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((Short description|Casual jacket originally worn by aviators))
((More citations needed|date=May 2017))
[[File:MA-1 Jacket in petrol.jpg|thumb|A modern nylon [[MA-1 flight jacket|MA-1 bomber jacket]]]]

A '''flight jacket''' is a casual jacket that was originally created for pilots and eventually became part of popular culture and apparel. It has evolved into various styles and silhouettes, including the '''"letterman" jacket''' and the fashionable '''"bomber" jacket''' that is known today.

==The flight jacket==
=== Early history ===
====World War I====
[[File:Richard Byrd in flight jacket, 1920s (exbt-iceberg-47).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Byrd]] in flight jacket, 1920s]]

In [[World War&nbsp;I]], most airplanes did not have an enclosed [[cockpit]], so pilots had to wear something that would keep them sufficiently warm. The [[United States Army|U.S.&nbsp;Army]] officially established the Aviation Clothing Board in September&nbsp;1917 and began distributing heavy-duty leather flight jackets; with high wraparound collars, [[zipper]] closures with wind flaps, snug cuffs and waists, and some fringed and [[lining (sewing)|lined]] with fur.

====World War II====
[[File:B-17 Bomber Pilot Flight Jacket.jpeg|thumb|Flight Jacket of a pilot of a [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 bomber]] in WWII]]
[[Leslie Irvin (parachutist)|Leslie Irvin]] first designed and manufactured the classic [[sheepskin]] flying jacket. In 1926 he set up a manufacturing company in the [[United Kingdom]], and became the main supplier of flying jackets to the [[Royal Air Force]] during most of [[World War&nbsp;II]]. However, the demand during the early years of the war was so great that the Irvin company engaged subcontractors, which explains the slight variations of design and colour that can be seen in early production Irvin flying jackets.

As aerospace technology improved, the altitudes at which aircraft operated increased. Some [[Carpet bombing|heavy bombing raid]]s in Europe during World War&nbsp;II took place from altitudes of at least ((cvt|25,000|ft|m)), where ambient temperatures could reach as cold as −50&nbsp;°C (−58&nbsp;°F). The cabins of these aircraft were uninsulated, so a warm, thick flight jacket was an essential piece of equipment for every member of the crew.

=== Flight jackets in the United States ===
The two most historical American flight jackets are the [[A-2 jacket]] of the [[USAAF|Air Force]] and the [[G-1 military flight jacket|G-1]] of the [[United States Naval Aviator|Naval Aviators]]. Although [[Henry H. Arnold|General “Hap” Arnold]] cancelled the original A-2 after twelve years because he wanted "something better", the A-2 remains the most recognizable and sought-after American flight jacket. The G-1, designed by the [[United States Navy|U.S.&nbsp;Navy]] to parallel the Air Corps’ A-2, lasted until 1978, when [[United States Congress|U.S.&nbsp;Congress]] cancelled it due to its tremendous popular appeal, which was overwhelming the Navy's supply system. Their popularity evolved into symbols of honor, adventure, and style. [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films like ''[[Top Gun]]'' boosted sales of the G-1 tremendously, making bomber jackets collector and fashion items.

In addition to the A-2 and G-1 jackets, [[shearling]] jackets, originally lined with fur, are recognized for being the warmest flight jackets. Even when the fur was replaced with [[wool]], this coat was warm enough to keep Lt.&nbsp;[[John&nbsp;A. Macready]] warm when he set a world record in April&nbsp;1921, reaching an altitude of 40,000 feet in his open-cockpit airplane. Styles range from the B-3 "bomber jacket", to the [[M-445]], the U.S.&nbsp;Navy's shearling jacket. Also popular in the military were, and still are, synthetic jackets. These jackets first gained esteem after General Hap Arnold rejected the A-2 jacket in 1942. Styles range from the cotton [[twill]] B-series to the standardized jacket of the U.S.&nbsp;Navy, the CWU-series. Both synthetic and shearling jackets are worn and collected by army buffs today, but neither has the historical status of the [[A-2&nbsp;jacket]] or the G-1.

Today, flight jackets are usually associated with the [[MA-1 bomber jacket|MA-1]], a now-obsolete [[United States Armed Forces|U.S.&nbsp;military]] jacket, which is mostly found in sage green. It is made with flight silk [[nylon]] and usually has a [[Safety orange|blaze orange]] lining, with the specification tag in the pocket, though earlier models had a sage-green lining and the specification tag on the neck area. It has two slanted flap pockets on the front, two inner pockets, and a zipped pocket with pen holders on the left sleeve. The lighter weight version of the MA-1 is known as the L-2B flight jacket, which in turn, replaced both the original L2 and L2A jackets, which all three differ from the MA-1 as they have snap-down [[Epaulette|epaulets]] and no inside pockets. The military flight jackets currently used today are the CWU-45P (for colder weather) and the CWU-36P (for warmer weather); both are made from [[Nomex]].

