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((short description|Bicycle optimized for racing at a velodrome or outdoor track))
((Refimprove|date=June 2009))
[[File:World Hour Record Pinarello (19657953744).jpg|thumb|300px|The track bicycle made by [[Pinarello]] that [[Bradley Wiggins]] rode to break the [[hour record]] in June 2015]]
A '''track bicycle''' or '''track bike''' is a [[bicycle]] optimized for racing at a [[velodrome]] or outdoor track. Unlike [[road bicycle]]s, the track bike is a [[fixed-gear bicycle]]; thus, it has only a single gear ratio and has neither a [[freewheel]] nor brakes. [[Bicycle tire|Tires]] are narrow and inflated to high pressure to reduce [[rolling resistance]].

==History==
[[File:Wielermuseum Roeselare 012.JPG|thumb|Track bicycle (1893) for four, with the first one acting as pacesetter]]
((expand section|date=September 2016))
((see also|History of cycling))

The first bicycle race is popularly held to have been a 1,200 meter race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de [[Saint-Cloud]], [[Paris]].  It was won by expatriate Englishman [[James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore]] who rode a wooden bicycle with iron [[Bicycle tire|tires]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Maso |first1=B |last2=Horn |first2=M, Translator |year=2005 |title=The sweat of the gods: myths and legends of bicycle racing |location=Norwich, England |publisher=Mousehold Press |pages=1–2 |isbn=1-874739-37-4))</ref> The machine is now on display at the museum in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]], [[Cambridgeshire]], England.

The [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] was founded on 14 April 1900 by Belgium, the United States, France, Italy, and Switzerland to replace the [[International Cycling Association]], which had been formed in 1892, over a row with Great Britain as well as because of other issues.

==Frame design==
((see also|Bicycle frame))
A track [[bicycle frame|frame]] is specific to its intended use, with emphasis on rigidity and lightness. Frames for sprinting seek to maximize rigidity, while those for general racing seek to reduce aerodynamic drag. The [[Dropout (bicycle part)|dropouts]] or ''track ends'' face rearwards to facilitate chain tension adjustment. A true track fork, unless aerodynamics are the primary consideration, has round-section blades for greater lateral stiffness when sprinting. The crown is sometimes drilled to give the option of mounting a front brake when the bike is used on the road.

===Rules===
The governing body, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] (UCI), sets limits on design and dimensions as well as the shape and diameter of the tubes used to construct the frame. The UCI permits special exceptions for the construction and geometry of track bikes.<ref>((cite journal|title=Approval Protocol for Frames and Forks|page=8|url=http://www.uci.ch/mm/Document/News/Rulesandregulation/16/51/86/materielprotocole-ENG_English.PDF|publisher=Union Cycliste Internationale))</ref>
((block indent|1=For track competitions, the elements of the bicycle frame may be tubular or solid, assembled or cast in a single piece in any form (including arches, cradles, beams or any other). These elements, including the bottom bracket shell, shall fit within a template of the triangular form defined in article 1.3.020.))

A [[Keirin#Equipment|Keirin bike]] is a track bike for Keirin races in Japan that meets the strict system of standards of the [[JKA Foundation]] (Japan Keirin Autorace Foundation), the governing body for Keirin competitions, still popular under the abbreviation of its predecessor body - NJS (Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai or the Japanese Bicycle Association).

===Geometry===
[[Image:Bicyclemeasurements.svg|thumb|Bicycle frame measurements]]
A track bicycle frameset differs from one used on the road by having:
*higher [[bottom bracket]] so the pedals do not touch a steeply banked track
*shorter chainstays
*steeper [[Bicycle frame#Seat tube|seat tube]] angle for a more aerodynamic position
*longer reach
*very tight clearances between wheels and frame tubes
*modern track frames use ((convert|120|mm|in|2|abbr=on)) spacing for the rear hub
*some small-size track frames often have substantial toe overlap with the front wheel that is not an issue for velodrome riding but can make slow-speed turns awkward if the bike is used on the road.<ref>((cite web| url=https://www.lookcycle.com/fr-en/products/bikes/track-bikes/t20/t20-speed-version-frameset|title=Look Cycle – Look T20 Speed Version|publisher=[[Look Cycle]]|access-date=20 February 2020))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=http://www.pinarello.com/en/bike-2018/track/maat-60.1|title=Cicli Pinarello – Pinarello MAAT 60.1|publisher=[[Pinarello]]|access-date=20 February 2020))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=http://www.pinarello.com/en/bikes-2019/road/dogma-f12/|title=Cicli Pinarello – Pinarello Dogma F12|publisher=[[Pinarello]]|access-date=1 March 2020))</ref>

===Material===
Frames are assembled from tubular elements (typically with round or elliptical cross sections), or cast in a mould for "one-piece" type models. The most popular materials for frame building include [[steel]], [[aluminium]], or [[titanium]] alloys, [[carbon fiber reinforced plastic|carbon fiber]], or a combination of these materials. Carbon fiber frames are most common at the professional level.<ref name="velodrome.shop">((cite web| url=https://www.velodrome.shop/index.php?p=page&page_id=2019-world-championship-winning-equipment|title=2019 World Championship Winning Equipment|publisher=Velodrome Shop|access-date=20 February 2020))</ref>

==Gear ratio==
Track bicycles have only one drive [[sprocket]] (or cog) and one chainring, so the size ratio is relevant. A lower gear ratio allows quicker acceleration or 'jump' but can limit top speed. A larger gear ratio makes sustained speed easier, important in [[pursuit racing]], [[time trial]] and bunched races such as points or scratch events.
Without a good jump, the rider risks opponents accelerating away; without good sustained speed, the rider will be unable to keep up with a fast race. Track sprinters make a compromise by using particular gear ratios that allows them to reach race speeds at a relatively high cadence (pedalling), around 130-135 revolutions per minute (r/min).<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/news/2019/track-sprinting-a-question-of-watts|title=Track Sprinting - a Question on Watts?|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|access-date=22 February 2020))</ref>

Long-distance attempts such as the [[hour record]] sometimes use high gear combinations such as 52×12 or 55×14. [[Ondřej Sosenka]] used 54×13 with 190&nbsp;mm cranks to set the 2005 record.

==Chain==
[[Bicycle chain]]s used in track, fixed gear and single speed cycling come in two common roller widths (the internal width between the inner plates), which is either ((cvt|3/32|in|mm|2|order=flip)) og ((cvt|1/8|in|mm|2|order=flip)). The chainring, sprocket and chain should all be the same width. Although a wider chain will work on a narrower chainring or sprocket, it is not ideal. A narrower chain will not work on a wider chainring or sprocket. Newer bicycles with [[derailleur]] gears use bushingless ((cvt|3/32|in|mm|2|order=flip)) chains which flex, making gear changing possible. There are also ((cvt|1/8|in|mm|order=flip)) bushingless chains on the market, which can be lighter or cheaper. Track bicycles, however, need increased strength rather than a lightness or a flexibility, so most of the track chains still use the full-bushing design.

==Tires==
Tubular tires are most often used in track racing and training, though advances in [[Bicycle tire#Clincher|clincher tire]] design have seen them being used somewhat more often.<ref name="velodrome.shop"/>

==See also==
* [[Outline of cycling]]
*[[Path racer]]
* [[Keirin]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Track cycling))
((Human-powered vehicles))
((Cycling))

[[Category:Cycle types]]
[[Category:Track cycling]]

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