LGBT rights in European Union
Parejas del mismo sexo en la UE.svg
European Union
StatusNever criminalised in EU law.
Last state criminalisation repealed in 1998.
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in all states
Discrimination protectionsOutlawed in employment with further protections in some member states' law
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriage in 14/27 states
Recognition of same-sex unions in 24/27 states
No recognition of same-sex couples in 4/27 states
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutional ban in 7/27 states.
AdoptionJoint adoption in 15/27 states
Step-child adoption in 18/27 states

LGBT rights in the European Union are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in all EU member states and discrimination in employment has been banned since 2000. However, EU states have different laws when it comes to any greater protection, same-sex civil union, same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples.

Treaty protections

The Treaty on European Union, in its last version as updated by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007 and in force as of 2009, makes the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union legally binding for the member state of the European Union and the European Union itself. In turn, Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union includes an anti-discrimination provision that states that "any discrimination based on any ground such as [...] sexual orientation shall be prohibited."[1][2][3]

Furthermore, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides in Articles 10 that the European Union has a positive duty to combat discrimination (among other things) on the grounds of sexual orientation and provides in Article 19 ways for the Council and the European Parliament to actively propose pass legislation to do so. These provisions were enacted by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999.[1][2]

Legislative protection

LGB rights
Trans rights
Lesbian, gay, bisexual (left image) and trans (right image) rights in the European Union.

Discrimination in employment

Following the inclusion in the Treaties of the above-mentioned provisions, Directive 2000/78/EC "Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation" was enacted in 2000. This framework directive compels all EU states to adopt anti-discrimination legislation in employment. That legislation has to include provisions to protect people from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[2]

In practice, this protects EU citizens from being refused a job, or from being fired, because of their sexual orientation. It also protects them from being harassed by a colleague due to their sexual orientation.

Discrimination in the provisioning of goods and services

Directive 2000/78/EC does not cover being refused medical services or treatment, refusal of being given a double room in a hotel, protection from bullying in a school and refusal of social security schemes (e.g. survivors' pensions and financial assistance to carers). Protection under EU law in these circumstances exists, but is granted on the grounds of race or gender only.[4]

As such, in 2008, a proposal of a Directive to more broadly fight discrimination has been introduced, which would outlaw discrimination in the areas of social protection, social advantages, education and access to supply of goods, on the basis of religious belief, disability, age, and sexual orientation.[5] However, despite strong support from the European Parliament, the directive has since been stalled in the Council.[6]

Transgender rights

EU law currently takes a different approach to transgender issues. Despite the European Parliament adopting a resolution on transgender rights as early as 1989, transgender identity is not incorporated into any EU funding and was not mentioned in the law establishing the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) as sexual orientation was. However, the case law of the European Court of Justice provides some protection by interpreting discrimination on the basis of 'sex' to also refer to people who have had 'gender reassignment'. Thus all EU sex discrimination law applies to transgender people.[2] In 2002, the 1976 equal treatment directive was revised to include discrimination based on gender identity, to reflect case law on the directive.[7]

Intersex rights

In February 2019, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the rights of intersex people. The resolution called European Union member states to legislate better policies that protected intersex individuals, especially from unnecessary surgery and discrimination. It stated that the parliament "strongly condemns sex-normalizing treatments and surgery; welcomes laws that prohibit such surgery, as in Malta and Portugal, and encourages other member states to adopt similar legislation as soon as possible." The resolution also urged legal gender recognition based on self-determination. It also confirms that intersex people are "exposed to multiple instances of violence and discrimination in the European Union" and calls on the European Commission and the Members States to propose legislation to address these issues. It also includes the need of adequate counselling and support for intersex people and their families, measures to end the stigma and pathologisation intersex people face and increased funding for intersex-led civil society organisations.[8][9][10]

Other actions

Between 2001 and 2006, a Community Action Programme to Combat Discrimination involved the expenditure of €100 million to fight discrimination in a number of areas, including sexual orientation.[7]

In 2009, the European Commission has acted to tone down a law in Lithuania that included homophobic language and also aimed to support the gay pride parade in the country and others under threat of banning.[2]

Foreign relations

In June 2010, the Council of the European Union adopted a non-binding toolkit to promote LGBT people's human rights.[11][12]

