria Hefele Demonstrates Polyphonic Overtone Singing, And It's Amazing|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10/07/polyphonic-overtone-singing_n_5944174.html|website=Huffington Post|date=7 October 2014|access-date=12 October 2014))</ref> On 10 October 2014, she was number two on The Guardian's Viral Video Chart,<ref name=Guardian>((cite news|last1=Perraudin|first1=Frances|title=Viral Video Chart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/oct/10/viral-video-chart-danny-macaskill-kangaroo-boxing-greenpeace-v-lego|access-date=12 October 2014|work=The Guardian|date=10 October 2014))</ref> with one online video titled ''Polyphonic Overtone Singing'', which features Hefele as she demonstrates and explains overtones. As of February 2023, this video has received more than 20 million views.

Istanbul-based British singer [[Nikolai Galen]] incorporates overtones into his experimental work. They can be heard on his solo album Emanuel Vigeland, the Black Paintings album Screams and Silence and the Hoca Nasreddin album A Headful of Birds.

==See also==
* [[Human voice]]
* [[List of overtone musicians]]

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
* Bandinu, Omar (2006). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306114247/http://www.sitiunesco.it/attach/unesco/docs/siti_5_bandinu.pdf Il canto a tenore: dai nuraghi all'Unesco]", ''Siti'' 2, no.3 (July–September): 16–21.
* Bellamy, Isabel, and Donald MacLean (2005). ''Radiant Healing: The Many Paths to Personal Harmony and Planetary Wholeness''. Buddina, Queensland (Australia): Joshua Books. ((ISBN|0-9756878-5-9))
* Haouli, Janete El (2006). ''Demetrio Stratos: en busca de la voz-música''. México, D. F.: Radio Educación – Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
* [https://www.ida.liu.se/~robek28/pdf/Hefele_Eklund_McAllister_2019=PolyphonicOvertoneSinging.pdf Hefele, Eklund & McAllister (2019). "Polyphonic Overtone Singing: An Acoustic and Physiological (MRI) Analysis and a First-person Description of a Unique Mode of Singing". In: Mattias&nbsp;Heldner (ed.): ''Proceedings from Fonetik 2019, 10–12 June 2019, Stockholm, Sweden. PERILUS XXVII''], ((ISSN|0282-6690)), ((ISBN|978-91-7797-984-5)) (print version), ((ISBN|978-91-7797-985-2)) (electronic version), ((doi|10.5281/zenodo.3246011)), pp.&nbsp;91–96.
* Levin, Theodore C., and Michael E. Edgerton (1999). "[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-throat-singers-of-tuv The Throat Singers of Tuva]". ''Scientific American'' 281, no. 3 (September): 80–87.
* Levin, Theodore, and [[Valentina Suzukei|Valentina Süzükei]] (2006). ''Where Rivers and Mountains Sing''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ((ISBN|0-253-34715-7)).
* Pariser, David, and Enid Zimmerman (2004). "Learning in the Visual Arts: Characteristics of Gifted and Talented Individuals," in [https://books.google.com/books?id=gI75pQ7c4nAC&dq=overtone-singing&pg=PA388 ''Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education''], Elliot W. Eisner and Michael D. Day (editors). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p.&nbsp;388. ((ISBN|978-0-8058-4972-1)).
* Saus, Wolfgang (2004). ''Oberton Singen''. Schönau im Odenwald: Traumzeit-Verlag. ((ISBN|3-933825-36-9)) (German).
* Sklar, Steve (2005). "Types of throat singing" "[http://www.khoomei.com/types.htm]"
* Titze, Ingo R. (1994). ''Principles of Voice Production''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ((ISBN|978-0-13-717893-3)) Reprinted Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2000. (NCVS.org) ((ISBN|978-0-87414-122-1)) .
* Titze, Ingo R. (2008). "The Human Instrument". ''Scientific American'' 298, no. 1 (July):94–101. PM 18225701
* Tongeren, Mark C. van (2002). ''Overtone Singing: Physics and Metaphysics of Harmonics in East and West''. Amsterdam: Fusica. ((ISBN|90-807163-2-4)) (pbk), ((ISBN|90-807163-1-6)) (cloth).
* Tran Quang Hai (2018) "50 Years of Research in Vietnamese Traditional Music and Overtone Singing". 462p, Tu Sach Khai Tri, California, USA,((ISBN|978-1-7902-3908-5))

==External links==
((external links|date=September 2015))
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG2S0Gsc6HE Overtone singing used in choir music – Overtone Choir Spektrum & Jan Stanek]
* [http://spectralvoices.com/ Overtone singing in a water tower – Jim Cole & Spectral Voices]
* [http://www.overtone.cc/songs Audio samples of overtone and throat singing]
* [http://mynoise.net/NoiseMachines/throatSingingDroneGenerator.php Online overtone singing generator]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810035924/http://www.brl.ntt.co.jp/people/kis/ Ken-Ichi Sakakibara] Overtone singing research.
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/xoomi.html Harmonic singing vs. normal singing] – acoustical measurements and explanation
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-throat-singers-of-tuv Scientific American: The Throat Singers of Tuva]
* [http://www.overtone.cc/profiles/blogs/884327:BlogPost:7001 Types of Throat Singing with Tips /Tuvan Throat-Singing by Steve Sklar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113061215/http://www.acoustics.org/press/144th/Sakakibara.htm Observation of the Laryngeal Movements for Throat Singing: Vibration of two pairs of folds in human larynx]
* [http://khoomei.com/types.htm Audio samples of throat singing]
* [http://www.overtonesinging.com www.overtonesinging.com Overtone Singing with Rollin Rachele]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/shannonpatrick17/3053692540/ Tuva throat singers on Flickr]
* [http://www.harmonicovertones.com Kiva's audio samples and information on overtone singing]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100525200432/http://www.muzickacentrala.com/terca-na-mongolski-nacin Read in Serbian on muzickacentrala.com]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6ecja_airvault-chants-tchouktches_music#rel-page-1 Chukchi throat singing (Zoïa Tagrin'a, Olga Letykaï)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526001818/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/overtone_singing_763/en_US Overtone singing music]
* [http://tranquanghaisworld.blogspot.fr] – articles, video clips on overtone singing in Tuva, Mongolia, South Africa, Tibet
* [http://tranquanghaisworldthroatsinging.com] – articles, video clips on overtone singing in the world.

((Extended techniques))
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[[Category:Inuit music]]
[[Category:Throat singing]]
[[Category:Tuvan music]]
[[Category:Mongolian traditional music]]
[[Category:Singing techniques]]
[[Category:Culture of the Soviet Union]]

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