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((short description|Microprocessor made by Ricoh for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System))
((refimprove|date=November 2011))
((Infobox CPU
| name = Ricoh 5A22
| image = 5A22-02 01.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = Ricoh 5A22-02
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| produced-end = 
| soldby = 
| designfirm = Ricoh
| manuf1 = <!-- manuf1..5 -->
| cpuid = 
| code = 
<!----------------- Performance ------------------>
| slowest = 1.79 MHz
| fastest = 3.58 MHz
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))
The '''Ricoh 5A22''' is an 8/16-bit [[microprocessor]] produced by [[Ricoh]]  for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES) [[video game console]]. It is based on the 8/16-bit [[Western Design Center|WDC]] [[WDC 65C816|65C816]], which was developed between 1982 and 1984 for the [[Apple IIGS]] personal computer. It has 92 instructions, an 8-bit [[Bus (computing)|data bus]], a [[16-bit]] [[accumulator (computing)|accumulator]], and a 24-bit [[address bus]]. The CPU runs between 1.79 MHz and 3.58 MHz, and uses an extended [[MOS Technology 6502]] [[Instruction set architecture|instruction set]].

==Major features==
In addition to the [[WDC 65C816|65C816]] CPU core, the 5A22 contains support hardware, including:
* Controller port interface circuits, including [[Serial communications|serial]] access to controller data
* An 8-bit parallel I/O port, which is mostly unused in the SNES
* Circuitry for generating [[non-maskable interrupt]]s on [[Vertical blanking interval|V-blank]]
* Circuitry for generating [[interrupt]]s on calculated screen positions
* A [[Direct memory access|DMA]] unit, supporting two primary modes:
** General DMA, for block transfers at a rate of 2.68 MB/s
** [[Horizontal blanking interval|H-blank]] DMA, for transferring small data sets at the end of each [[scanline]] outside of the [[active display period]]
* [[Multiplication]] and [[division (mathematics)|division]] registers
* Two separate [[address bus]]ses driving the 8-bit [[Bus (computing)|data bus]]: a 24-bit "Bus A" for general access, and an 8-bit "Bus B" mainly for APU and PPU [[Memory-mapped I/O|registers]]

==Performance==
The CPU as a whole employs a variable-speed [[system bus]], with bus access times determined by the memory location accessed. The bus runs at 3.58&nbsp;MHz for non-access cycles and when accessing Bus B and most internal registers, and either 2.68 or 3.58&nbsp;MHz when accessing Bus A. It runs at 1.79&nbsp;MHz only when accessing the controller port serial-access registers.<ref name="anomie_memmap">((cite web |url=http://www.romhacking.net/documents/193/ |title=Anomie's SNES Memory Mapping Doc |access-date=April 24, 2022 | date=December 21, 2008 |author=anomie |format=text ))</ref> It works at approximately 1.5 [[Instructions per second|MIPS]], and has a theoretical peak performance of 1.79 million 16-bit operations per second.

==See also==
* [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System technical specifications]]
*[[Nintendo SA-1]], a co-processor for the SNES based on the same 65C816 CPU core

==References==
((reflist))

((MOS CPU))
((Ricoh))
((Super Nintendo Entertainment System))
((Nintendo hardware))

[[Category:Super Nintendo Entertainment System]]
[[Category:Nintendo chips]]
[[Category:65xx microprocessors]]
[[Category:Ricoh products]]

((videogame-hardware-stub))
((microcompu-stub))

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