In June 2013, the Council upgraded it to binding LGBTI Guidelines instructing EU diplomats around the world to defend the human rights of LGBTI people.[13][14]

Same-sex unions

A European gay couple shopping
A European gay couple shopping

Further information: Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Same-sex unions in the European Union .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Marriage   Civil unions equivalent to marriage   Unregistered cohabitation   Residency rights for foreign spouses
Same-sex unions in the European Union
  Marriage
  Civil unions equivalent to marriage
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Residency rights for foreign spouses

Same-sex marriage has been legalised in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. Same-sex civil unions have been legalised in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Spain. In Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Ireland, civil partnerships were legal between 1989 and 2012, and between 1995 and 2009, and between 2002 and 2017, and between 2011 and 2015, respectively. In Germany, registered life partnerships were legal between 2001 and 2017. However, existing civil unions/registered life partnerships are still recognised in all of these countries.

Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia have constitutionally defined marriage as being between a man and a woman. In December 2020, Hungary also explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution.[15][16]

European Union law (the Citizens’ Rights Directive 2004/38/EC) requires those member states that legalised same-sex partnerships to recognise each other's partnerships for the purpose of freedom of movement.[17] The European Parliament has however approved a report calling for mutual recognition.[18][19]

According to European Court of Justice case law based on the Employment Equality Framework Directive, employees in a civil partnership with a same-sex partner must be granted the same benefits as those granted to their colleagues upon their marriage, where marriage is not possible for same-sex couples. The Court established this principle in 2008 in the case of Tadao Maruko v. Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen with regards to a German registered life partnership. In December 2013, the Court confirmed this in the case of Frédéric Hay v. Crédit agricole mutuel (C-267/12) with regards to a French civil solidarity pact, which is significantly inferior to marriage than a German registered life partnership.[20][21]

Also, according to the European Court of Justice in the case of Coman and Others, by judgement of 5 June 2018, a "spouse" (or partner or any other family member) in the Free Movement Directive (2004/38/EC) includes a (foreign) same-sex spouse; member states are required to confer the right of residence on the (foreign) same-sex spouse of a citizen of the European Union.[22][23] However, most of east-central European new EU member countries (A8 countries) do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, but are still bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[24] though they do not always respect this ruling in practice (in case of Romania is still ignoring implementation of the ruling).[25]

Family rights

In 2021, 10 EU member states refused to recognize same-sex couples as joint parents to their children. This leads to situations where two people recognized as parents in one country would have their family ties legally dissolve after crossing a border. A frequently encountered issue is that birth certificates issued in one member state and listing two people of the same sex as parents are not recognized in other countries. Some children do not have passports as a result.[26] The pending CJEU case V.M.A. v. Stolichna Obsthina involves a child who could not claim Bulgarian nationality because her parents were a lesbian couple.[27] A policy brief commissioned by European Parliament Committee on Petitions recommends that the European Commission or the CJEU should clarify that Directive 2004/38 on free movement also applies to rainbow families, who should not be discriminated against in their exercise of EU free movement rights.[26] The case was finally decided on 14 December 2021, with the CJEU accepting the position of the European Parliament Committee on Petitions, and finding Bulgaria in breach of EU law for not issuing documents to the child of the lesbian couple. The decision points out that while it is still a Member State's prerogative to decide whether or not to extend same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption rights to its own citizen, this choice cannot come at the expense of the child being deprived of the relationship of one of her parents while exercising her rights to freedom of movement within the EU.[28][29]

Conversion therapy

In March 2018, a majority of representatives in the European Parliament passed a resolution in a 435–109 vote condemning conversion therapy and urging European Union member states to ban the practice.[30][31][32] A report released by the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights after the measure was passed stated that "Currently, only Malta and some regions in Spain have explicitly banned LGBTI conversion therapies."[33] Conversion therapy for minors was banned in Germany in 2020[34] and in France in 2022.[35] Bans have also been proposed in Ireland, Netherlands, and Austria[citation needed].

Member State laws on sexual orientation

Further information: LGBT rights in Europe § Legislation by country or territory

Openly gay people are allowed to serve in the military of every EU country since 2018.

