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((short description|Type of medieval sea craft))
((Distinguish|text=a [[hulk (ship)]], an [[seakeeping|unseaworthy]] hull still in limited floating service))
((more citations needed|date=January 2019))
A '''hulk''' (or "'''holk'''") was a type of [[medieval ship]] used mostly for transports. The hulk appears to have remained a relatively minor type of sailing ship apparently peculiar to the  Low Countries of Europe where it was probably used primarily as a river or canal boat, with limited potential for coastal cruising. The only evidence of hulks is from legal documents and iconography, though it is possible that a shipwreck found on the coast of Estonia in early 2022 might be the only known surviving example of a hulk.<ref name=":4">((Cite web |title=ESIMESED FOTOD ((!)) Lootsi tänava vrakk osutus arvatuga võrreldes kolossaalseks, esimene pilk sellelt leitud maailma vanimale kompassile |url=https://forte.delfi.ee/a/120181950 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Forte |language=et))</ref>

== History ==
The name hulk may come from the Greek word ''holkas'', meaning a towed boat, which would be consistent with the use of the hulk as a river barge. The word hulk also has a medieval meaning of "hollowed-out" or "husk-like" which is also apposite for the shape of the basic hulk. It is not clear when the hulk first appeared in medieval Europe. There is a lack of archaeological evidence because no wreck except possibly one from the 14th century and unconfirmed,<ref name=":4" /> has been found. The only evidence of hulks comes from iconography of ships scholars believe to be hulks and medieval documentation of trade and regulations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is commonly accepted by scholars that the hulk originated in the European  Low Countries as a river vessel.<ref name=":3">((Cite journal|last=Unger|first=Richard W.|date=1981|title=Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=22|issue=2|pages=233–252|doi=10.2307/3104899|jstor=3104899))</ref>  It is worth noting, however, that a conclusive origin point for the hulk is not known. References to hulks in [[Aethelred II]]'s legal code from [[England]] date from 1000 C.E.<ref name=":1" /> Hulks had fewer taxes levied on them than keels and [[cog (ship)|cog]]s with the tax tied to the amount of goods. By the fourteenth century, English regulations imposed greater taxes on hulks than other vessels meaning that they were carrying more cargo than other vessels. This points to an increase in the hull size of hulks.<ref name=":1" /> It was by the fourteenth century that the [[Hanseatic League]] had adopted the hulk as their main vessel, capable of rivaling the cog's carrying capacity. Whether this was a consequence of a perception of the cog's shortcomings or a result of a shift in the economic geography of Northern Europe towards the Dutch  Low Countries is not easy to discern.  By the 15th century, the hulk was replaced by the [[caravel]].

== Design and function ==
Hulks were depicted with a single mast at the amidship that was commonly depicted with a square sail.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=Ships and shipping in medieval manuscripts|last=Joe.|first=Flatman|date=2009|publisher=British Library|isbn=9780712349604|location=London|oclc=263993576))</ref> The hull was constructed using reverse-clinker planking which involves starting [[Clinker (boat building)|clinker]] planking at the sheer strake and planking down to the keel.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">((Cite book|title=Boats of the world : from the Stone Age to medieval times|last=Sean.|first=McGrail|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191590535|edition=Paperback, with corrections|location=Oxford|oclc=852159352))</ref> A hulk had two castles, one at the bow and one at the stern. Hulks went through two forms of rudder design. Earlier depictions showed hulks with a starboard quarter-rudder, while later depictions had median rudders. The overall design of the hulk appears to borrow or build on earlier shipbuilding traditions. The single mast with a square sail and the use of a quarter rudder appear to be borrowed from Viking vessels while the shape of the keel is similar to that of cogs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">((Cite book|title=The German Hansa.|last=Philippe.|first=Dollinger|date=1970|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804707428|location=Stanford, Calif.|oclc=98186|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/germanhansa0000doll))</ref> The weakest part of an enlarged hulk would be its [[Stem (ship)|stem]] and [[stern]]. Since it has no substantial stem or [[stern post]]s those parts of the boat would have to be reinforced by the introduction of substantial [[Apron (disambiguation)|apron]]s and [[breasthook]]s, perhaps augmented by sacrificial stem and stern posts between which the unsupported [[hull (ship)|hull]] planking could be sandwiched.  Using these techniques, perhaps better understood as a result of technological transfers from architectural woodworking, [[Shipbuilding|shipwrights]] were able to extend the hulk in size until it rivaled and surpassed the cog.

Because of their widespread use by the Hanseatic League and English documents regarding trade, it is accepted by scholars that the hulk was predominantly a cargo vessel.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> It is also possible that hulks served as warships. The use of the median rudder as well as oars as depicted in some illuminated manuscripts would make the hulk more maneuverable than the cog, and the larger vessel could provide a better platform for fighting.<ref name=":0" />

== Depictions of hulks from Medieval Europe ==
[[File:Worcester chronicle - Henri I in a hulk.jpg|thumb|288x288px|A page from ''John of Worcester's Chronicle'' that depicts Henry I in a hulk ship. This chronicle is meant to show the dreams of Henry I.]]

* Town seal of New Shoreham (1295) - a seal that depicts a ship resembling a hulk with a single centered mast, two castles on either end, and reverse-clinker planking.<ref name=":1" />
* ''John of Worcester's Chronicle'' (completed prior to his death in 1140)
* ''Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury'' (1240)
* Holkhan Bible Picture Book (c. 1327-35)
* John Lydgate's ''Life of Saints Edmund and Fremund'' (c. 1443-1444)
* Seal of the Admiralty Court of Bristol (1446)

== References ==
((Reflist|))

==Further reading==
*Greenhill, Basil (2000). The Mysterious Hulc. ''The Mariner's Mirror'' 86, page 3-18.
*Rodger, N.A.M. (1997). ''The safeguard of the sea: a naval history of Britain, Vol.1, 660-1649'', London, HarperCollins in association with the National Maritime Museum, ((ISBN|0-00-255128-4)), page 63.

==External links==
* ((Commons category-inline|Hulks (medieval ship type)))

((Sailing Vessels and Rigs))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Tall ships]]
[[Category:14th-century ships]]

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