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((Short description|Natural cave that contains significant amounts of year-round ice))
((About|caves that contain ice|caves formed in ice|glacier cave))
((More citations needed|date=October 2012))
[[File:Dachstein Rieseneishöhle Parzifaldom 20210918.jpg|thumb|[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachstein-Rieseneish%C3%B6hle Dachstein-Rieseneishöhle (de)] in Austria]]

An '''ice cave''' is any type of natural [[cave]] (most commonly [[lava tubes]] or [[limestone]] caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) [[ice]].  At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) all year round, and [[water]] must have traveled into the cave’s cold zone.

==Terminology==
This type of cave was first((dub|''Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland'', published in 1865 by George Forrest Browne|date=January 2023)) formally described by Englishman Edwin Swift Balch in 1900,<ref>((cite book|last=Balch|first=E.S.|title=Glacieres or Freezing Caverns|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89123|year=1900))</ref> who suggested the French term ''glacieres'' should be used for them, even though the term ''ice cave'' was then, as now, commonly used to refer to caves simply containing year-round ice. Among [[speleologist]]s, ''ice cave'' is the proper English term.<ref>((cite book|last=Ford|first=Derek C.|title=Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology|year=1989|author2=Williams, P.W.))</ref> 
 
A cavity formed ''within'' ice (as in a glacier) is properly called a [[glacier cave]].<ref>((cite web|title=A Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology with Special Reference to Environmental Karst Hydrology|url=http://www.karstwaters.org/files/glossary.pdf|year=2002|publisher=Karst Waters Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217062955/http://www.karstwaters.org/files/glossary.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-17))</ref>

== Types ==
Ice caves occur as static ice caves, such as Peña Castil Ice Cave,<ref>((Cite journal |last=Berenguer-Sempere |first=Fernando |last2=Gómez-Lende |first2=Manuel |last3=Serrano |first3=Enrique |last4=Juan de Sanjosé-Blasco |first4=José |date=2014 |title=Orthothermographies and 3D modeling as potential tools in ice caves studies: the Peña Castil Ice Cave (Picos de Europa, Northern Spain) |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1745&context=ijs |format=PDF |journal=International Journal of Speleology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=pp.=35-43))</ref> and dynamic or cyclical ice caves, such as [[Eisriesenwelt]].<ref>Anonymous [http://www.eisriesenwelt.at/uploads/media/013_science.pdf Eisriesenwelt: Scientific Background] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001737/http://www.eisriesenwelt.at/uploads/media/013_science.pdf |date=2016-03-04 )) eisriesenwelt.at, undated, 7pp,  retrieved January 2016.</ref>((better source needed|date=January 2016))

==Temperature mechanisms==
In most of the world, [[bedrock]] caves are thermally insulated from the surface and so commonly assume a near-constant temperature approximating the annual average temperature at the surface.  In some cold environments, such as that surrounding [[Mount Erebus]], average surface (and thus cave) temperatures are below freezing, and with surface water available in summer, ice caves are possible and are sometimes overlain by [[fumarolic ice tower]]s.<ref name="Walton2013">((cite book|author=D. W. H. Walton|title=Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vg9A2N5I3wC&pg=PA61|date=28 March 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00392-7|page=61))</ref>  However, many ice caves exist in [[temperate]] climates, due to mechanisms that result in cave temperatures being ''colder'' than average surface temperatures where they formed.<ref name=Barck>
((cite journal
 | last =Barck
 | first =C.
 | title =Caves
 | journal =Mazama
 | volume =4
 | issue =2
 | pages =61–69
 | publisher =Mazamas
 | location =Portland, OR
 | date =December 1913
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ILwUAAAAYAAJ
 | access-date =February 20, 2016 ))</ref>

