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((Short description|Type of three-masted full-rigged ship))
((Ref improve|date=October 2018 ))
((Use dmy dates|date=February 2017))
((Use British English|date=February 2017))
[[File:Northfleet.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Blackwall frigate ''Northfleet'' (1853)]]
 
'''Blackwall frigate''' was the colloquial name for a type of three-masted [[full-rigged ship]] built between the late 1830s and the mid-1870s.

They were originally intended as replacements for the British [[East Indiaman]] in the trade between England, the [[Cape of Good Hope]], India and China. From the 1850s, the frigates were also employed in the trade between England, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name=tudgay>((cite web|last=Tudgay|first=Frederick|title=Painting, Wool Clipper Ship Parramatta|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1301955|publisher=National Museum of American History|access-date=9 March 2014))</ref> 

The first Blackwall frigates were designed and built by Wigram and Green at [[Blackwall Yard]] on the [[River Thames]]. Under different owners these yards had built East Indiamen since the early 17th century as well as warships for the [[Royal Navy]]. 

Whereas the traditional East Indiaman had double stern [[Quarter_gallery|galleries]], the Blackwall frigate had a single gallery and was so named partly because it was superficially similar in appearance to a [[frigate]] of the Royal Navy.  With only a single gallery, the hull-lines at the stern could be very fine and combined with relatively fine underwater lines at the bow, Blackwall frigates were fast sailing ships, although not as fast as the [[clipper]] ships that appeared in the late 1840s.  Another feature of early Blackwall frigates was a highly rounded hull at the bow above the waterline, such ships being referred to as "apple-cheeked". The first two Blackwall frigates, the 871-ton ''Seringapatam'' and 951-ton ''[[Madagascar (1837 ship)|Madagascar]]'' launched in 1837, carried the names of two slightly larger Indian-built frigates in the Royal Navy, as did a number of their successors.  This also appears to have been part of the inspiration for the popular terminology. The yard built warships as well as merchantmen and so some techniques and features from warship-design inevitably crept into the design of the Indiamen, leading to the similarity in appearance, a feature which probably inspired both the formal name choices, and the adoption of the informal terminology.    

Over 120 Blackwall frigates were built by British and Indian yards before the last, the 1857-ton iron ship ''Melbourne'', was built at Blackwall by the Green family in 1875.  They were generally considered to be safe and comfortable ships and were employed in premium trades, but were the victims of some of the most celebrated shipwrecks of the 19th century.  These included:
* ''Madagascar'', missing between [[Melbourne, Australia]] and London in 1853 with the loss of about 150 lives,
* ''Dalhousie'', sank off [[Beachy Head]] on 13 October 1853 with the loss of about 60 passengers and crew,
* ''[[Dunbar (shipwreck)|Dunbar]]'', wrecked near [[Sydney Heads]] on 20 August 1857 with the loss of 121 lives,
* ''[[Northfleet (ship)|Northfleet]]'', run down and sunk by a steamer in the English Channel on 22 January 1873 with the loss of 320 lives, 
* ''[[Cospatrick (ship)|Cospatrick]]'', destroyed by fire south of the Cape of Good Hope on 18 November 1874 with the loss of 473 lives.

A well-known example of later Blackwall frigates was the ''[[Parramatta (1866)|Parramatta]]'' of 1866<ref name=tudgay/> and the ''True Briton'' of 1046 tons built in 1861. The ''True Briton'' made frequent voyages to Australia and New Zealand carrying passengers, convicts and cargo. Photographs of this vessel are on display in the [[State Library of Victoria]].

[[File:Clyde1860.jpg|thumb|right|The semi-clipper ''Clyde'' (1860) 1,151 tons]] 

By the 1860s the main difference between Blackwall frigates and clippers was the stern gallery (which "true clippers" never had, though many "semi-clippers" did) and the residual "tumble-home" or hull curvature such that the hull was narrower at deck level than at the waterline) which was greater in a Blackwall frigate than in a clipper or semi clipper.

Both types became superseded as passenger-carrying vessels by steamships during the 1870s and later sailing ships of the type colloquially called [[windjammer]]s were built for cargo carrying only.

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
* ((cite book |last=Lubbock |first=Basil |author-link=Basil Lubbock |title=The Blackwall Frigates |year=1922 |publisher=Brown, Son & Ferguson |location=Glasgow |oclc=1750387 ))
* ''Lloyd's Register of Shipping''
* ((cite book |last=Lyon |first=David |title=The Navy Sailing List - All the Ships of the Royal Navy built, Purchased and Captured - 1688-1860 |year=1993 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=085177864X |oclc=29977497 ))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034959/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=BHC3633 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for painting entitled "The Indiaman Seringapatam arriving home"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015604/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=PAH9329 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for print entitled "The Seringapatam East Indiaman, 1000 Tons"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035548/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=SLR0763 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for a hull model of The Seringapatam]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033106/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=BHC3532 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for painting entitled "The Blackwall frigate Owen Glendower at anchor off a coastline"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033223/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=PAH0566 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for print entitled "The Owen Glendower", East Indiaman, 1000 Tons (Entering Bombay Harbour)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024752/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/greenblackwall/viewObject.cfm?ID=SLR0780 National Maritime Museum catalogue entry for a hull model of The Owen Glendower]
((Sailing Vessels and Rigs))

[[Category:Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of India]]
[[Category:Merchant sailing ship types]]
[[Category:Shipbuilding in London]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Tall ships]]

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