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((Short description|Historical period in Estonia in 1930s))((Multiple issues|
((Expand Russian|topic=hist))
((More citations needed|date=July 2009))
((More footnotes|date=August 2021))
))
((History of Estonia))
[[File:Kaja 1934-62.jpg|thumb|250px|Newspaper ''[[Kaja (newspaper)|Kaja]]'''s caption announcing the beginning of the state of protection led by [[Johan Laidoner|General Laidoner]] on 14 March 1934.]]
The '''Era of Silence''' (((lang-et|vaikiv ajastu))) was the period between 1934 and 1938<ref>''Estonica''</ref> (or 1940<ref>Miljan, p. 196.</ref>) in [[History of Estonia|Estonian history]]. The period began with the preemptive [[1934 Estonian coup d'état|self-coup]] of 12 March 1934, which the then [[Prime Minister of Estonia]] [[Konstantin Päts]] carried out to avert a feared takeover of the state apparatus by the popular [[Vaps Movement|''Vaps'' Movement]] (a nationalist political organization of war veterans). 

==Context and events==
In the charged atmosphere that pervaded Europe in 1934, when [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] had become widely admired role models for authoritarian and nationalist movements in many other countries, most of the leaders of the democratic Republic of Estonia also viewed the possible takeover by a similar group, the ''Vaps'' Movement, as a credible and imminent threat. Claiming the existence of such an imminent threat, the then Prime Minister Konstantin Päts, using the authority of the newly adopted [[Estonian Constitution of 1933|Constitution of 1933]], proclaimed a national state of emergency on 12 March. He then appointed general [[Johan Laidoner]], a popular leader of the [[Estonian War of Independence|War of Independence]] and a known opponent of the ''Vaps'' Movement's leadership, as commander of the armed forces. 

Veterans' organisations were shut down, over 400 members were arrested, and all organised political activity in the country was outlawed. All Vaps members were also purged from local governments, the civil service, and the [[Estonian Defence League|Defence League]]. The lame-duck parliament immediately approved these actions.((citation needed|date=March 2018))

However, when Päts decreed postponement of the [[1934 Estonian State Elder elections|elections]] for both [[Head of State of Estonia|State Elder]] and [[Riigikogu|Parliament]], scheduled to be held in spring 1934 according to the new constitution, opposition arose in a special session convened by the existing parliament since the constitution did not allow postponement of elections by decree. In response, he permanently postponed the session and ruled by decree until a [[Estonian Constitution of 1938|new constitution]] could be drawn up and adopted. Thus, Päts' government takeover was a coup ''de facto'' but also ''de jure'' since the entire process was illegal under the constitution in effect in 1934.((cn|date=July 2019))

==Uses of term==
The term "Era of Silence" was first introduced by [[Kaarel Eenpalu]], the country's prime minister from  1938 to 1939 and a strong supporter of Päts, the Estonian head of state during that period. However, the term has been used later more often to describe the silencing of opposition to Päts' governing circle. It also reflects an apparent nationwide consensus to go along with the temporary suppression of some civil and political rights in the interests of "order" after years of political turmoil. Päts' rule was never an unduly harsh one: nearly all of those jailed in 1934 were released in 1938, and none of the former heads of state ([[Ants Piip]], [[Juhan Kukk]], [[Jaan Teemant]] and [[Jaan Tõnisson]]) who issued the critical Four State Elders' Memorandum in a newspaper in neighbouring Finland in October 1936, calling on Päts to immediately end the curtailment of civil and political rights and to reinstitute democratic government, were ever harassed by the Päts' government. When [[1938 Estonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] were held in 1938 under the new constitution of 1937, the opposition candidates won 16 seats (out of 64) in the lower house of parliament.

The "Era of Silence" is usually considered to have ended with either the [[1936 Estonian National Assembly referendum|new Estonian constitution]] coming into force on 1 January 1938 or with the [[1938 Estonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] held in February 1938. Some sources extend their definition of "the era" until the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet invasion and occupation]] of Estonia in June 1940.((clarify|date=March 2016))

==See also==
((Portal|Estonia|History))
* [[1934 Estonian coup d'état]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
* Miljan, Toivo. ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia'', pp.&nbsp;196–97. Scarecrow Press, 2004, ((ISBN|0-8108-4904-6))
* [[Estonica]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080422021921/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=98&kateg=43&alam=61 1918–1940. Republic of Estonia]
* ((cite book |title=Conditions of democracy in Europe, 1919–39: systematic case-studies |last=Berg-Schlosser |first=Dirk |author2=Jeremy Mitchell, Varrak |year=2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-22843-0 |pages=109–128 |chapter=Estonia: Crisis and 'Pre-Emptive Authoritarianism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLt_99rQiSQC&pg=PA106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLt_99rQiSQC))

==Further reading==
* Frucht, R. C. (2005). Eastern Europe: An introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht. Santa Barbara, Calif: [[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]]. Page 78+

((Estonia topics))

[[Category:1930s in Estonia]]
[[Category:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Interwar Baltic state coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Political history of Estonia]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Economy of Estonia (edit)
Era of Silence (edit)
Estonia (edit)
Geography of Estonia (edit)
History of Estonia (edit)
Index of Estonia-related articles (edit)
Outline of Estonia (edit)
Politics of Estonia (edit)
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