[[Image:Iceplate2.jpg|thumb|left|Ice plates]]
''Cold traps'': Certain cave configurations allow seasonal [[convection]] to import cold [[air]] from the surface in winter, but not warm air in summer.  A typical example is an underground chamber located below a single entrance.  In winter, cold [[density|dense]] air settles into the cave, displacing any warmer air which rises and exits the cave.  In summer, the cold cave air remains in place as the relatively warm surface air is lighter and cannot enter.  The cave will only exchange air when the surface air is cooler than the cave air.  Some cold traps may ensnare surface [[snow]] and shade it from the summer [[sun]]’s [[Sunlight|rays]], which may further contribute to the colder cave temperature.<ref name=Barck/>

''Permafrost'': Even temperate environments can include pockets of bedrock that are below freezing year round, a condition called [[permafrost]].  For example, winter wind and an absence of snow cover may allow freezing deep enough to be protected from summer thaw, particularly in light-colored [[Rock (geology)|rock]] that does not readily absorb heat.  Although the portion of a cave within this permafrost zone will be below freezing, permafrost generally does not allow water [[percolation]], so ice formations are often limited to [[Ice crystal|crystals]] from [[vapor]], and deeper cave passages may be arid and completely ice-free.  Ice caves in permafrost need not be cold-traps (although some are), provided they do not draught significantly in summer.

''Evaporative cooling'': In winter, dry surface air entering a moisture-saturated cave may have an additional cooling effect due to the [[latent heat]] of [[evaporation]].  This may create a zone within the cave that is cooler than the rest of the cave.  Because many caves have seasonally-reversing draughts, the corresponding warming of the cave through [[condensation]] in summer may occur at a different location within the cave, but in any event a moisture-saturated cave environment is likely to experience much more [[evaporative cooling]] than condensative warming.

==Types of ice==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2016))
[[Image:Iceextrud.jpg|thumb|right|[[Needle ice]] extrusions]]
Different freezing mechanisms result in visually and structurally distinct types of perennial cave ice.

''Ponded water'': Surface water that collects and ponds in a cave before freezing will form a clear ice mass, and can be tens of metres thick and of great age.  Large ice masses are [[Plasticity (physics)|plastic]] and can slowly flow in response to gravity or pressure from further accumulations.  Sculpting from air flow and [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] may reveal ancient accumulation bands within the ice.

''Accumulated snow'': Compressed under the weight of ongoing accumulations, snow sliding or falling into a cave entrance may eventually form ice that is coarsely crystalline, akin to [[glacier]] ice.  True underground glaciers are rare.

''Ice formations'': Water that freezes before ponding may form [[icicle]]s, ice-[[stalagmite]]s, [[ice column]]s or frozen [[waterfall]]s.<ref name=Barck/>

''Airborne moisture (water vapor)'': Freezing vapor can form [[frost]] crystals, [[frost feather]]s and two-dimensional [[ice plate]]s on the cave walls and ceiling.

''[[Needle ice]]'': Infiltrating water that freezes within the bedrock can sometimes be forced into the cave passage.

''Intrusions'': The weight of a surface glacier perched atop a cave entrance can force glacial ice a short distance into the cave.  The only known examples of this phenomenon are the several 'ice plugs' at the back of [[Castleguard Cave]] in [[Alberta]].