=== Civilian uses ===
[[File:Bomber baseball.jpg|thumb|Baseball bomber jacket 1980s-style summer]]
In the 1970s and 1990s, flight jackets became popular with [[scooterboy]]s and [[skinhead]]s. In the 1980s, a baseball style bomber jacket became popular. In 1993, a uniform flight jacket was worn as the "national costume" of the United States for the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] meeting held in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].((Citation needed|date=August 2009)) In the early 2000s, the bomber jacket was popular casual wear in [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] fashion. The jacket has also caught on with several police departments across the United States for its sturdy design and heavy insulation. The flight jacket has had a resurgence in popularity during the 2010s in street fashion, and is a notable staple of celebrities such as [[Kanye West]].

=== List of flight jackets (leather) ===
* [[MA-1 bomber jacket]]
* [[A-2 jacket]]
* [[B-3 jacket]]
* [[B-6 jacket]]
* [[B-7 jacket]]
* [[B-32 jacket]]
* [[Cooper A-2 jacket]]
* [[G-1 military flight jacket|G-1]]

== The letterman jacket ==
=== Background and history ===
The varsity letters were first customized by [[Harvard University]] in 1865 and originally designed to reward baseball players on their teams as a token for exceptional performance. The term "[[Letterman (sports)|letterman]]" comes from the letter, which is the initial or signature icon, that is placed on the front or back of these sweaters and jackets. These "letterman" (also known as "[[University|varsity]]") sweaters or jackets were worn to represent the social identities of athletes and reflect a strong sense of team spirit, pride of belonging to a particular school, and values of collectivism.<ref name="auto">((cite web|last1=Gallagher|first1=Jake|title=Dropping Knowledge: The Varsity Jacket|url=https://www.gq.com/story/dropping-knowledge-the-varsity-jacket|website=GQ.com|date=12 September 2012 |access-date=22 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503043533/http://www.gq.com/story/dropping-knowledge-the-varsity-jacket|archive-date=3 May 2017))</ref> The letters on the jackets represented the school and were therefore placed with the intention of acknowledging scholastic achievement of the wearer.

As the trend of letterman jackets spread among colleges and teenagers after WWII, the concept was expanded to award the performance of students in aspects other than sports. With the increasing number of university students due to the popularization of high school education in the US, these jackets are no longer specialized for athletic players but represent a student's identity through their school/college's initials. Similar to the flight jacket, letterman jackets have a loose-fitted silhouette that is genderless in style, although they may include a banded collar for men or a top-buttoned hood that unbuttons into an expanded collar for women.

=== Materials and techniques ===
The body of the jacket is usually made of [[boiled wool]] which provides warmth and the sleeves are generally made of [[leather]] with banded wrists and waistbands. The letter of the belonging school is mostly constructed in [[Chenille fabric|chenille]] and [[felt]] materials and made in the school's signature color. The "[[moss stitch]]" creates the chenille look of the letter with a [[chain stitch]] to provide an outline to the letter.<ref name="auto"/> Nowadays, Bomber Jackets are made from a variety of materials. These include leather, wool, silk, satin and suede.

=== Colors ===
Since the letterman jackets represent the student's identity according to which school they come from, they are usually designed according to the school's signature color. Mostly, the school's primary signature color is applied on the body of the jacket while the sleeves are the school's secondary signature color. For example, the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] letterman jackets are usually crimson, blue or green on the body color and white or gold on the sleeves.

=== Influences ===
Besides serving as an identity of university/college students, the letterman jacket was modified and became a popular casual wear in the [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] fashion segment during the early 2000s and started to evolve into the bomber jacket. Led by [[Kanye West]], bomber jackets became an iconic [[Hip hop fashion|hip-hop fashion]] item instead of being associated with the military or colleges. Teenagers often enjoy customizing their own bomber jackets with their favorite colors and own initials to represent themselves. With the global trend of hip hop in recent years, bomber jackets have become an essential fashion item that includes varied design elements.

== The bomber jacket ==

=== Background and history ===
The bomber jacket originates from military clothing which trickled down into [[subculture]]s such as [[punk subculture|punk]]. It has recently made its way into [[high fashion]]. The military bomber jacket was made to be versatile for functionality as it was a lightweight jacket that kept aircrews warm. The B-15 jacket consisted of a fur collar made of cotton which was later changed to nylon after 1945 since it was considered more suitable because it is water resistant and kept perspiration out (Cruz, 2016). Bomber jackets appeared in Europe during the late 1950s. In 1963((cn|date=October 2023)), the jackets were popularized by European Air Forces and eventually reached the commercial consumer.

