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((Short description|Vocabulary used in the fashion business and clothing industry))
((refimprove|date=January 2015))

'''Clothing terminology''' comprises the names of individual  [[garment]]s and classes of garments, as well as the specialized [[vocabulary|vocabularies]] of
the trades that have [[fashion design|designed]], [[manufacture]]d, [[marketing|marketed]] and [[retailer|sold]] [[clothing]] over hundreds of years.

Clothing terminology ranges from the arcane (watchet,<ref>M. Channing Linthicum, ''Costume in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries'' (Oxford, 1936), pp. 28-9.</ref> a pale blue color name from the 16th century), and changes over time in response to [[fashion]] which in turn reflects [[social]], [[artistic]], and [[politics|political]] trends.

== Categories ==

At its broadest, clothing terminology may be said to include names for:

* Classes of basic garments: [[shirt]], [[coat (clothing)|coat]], [[skirt]], [[dress]], [[suit (clothes)|suit]], [[underwear]], [[swimsuit]]
* Length, for skirts and dresses: [[micro-mini]], [[Miniskirt|mini]], [[tea length]], [[Ballerina skirt|ballerina length]], [[full length]], [[Midiskirt|midi]], [[Maxiskirt|maxi]]
* Contemporary and historical [[fashion|style]]s of garments: [[corset]], [[frock coat]], [[t-shirt]], [[Doublet (clothing)|doublet]]
* Parts of garments: [[sleeve]], [[collar (clothing)|collar]], [[Jacket lapel|lapel]]
* Styles of these: [[sleeve|juliette sleeve]], [[Peter Pan collar]]
* Clothing details: [[pocket]], [[french cuff]], [[zipper]]
* Functional uses:  [[layered clothing|base layer, insulation layer, outer shell]]
* [[national dress|Traditional]] garments:  [[cheongsam]], [[kilt]], [[dirndl]], [[fustanella]]
* Fashions and "anti-fashions": [[preppy]], [[Christian Dior S.A.#The .22New Look.22|New Look]], [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]], [[Victorian dress reform|rational dress]]
* [[Textile|Fabric]]s: [[denim]], [[wool]], [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], [[velvet]], [[satin]], [[silk]], [[cotton]]
* [[Fabric treatment]]s: fabric painting, [[decal|transfers]], [[ikat]], [[tie-dye]], [[batik]]
* [[Fabric manipulation]]: [[pleat]], [[tuck (sewing)|tuck]], [[gather (sewing)|gather]], [[smocking]]
* [[Color]]s and [[dye]]s: [[Rose madder|madder red]], [[indigo]], [[isabella (color)|isabella]]
* [[Sewing]] terms: [[cut (clothing)|cut]], [[hem]], [[armscye]], [[lining (sewing)|lining]]
* [[Pattern (sewing)|Patternmaking]] terms: [[Pattern (sewing)|sloper]], [[toile]]
* Methods of manufacture: [[haute couture]], [[tailor|bespoke tailoring]], [[ready-to-wear]]
* [[Retail]]ers' terms:
** [[Size (clothing)|Size]] ranges: [[Clothing_sizes|Small]], [[Clothing_sizes|Medium]], [[Clothing_sizes|Large]], [[XL (Extra large)|XL (Extra Large)]], XXL (Double Extra Large), Junior, Misses, Petite, [[Plus-size clothing|Plus Size]], [[Big_and_tall|Big-and-Tall]]
** Retail [[seasons (clothing)|seasons]]: [[back-to-school]], [[holiday]], [[resort]], [[seasonal]]
** Departments: special occasion, [[sportswear (fashion)|sportswear]], bridge fashion
** Degrees of formality: [[formal wear]], [[bridal]], [[business casual]]
** Market: [[high end]], [[high street]], [[ethical consumer]], [[Charity shop|cut price]]

== Persistence ==

[[Image:Edward VI of England c. 1546.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] in a red fur-lined gown with split hanging sleeves, a men's fashion of the mid-16th century]]

Despite the constant introduction of new terms by [[fashion designer]]s, clothing manufacturers, and marketers, the names for several basic garment classes in English are very stable over time.  ''Gown'', ''shirt/skirt'', ''frock'', and ''coat'' are all attested back to the early [[medieval]] period.

''Gown'' (from [[Medieval]] [[Latin]] ''gunna'') was a basic clothing term for hundreds of years, referring to a garment that hangs from the shoulders.  In [[Medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] England ''gown'' referred to a loose outer garment worn by both men and women, sometimes short, more often ankle length, with [[sleeve]]s.  By the 18th century ''gown'' had become a standard category term for a women's [[dress]], a meaning it retained until the mid-20th century.  Only in the last few decades has ''gown'' lost this general meaning in favor of ''dress''.  Today the term ''gown'' is rare except in specialized cases: [[academic dress]] or ''cap and gown'', [[evening gown]], [[nightgown]], [[hospital gown]], and so on (''see'' [[Gown]]).

''Shirt'' and ''skirt'' are originally the same word, the former being the southern and the latter the northern pronunciation in early [[Middle English]].