==Examples==
*[[Bandera Volcano Ice Cave]] (New Mexico, United States)<ref>[http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/tour/federal/monuments/el_malpais/zuni-bandera/aa-ice.html Features of the Bandera Crater flow, Including Aa Lava & Ice CavesIce Cave at Bandera Volcano] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908194022/http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/tour/federal/monuments/el_malpais/zuni-bandera/aa-ice.html |date=2015-09-08 )) Virtual Field Trip to the basalts of the Zuni-Bandera Malpais, New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, 2000, retrieved 17 January 2016.</ref> 
*[[Bixby State Preserve]] (Iowa, United States)
*[[Booming Ice Chasm]] (Alberta, Canada)
* Bortig Pit Cave (Apuseni Mountains, Romania)<ref>[http://travelguideromania.com/bortig-pit-cave-underground-ice-world/ Bortig Pit Cave – The Underground Ice World], Travel Guide Romania website, June 2014, retrieved 17 January 2016.</ref>
*[[Canyon Creek Ice Cave]] (Alberta, Canada)
*[[Castleguard Cave]] (Alberta, Canada)
*[[Coudersport Ice Mine]] (Pennsylvania, United States)
*[[Decorah Ice Cave State Preserve]] (Iowa, United States)
*[[Demänovská Ice Cave]] (Slovakia)
*[[Dobšiná Ice Cave]] (Slovakia) UNESCO World Heritage site (2000)<ref>[http://www.ssj.sk/en/jaskyna/6-dobsinska-ice-cave Dobšiná Ice Cave] Slovak Caves Administration, undated, retrieved 17 January 2016.</ref>
* [[Eisriesenwelt]] (Werfen, Austria)
* [[Grotta del Gelo]] (Sicily, Italy)
* [[Grotte Casteret]] (Aragon, Spanish Pyrenees)
* [[Ice Mountain]] (West Virginia, United States)
* [[Kungur Ice Cave]] (Perm Krai, Russia)
* [[Narusawa Ice Cave]], (Mount Fuji, Japan)
* [[Niter Ice Cave]] (Idaho, United States)
* [[Sam's Point Preserve]] (New York, United States)
* [[Scărișoara Cave]] (Romania)<ref>[http://travelguideromania.com/scarisoara-ice-cave-biggest-underground-glacier-romania/ Scarisoara Ice Cave – the biggest underground glacier in Romania], Travel Guide Romania website, December 24, 2014, retrieved 17 January 2016.</ref>
* [[Schellenberg Ice Cave]] (Bavaria, Germany)
* [[Shawangunk Ridge]] (New York, United States)
* [[Speilsalen]] (Norway) collapsed in 2007
* [[Víðgelmir]] (West Iceland)

==Further reading==
* Macdonald, W.D. ''Mechanisms for Ice Development in Ice Caves of Western North America'' [[The Canadian Caver]] 25/1 and 25/2, 1993.
* Rachlewicz, G., Szczuciński, W. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236855037_Seasonal_annual_and_decadal_ice_mass_balance_changes_in_Jaskinia_Lodowa_w_Ciemniaku_the_Tatra_Mountains_Poland Seasonal, annual and decadal ice mass balance changes in Jaskinia Lodowa w Ciemniaku, the Tatra Mountains, Poland] Theoretical and Applied Karstology, 17: 11-18, 2004. (documents ice mass loss in the Ciemniak Ice Cave, Poland).

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave/ice_formations/iceforms.html The Virtual Cave: Ice Formations in Ice Caves] goodearthgraphics.com
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrnjd19msVU Video of an ice cave in the Big Snowy Mountains of Montana]  YouTube video
*Rod Benson [http://formontana.net/icecave.html Big Ice Cave in the Pryor Mountains of Montana] For Montana website, selfpublished, 2009, retrieved 17 January 2016.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313084009/http://eisriesenwelt.at/en/the-cave/images.html Eisriesenwelt Ice Cave photos] Eisriesenwelt Austria, undated. retrieved 17 January 2016
*[http://www.kungurcave.com Kungur Ice Cave]
*[http://www.likemontenegro.me/ice-cave-on-durmitor/ Durmitor Ice Cave ] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100948/http://www.likemontenegro.me/ice-cave-on-durmitor/ |date=2015-04-02 ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070109181316/http://users.unimi.it/icecaves/ Speleoglacio Ice Cave Research Group] University of Milano, Italy
*Marco Plebani [http://marcoplebani.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Speleoglacio_sett2009.pdf GROTTE DI GHIACCIO] Marco Plebani website, June 2009, 3pp (in Italian), retrieved 17 January 2016.

((Ice |expanded))
((Caves))
((Subterranea))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Ice caves| ]]

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