In December 2016, Malta became the first country in the EU – as well as in Europe – to ban conversion therapy.[36][37][38]

LGBT rights in: Unregistered cohabitation Civil union Marriage Adoption Anti-discrimination laws Hate crime/speech laws
Austria Austria Yes (Since 2003)[39] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2010)[40] Yes (Since 2019[41])[42][43] Yes (Since 2016)[44] All[45] Yes[45]
Belgium Belgium No Yes (Legal Cohabitation since 2000)[46] Yes (Since 2003)[47] Yes (Since 2006)[48] All[45] Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria No No Constitutional ban since 1991[49] No All[45] No
Croatia Croatia Yes (Since 2003)[50][51] Yes (Life Partnership since 2014)[51] Constitutional ban since 2013[52] Yes (Since 2022)[53] All[45] Yes
Cyprus Cyprus No Yes (Civil Cohabitation since 2015) [54] No No All[55] Yes[56]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes (Since 2001)[57] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2006)[58] No (pending) No (Step-child adoption pending. It is possible for a person in a registered partnership to adopt as an individual)[59] All No
Denmark Denmark Yes (Since 1986)
[60] 		Registered Partnership from 1989 to 2012; certain partnerships are still recognised Yes (Since 2012)[61] Yes (Since 2010)[62] All[45] Yes
Estonia Estonia No Yes (Cohabitation Agreement since 2016)[63] Recognition of marriage celebrated abroad since 2016[64] Step-child adoption since 2016 All[45] Yes[45]
Finland Finland No Registered Partnership from 1989 to 2012; certain partnerships are still recognised[65] Yes (Since 2017)[66] Yes (Since 2017) All[45] Yes[45]
France France Yes (Since 1999)[67] Yes (Civil Solidarity Pact since 1999)[67] Yes (Since 2013)[68] Yes (Since 2013)[citation needed] All[45] Yes
Germany Germany No Registered Partnership from 2001 to 2017; certain partnerships are still recognised[69] Yes (Since 2017)[70] Yes (Since 2017)[71][69] All[45] Yes[72]
Greece Greece No Yes (Cohabitation agreement since 2015)[73] No Same-sex couples in civil partnerships are allowed to become foster parents. Single individuals, regardless of sexual orientation, may adopt.[74] All Yes
Hungary Hungary Yes (Since 1996)[75][76] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2009)[77] Constitutional ban since 2012[78][79] Constitutional ban since 2020[80] All[45] Yes[45]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes (Since 2011)[81] Civil Partnership from 2011 to 2015; certain partnerships are still recognised[81] Yes (since 2015)[82] Yes (Since 2016)[citation needed] All[45] Yes
Italy Italy Yes (since 2016)[83] Yes (Civil Union since 2016)[84] In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions[85] Stepchild adoption not legally recognized, admitted by the Court of Cassation only under very limited circumstances since 2016[86] Some[vague] No
Latvia Latvia Yes Yes (Judicial recognition since 2022) Constitutional ban since 2006[87] No Some[vague] No
Lithuania Lithuania No No Constitutional ban since 1992[88] No All[45] Yes[45]
Luxembourg Luxembourg No Yes (Registered Partnership since 2004)[89] Yes (Since 2015)[90] Yes (Since 2015) All[91] Yes[92]
Malta Malta Yes (Since 2017)[93] Yes (Civil Union since 2014)[94] Yes (Since 2017)[95] Yes (Since 2014)[94] All[96] Yes[45]
Netherlands Netherlands Yes (Since 1979)[97] Yes (Registered Partnership since 1998)[98] Yes (Since 2001)[99] Yes All[45] Yes
Poland Poland Yes (Since 2012) No Constitutional ban since 1997[100][101][102][103][104][105] No Some[vague] No
Portugal Portugal Yes (Since 2001)[106] Yes [107] Yes (Since 2010)[108] Yes (Since 2016)[citation needed] All[45] Yes
Romania Romania No No No No All[45] Yes
Slovakia Slovakia Yes (Limited rights for "close person" recognized under civil and penal law since 2018)[109][110] No Constitutional ban since 2014[111] No All[45] Yes[112]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes (Since 2006)[113] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2017)[114] Yes (Since 2022)[citation needed] Yes (Step-child adoption since 2011[citation needed], joint adoption since 2022) All[45] Yes[45]
Spain Spain Yes (Since 1995)[115][116] Yes (All regions and autonomous cities of Spain since 2018)[citation needed] Yes (Since 2005)[117] Yes All[45] Yes
Sweden Sweden Yes (Since 1988)[118][119][120] Registered Partnership from 1995 to 2009; certain partnerships are still recognised[121] Yes (Since 2009)[122] Yes (Since 2002)[123] All[45] Yes

