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((more citations needed|date=March 2013))
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Handcycle.jpg|thumb|300px|A competition handcycle]] -->
[[Image:rainbow h.jpg|thumb|right|Handcycle with high stance and upright riding position]]
[[File:Varna handbike.jpg|thumb|right|Handcycle with low stance and recumbent riding position]]

A '''handcycle''' is a type of [[human-powered land vehicle]] powered by the [[arm]]s rather than the [[Human leg|legs]], as on a [[bicycle]].  Most handcycles are [[tricycle]] in form, with two coasting rear [[Bicycle wheel|wheels]] and one steerable powered front wheel. Despite usually having three wheels, they are also known as ''handbikes''.

==History==
[[File:Rollstuhl Farfler 1655.jpg|thumb|left|Farffler's carriage of 1655]]
[[Stephan Farffler]] was a [[Nuremberg]] [[watchmaker]] of the seventeenth century whose invention of a manumotive carriage in 1655 is widely considered to have been the first self-propelled bicycle. He is believed to have been either a [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]]<ref>Jane Bidder, ''Inventions We Use to Go Places'' (London: Franklin Watts, 2006, 18)</ref><ref>[[Rory A. Cooper]], Hisaichi Ohnabe, and Douglas A. Hobson, ''An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering'' Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007, 131</ref> or an [[Amputation|amputee]].<ref>Clive Richardson, ''Driving, the development and use of horse-drawn vehicles'' (B. T. Batsford, 1985, 136)</ref> The three-wheeled device is believed to have been a precursor to the modern-day [[tricycle]] and [[bicycle]].<ref>"Medical Innovations - Wheelchair," ''Science Reporter, Volume 44'', 2007, 397.</ref>

Later innovations in handcycle design would be driven by a need to provide transportation for soldiers injured during the [[American Civil War]], and later, the [[First World War]]. While Farffler's carriage emerged from his background as a clockmaker, mid-nineteenth century designs would be produced by mainstream bicycle manufacturers such as [[Singer Motors|The Singer Cycle company of Coventry]]. By the end of World War I, metal tube handcycles with chain drives became more common to meet the needs of soldiers who lost their legs. <ref name = Norcliffe>((cite journal |last1= Norcliffe|first1=Glen|last2=Buliung|first2=Ron|last3=Kruse|first3=Annika|last4=Radford|first4=John|title=Disability and cycling technology: A socio-historical analysis|url=https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/8276/7609|journal=Disability Studies Quarterly|volume=42|issue=1|doi=10.18061/dsq.v42i1.8276|access-date=2023-10-30|doi-access=free))</ref>

As handcycles have grown in popularity and availability, the needs of a wide array of users have led to handcycle manufacturers innovating on earlier designs.<ref name = Norcliffe>((cite journal |last1= Norcliffe|first1=Glen|last2=Buliung|first2=Ron|last3=Kruse|first3=Annika|last4=Radford|first4=John|title=Disability and cycling technology: A socio-historical analysis|url=https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/8276/7609|journal=Disability Studies Quarterly|volume=42|issue=1|doi=10.18061/dsq.v42i1.8276|access-date=2023-10-30|doi-access=free))</ref> Specialist manufacturers such as Freedom Concepts (whose STRAE Sport handcycle caters to teens and adults with [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries]]) <ref>((cite web |title=Strae Sport Handcycle |url=https://freedomconcepts.com/our-products/handcycles/strae-handcycle/ |website=Freedom Concepts Inc |access-date=30 October 2023))</ref> and Theraplay Mobility Cycles (who design cycles for children with [[spina bifida]]) <ref>((cite web |title=Theraplay: Cycles for Life |url=https://www.theraplay.co.uk/ |website=Theraplay |access-date=30 October 2023))</ref> build handcycles designed to meet the needs of a specific group of disabled cyclists. High-end racing handcycles are also produced to fit the needs of [[para-cycling|para-cycling competitors]]. 

==Description==
Many manufacturers have designed and released hand-powered [[Recumbent bicycle|recumbent]] trikes, or handcycles. Handcycles are a regular sight at [[Human Powered Vehicle#Human-powered vehicles (HPVs)|HPV]] meets and are beginning to be seen on the streets. They commonly follow a delta design with front wheels driven by standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur gearing]] powered by hand [[Crankset|cranks]]. [[Bicycle brake systems|Brake]] levers are usually mounted on the handholds which are usually mounted [[Phase (waves)#Phase difference|in phase]], unlike [[Bicycle pedal|pedal]] cranks, which are usually 180° out of phase. This allows the rider to more easily use their torso to help propel the cycle. The entire crank assembly and the front wheel turn together, allowing the rider to steer and crank simultaneously.

Some designs use two front wheels and a single rear wheel, while others use lean-steer designs.