''Coat'' remains a term for an overgarment, its essential meaning for the last thousand years (''see'' [[Coat (clothing)|Coat]]).

== New sources ==

Names for new styles or fashions in clothing are frequently the deliberate inventions of fashion designers or clothing manufacturers; these include [[Chanel]]'s [[Little Black Dress]] (a term which has survived) and [[Lanvin (clothing)|Lanvin]]'s ''[[Robe|robe de style]]'' (which has not). Other terms are of more obscure origin.

=== Personal names ===

Clothing styles are frequently named after people—often with a military connection:
*The ''[[Jinnah Cap]]''  is a fur qaraqul hat named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali [[Jinnah]]. 
*The ''Garibaldi jacket'' or [[Garibaldi shirt]] were bright red woolen garments for women with black [[embroidery]] or braid and military details popular in the [[1860s in fashion|1860s]]; they are named after the Italian revolutionary [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] who visited England in 1863.
*The [[Eisenhower jacket]] or "Ike" jacket is a waist-length, military jacket of World War II origins.  Called the "Jacket, Field, Wool, M-1944", it was commissioned by then [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight Eisenhower]] as a new field jacket for the US Forces in Northern Europe.  The jacket was based on the British Army 'Battle Dress' jacket of the same era.
*The ''[[cardigan (sweater)|cardigan]]'' is a [[knit]]ted jacket or button-front [[sweater]] created to keep British soldiers warm in Russian winters.  It is named for [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan]], who led the [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] in the [[Crimean War]] (1854).
*The ''[[Mao suit|Mao jacket]]'' is a very plain (often grey), high-collared, shirtlike jacket customarily worn by [[Mao Zedong]] and the people of China during his regime. Its drab design and uniformity was a reaction to pre-[[Revolution]] class distinctions of clothes, with elites dressing in elaborate silks, while poor laborers wore very rough clothes.
*The ''[[Nehru jacket]]'' is a uniform jacket without lapels or collars, popularized by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of independent India.
*The ''[[Bloomer Costume]]'' was a type of women's clothing introduced in the [[Antebellum era|Antebellum]] period, that changed the style from dresses to a more male-type style, which was devised by [[Amelia Bloomer]].
*The ''[[Wellington boot]]'' was a cavalry boot devised by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|the Duke of Wellington]], originally made from leather, but now normally rubber.
*The ''[[Stetson]] hat'' is named after the founder of the [[John B. Stetson Company]].
*The ''[[Mackintosh]]'' is a waterproof coat made from [[rubber]]ised [[textile|fabric]], named after its inventor [[Charles Macintosh]].
*The ''[[Gandhi cap]]'' is a white colored sidecap made from khadi. It was popularised by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence movement.

=== Place names ===

Another fertile source for clothing terms is place names, which usually reflect the origin (or supposed origin) of a fashion.  Modern terms such as Bermuda shorts, [[aloha shirt|Hawaiian shirts]], and [[Fair Isle (technique)|Fair Isle]] [[sweater]]s are the latest in a long line that stretches back to ''holland'' (linen), ''damask'' ("from [[Damascus]]"), ''[[polonaise (clothing)|polonaise]]'' ("in the fashion of [[Poland|Polish]] women"), ''[[Basque (clothing)|basque]]'', ''jersey'' (originally [[Jersey]] [[frock]]), ''[[Balaclava (clothing)|Balaclava]]'', ''[[Capri pants]]'', ''[[mantua (clothing)|mantua]]'',  and ''denim'' ("serge de [[Nîmes]]" after the city).

=== Costume historian's terms ===

Costume historians, with a "rearward-looking" view, require names for clothing styles that were not used (or needed) when the styles were actually worn. For example, the Van Dyke collar is so-called from its appearances in 17th century portraits by [[Anthony van Dyck]], and the Watteau pleats of the ''[[Sack-back gown|robe á la française]]'' are called after their appearance in the portraits of [[Antoine Watteau]].

Similarly, terms may be applied ahistorically to entire categories of garments, so that ''corset'' is applied to garments that were called ''stays'' or a ''pair of bodies'' until the introduction of the word ''corset'' in the late 18th century.  And ''dress'' is now applied to any women's garment consisting of a bodice and skirt, although for most of its history ''dress'' simply meant clothing, or a complete outfit of clothing with its appropriate accessories.

=== Short forms ===

A notable trend at the turn of the 21st century is "cute" short forms: [[camisole]] becomes ''cami'', hooded sweaters or [[sweatshirt]]s become ''hoodies'', and as of 2005, short or "shrunken" cardigans are ''cardies''.

The much-older term ''shimmy'' for "slip" is most likely a [[false singular]] from [[chemise]].

== References ==
((reflist))
*[[Mary Brooks Picken|Picken, Mary Brooks]]: ''The Fashion Dictionary'', Funk and Wagnalls, 1957.  (1973 edition ((ISBN|0-308-10052-2)))

== External links ==

((Clothing))
((Clothing materials and parts))
((Historical clothing))
((DEFAULTSORT:Clothing Terminology))
[[Category:Clothing]]
[[Category:Fashion terminology]]

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