Due to the Cyprus dispute placing Northern Cyprus outside the Republic of Cyprus' control, EU law is suspended in the area governed by the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

LGBT rights in: Civil union Marriage Adoption Anti-discrimination laws Hate crime/speech laws
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus No No No All Yes

Public opinion

Below is the share of respondents per country who agreed with the following statements in the 2019 Eurobarometer on Discrimination.[124]

Member state "Gay, lesbian and bisexual people
should have the same rights
as heterosexual people" 		"There is nothing wrong
in a sexual relationship between
two persons of the same sex" 		"Same sex marriages should be
allowed throughout Europe" 		Change from 2015
on last statement
 European Union 76% 72% 69% +8
 Austria 70% 66% 66% +4
 Belgium 84% 82% 82% +5
 Bulgaria 39% 20% 16% −1
 Croatia 44% 36% 39% +2
 Cyprus 63% 40% 36% −1
 Czech Republic 57% 57% 48% −9
 Denmark 89% 90% 89% +2
 Estonia 53% 49% 41% +10
 Finland 80% 79% 76% +10
 France 85% 85% 79% +8
 Germany 88% 86% 84% +18
 Greece 64% 44% 39% +6
 Hungary 48% 41% 33% −6
 Ireland 83% 80% 79% −1
 Italy 68% 59% 58% +3
 Latvia 49% 25% 24% +5
 Lithuania 53% 35% 30% +6
 Luxembourg 87% 88% 85% +10
 Malta 73% 73% 67% +2
 Netherlands 97% 92% 92% +1
 Poland 49% 49% 45% +17
 Portugal 78% 69% 74% +13
 Romania 38% 29% 29% +8
 Slovakia 31% 29% 20% −4
 Slovenia 64% 60% 62% +8
 Spain 91% 89% 86% +2
 Sweden 98% 95% 92% +2