A handcycle is not a [[wheelchair]]; a handcycle has a crank and gears, while a wheelchair has push-rims directly on the main wheels.<ref>((cite news
| title = Disabled Racers Split, With Organizers in Middle
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/sports/sportsspecial/02handcycle.html
| author = Michael Weinreb
| date = November 2, 2006
| quote = Handcycle, a three-wheeled device with gears and cranks that bears more of a resemblance to a bicycle than to a traditional wheelchair.
| access-date = 2015-01-08))</ref><ref name="Paciorek & Jones">((cite book
| last1 = Paciorek
| first1 = Michael J
| last2 = Jones
| first2 = Jeffery A
| title = Disability Sport and Recreation Resources
| date = 2008-03-14
| publisher = Cooper Publishing
| isbn = 978-1-884125-75-1
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/disabilitysportr0000paci/page/229 229–244]
| quote = Rule 159 Para 5: No mechanical gears or levers shall be allowed, that may be used to propel the chair.
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/disabilitysportr0000paci/page/229
))</ref>

==Styles==
[[Image:mountaintrike.jpg|thumb|right|Off-road handcycle]]
[[File:Philipp Bonadimann Handbike-2.jpg|thumb|right|Racing handcycle]]
[[File:Stricker_Handbike.jpg|thumb|right|Handcycle add-on/conversion for wheelchair]]

Handcycles come in a variety of styles, making them accessible to people with a wide variety of [[disability|disabilities]]. There are also hybrids between a handcycle, a recumbent bike and a tricycle.<ref>((cite web | url = http://www.berkelbike.co.uk | title = BerkelBike | access-date = 2009-10-30))</ref>

===Fork steer===
Fork steer handcycles represent the majority of handcycles sold. They work well for both low and high-level spinal injuries, and most have adjustable footrests, seat angle, and come with a variety of gearing, [[Bicycle wheel|wheel]] and [[Bicycle tire|tire]] configurations depending on intended use: racing, recreation, or touring.  Manufacturers of this type of handcycle include Invacare (Top End), Intrepid Equipment, Varna, Schmicking and Sunrise Medical (Quickie).

===Lean steer===
Riders turn lean steer handcycles by leaning into the turn. There is a longer learning curve with lean steer handcycles and they are significantly less stable at high speed. The lean steer system feels similar to mono skiing: using your whole body to steer the handcycle. Lean steer handcycles can work well for lower-level injuries; although, some athletes with high-level disability use them as well. Manufacturers of this type of handcycle include Lighting Handcycles and Brike International Ltd. (Freedom Ryder).

Another type of lean steer hand trike has two steering rear wheels and one non-steerable, powered front wheel with handholds offset at 180°, similar to [[Bicycle pedal|pedal]] cranks, that can be operated with only one hand, thus making it easy to ride uphill,((citation needed|date=September 2012)) and it can be ridden in a tighter curve with the automatic rear wheels steering system.((citation needed|date=September 2015))

===Off road===
The off-road is different from other handcycles in that there are two wheels in front and one behind, and it has a lower gear ratio range.  This gives the cycle the ability to tackle steep slopes and permits handcycle [[mountain biking]].  The addition of a wider tire with suitable tread makes some mountain biking possible on standard road bikes.

===Touring===
Handcycles have also been used for [[Bicycle touring|touring]], and to better accommodate this interest, some manufacturers incorporate mudguards and pannier cargo racks. As handcycles have evolved they have become progressively lighter, and they have better gearing for long climbs and long-distance touring.

===Racing===
Racing handcycles tend to be extremely low to the ground to minimize air drag and maximize the lateral acceleration that can be generated in a turn without rolling over to the outside.

===Wheelchair conversion===
An attachment, consisting of a steerable front wheel and crank, can convert a wheelchair into a handcycle.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hand-cycling_clinic_a_new_start_for_wounded_soldiers,_veterans_120404-A-KH311-111.jpg|Tricycle handcycle
File:2015_Air_Force_Wounded_Warrior_Trials-_cycling_(16496893660).jpg|Tricycle handcycle intended for racing
File:170706-D-DB155-004_(35723999326).jpg|Handcycle racing
File:Johann Mayrhofer (2003).jpg|Handcycle racing
File:Kompaktes Handbike.jpg|Handbike add-on/conversion for wheelchair
File:Championnat de France de cyclisme handisport - 20140614 - Handbike.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
((div col|colwidth=30em))
* [[Bicycle]]
* [[Cycling at the Summer Paralympics]]
* [[Invalid carriage]]
* [[Para-cycling]]
* [[Outline of cycling]]
* [[Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)]]
* [[Racerunning]]
* [[Recumbent bicycle]]
* [[Rowing cycle]]
* [[Tricycle]]
((div col end))
((commons category|Handcycles))

== References ==
((reflist))

((Human-powered vehicles))

[[Category:Mobility devices]]
[[Category:Human-powered vehicles]]

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