Japan was also greatly influenced by the American fashion sense after the Second World War. Notably in 1951, Kensuke Ishizu established his brand VAN((cn|date=October 2023)) that gave Japanese youth culture stylish clothing not found locally such as [[oxford shirt]]s and [[Slim-fit pants|slim trousers]]. The bomber jacket remained popular during the later twentieth century as a part of the [[grunge]] subculture and [[streetwear]], and maintains popularity today.

=== Silhouette ===
The silhouette of the bomber jacket has not altered much compared to the original, although it has an athletic and masculine silhouette with a fitted waist and more generous fit, like the bulky sleeves and extra pockets so as to be functional. The bomber jacket trend inspired a vast majority of fashion designers to reinterpret and revisit the silhouette of menswear today. For instance,  the S/S 2000 collections from [[Raf Simons]] which changed the original design into a more symmetrical form, the elongated bombers from [[Rick Owens]], floral printed versions from [[Balenciaga]], [[Dries van Noten|Dries Van Noten]] and many more.

The bomber jacket is a neutral fashion item with no limitations when it comes to genders, ages or styles. Shapes of the bomber jackets are modified into dress-like jackets or even one-piece dresses.

=== Materials ===
Due to high altitudes and breakneck speeds in less advanced airplanes compared to the modern day, [[Royal Flying Corps]] in [[Belgium]] and [[France]] started to wear heavy leather flying jackets in the 1910s as leather was considered the heaviest and strongest material for jackets.<ref name="complex.com">((cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2015/03/a-history-of-the-bomber-jacket/|title=A Brief History of the Bomber Jacket|website=Complex.com |access-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007202043/http://www.complex.com/style/2015/03/a-history-of-the-bomber-jacket/ |archive-date=7 October 2017 ))</ref>((Failed verification|date=April 2022)) Since then, original bomber jackets were made in heavy-duty leather in order to provide warmth for military pilots.

The A2 which was released by the [[United States Army Air Corps|US Army Air Corps]] was made with high wraparound collars, cinched cuffs and waists, and zipper closures protected by wind flaps and fur linings and had a high durability.<ref>((cite web|url=https://startupfashion.com/fashion-archives-the-history-of-the-bomber-jacket/|title=Fashion Archives: The History of the Bomber Jacket|date=20 February 2016|website=StartupFashion.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728005111/http://startupfashion.com/fashion-archives-the-history-of-the-bomber-jacket|archive-date=28 July 2016))</ref> Since then, there have been various versions of the bomber jacket, from having fur collars, cotton outers, and leather straps to knit collars and orange lining in the bomber jacket to aid in visibility in case an incident were to occur.

Materials of civilian bomber-style fashion jackets are continuously changed each season to bring unconventional styles that cater to customers' needs. Not only do designers use leather and wool, but fabrics such as silk, neoprene, satin, and gauze are used. Decorative elements like [[Ruffle (sewing)|ruffles]], [[Embroidery|embroidered]] patchwork, lace-ups are also added to the bomber jackets, making them an essential fashion item that comes in various colors, fabrications, and styles.

=== Colors ===
Bomber jackets originally appeared in a midnight blue hue, which was later switched to a sage green after the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnamese wars]] since it was easier for soldiers to camouflage themselves amongst the forests or countryside during the 1960s. Bomber jackets became popular in the non-military audience in the late 1960s to 1980s, especially when the English punks and skinheads started taking over the trend and changed the color into burgundy in order to distinguish themselves and their bomber jackets from the original military flight jackets.  Brown is also a classic color for leather flight jackets.<ref name="complex.com"/>

Due to the popularity of the jacket, both high street and high end brands have designed the bomber jacket in a variety of hues. Other than the standard navy blue, army green and black, the bomber can be found in pastel tones such as baby pink, blue, mint, or even gold and silver.<ref name="faunstudio.com/"> Many designers and fashion brands have taken inspiration from bomber jackets, featuring them in magazines and on the runway</ref>

==See also==
((Portal|Aviation))
* [[G-1 military flight jacket]]
* [[Blouson]]
* [[Eisenhower jacket]]
* [[G-suit]]
* [[Leather jacket]]
* [[MA-1 bomber jacket]]
* [[MA-2 bomber jacket]]
* [[Sukajan]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Clothing))

[[Category:1910s fashion]]
[[Category:20th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Aviation wear]]
[[Category:Jackets]]
[[Category:Military aviation]]
[[Category:Military uniforms]]

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