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Archived 28 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, European Union 2009
  2. ^ a b c d e Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? Archived 21 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Café Babel 17 May 2010
  3. ^ CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Archived 17 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, European Union 2000
  4. ^ "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. ^ Why ILGA-Europe supports the proposed Anti-Discrimination Directive Archived 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ILGA-Europe
  6. ^ European Parliament renews call for anti-discrimination laws for LGBT people Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, LGBTQ Nation
  7. ^ a b "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  8. ^ "A Milestone for Intersex Rights: The European Parliament adopts landmark resolution on the rights of intersex people". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  9. ^ "MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the rights of intersex people". www.europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  10. ^ "European Parliament passes historic intersex rights resolution". 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  11. ^ "MEPs welcome new toolkit to defend LGBT people's human rights". The European Parliament's Intergroup on LGBT Rights. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  12. ^ "Toolkit to Promote and Protect the Enjoyment of all Human Rights by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  13. ^ "EU foreign affairs ministers adopt ground-breaking global LGBTI policy". The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  14. ^ "Guidelines to promote and protect the enjoyment of all human rights by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 24 June 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  15. ^ "Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, effectively banning gay adoption". NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Hungary Bans LGBTQ Adoption Rights in Broad Power Grab – Gay City News". 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  17. ^ "DIRECTIVE 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  18. ^ Report on civil law, commercial law, family law and private international law aspects of the Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme Archived 8 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  19. ^ EU-Wide Recognition of Member States’ Gay Marriage, Civil Partnership a Step Closer Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, WGLB
  20. ^ "Same-sex civil partners cannot be denied employment benefits reserved to marriage". ILGA-Europe. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.
  21. ^ "PRESS RELEASE No 159/13" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. 12 December 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Judgment in Case C-673/16 (Press Release)" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. 5 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  23. ^ "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  24. ^ "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  25. ^ Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  26. ^ a b Obstacles to the free movement of rainbow families in the EU Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, commissioned by European Parliament Committee on Petitions (PETI), published March 2021, authors Alina Tryfonidou and Robert Wintemute
  27. ^ Isidro, Marta Requejo (20 April 2021). "AG Kokott on C-490/20, V.M.A. v Stolichna Obshtina, Rayon 'Pancharevo'". EAPIL. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Child, being a minor and a Union citizen, whose birth certificate was drawn up by the host Member State and designates as parents two persons of the same sex: the Member State of which the child is a national is obliged to issue an identity card or a passport to that child without requiring a birth certificate to be drawn up beforehand by its national authorities" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  29. ^ Zalan, Eszter (15 December 2021). "EU top court: Same-sex parents with children are 'family". Euobserver. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  30. ^ "EU-Parlament stärkt LGBTI-Grundrechte". queer.de. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Schwulissimo - Europäisches Parlament verurteilt die "Heilung" von Homosexuellen". schwulissimo.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  32. ^ "European Parliament condemns gay 'cure' therapy and tells EU member states to ban it". 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  33. ^ "Malta bans 'gay cure' conversion therapy". BBC News. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Germany passes ban on 'gay conversion therapy'". BBC News. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  35. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Interdiction des pratiques visant à modifier l'orientation sexuelle ou l'identité de genre d'une personne". Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  36. ^ Benjamin, Butterworth. "Malta just became the first country in Europe to ban 'gay cure' therapy". Pink News. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016.
  37. ^ Stack, Liam (7 December 2016). "Malta Outlaws 'Conversion Therapy,' a First in Europe". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  38. ^ Henley, Jon (7 December 2016). "Malta becomes first European country to ban 'gay cure' therapy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016.
  39. ^ "HUDOC Search Page". Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  40. ^ "RIS - Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 19.05.2020". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  41. ^ "Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Same-sex marriage". www.vfgh.gv.at. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  42. ^ "49/A (XXV. GP) - Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  43. ^ "498/A (XXV. GP) - Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  44. ^ "Österreich hebt Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare auf". queer.de. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Rainbow Europe 2017". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  46. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  47. ^ "LOI - WET". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  48. ^ "LOI - WET". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  49. ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.
  50. ^ "Zakon o istospolnim zajednicama". narodne-novine.nn.hr. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  51. ^ a b "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola - Zakon.hr". www.zakon.hr. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  52. ^ "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF) (in Croatian). Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  53. ^ "Odbijena žalba Ministarstva: Istospolni parovi u Hrvatskoj mogu zajedno pristupiti procjeni za posvojitelje!". 26 May 2022.
  54. ^ "Civil unions become law". in-cyprus.com. 26 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  55. ^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  56. ^ "House votes to criminalise homophobia". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  57. ^ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Prague". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  58. ^ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  59. ^ "Sněmovní tisk 320 Novela z. o registrovaném partnerství" (in Czech). Parlament České republiky. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  60. ^ "1985-86, 1. samling - L 138 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om afgift af arv og gave. (Lempelse af arveafgiften for samlevende søskende og samlevende personer af samme køn)" (in Danish). webarkiv.ft.dk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  61. ^ "Retsinformation". www.retsinformation.dk. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  62. ^ "L 146 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag" (in Danish). Folketinget. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  63. ^ "Riigikogu". Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  64. ^ "Gay couple win right to be married in Estonia". 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  65. ^ (in Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap Archived 2 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  67. ^ a b "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  68. ^ "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe | Legifrance". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  69. ^ a b "LPartG - nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  70. ^ "§ 1353 Eheliche Lebensgemeinschaft" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  71. ^ "§ 1741 Zulässigkeit der Annahme" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  72. ^ "Strafgesetzbuch: Volksverhetzung". Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  73. ^ "Greece legalizes same-sex civil partnerships". 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  74. ^ "- The Washington Post". Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  75. ^ "1996. évi XLII. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Polgári Törvénykönyvéről szóló 1959. évi IV. törvény módosításáról". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  76. ^ "ILGA Euroletter 42". Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  77. ^ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  78. ^ "T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  79. ^ "T/5424 Az azonos neműek házasságkötéséhez szükséges jogi feltételek megteremtéséről". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  80. ^ "Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, effectively banning gay adoption". NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  81. ^ a b "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  82. ^ "Marriage Act 2015". 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  83. ^ "XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Documenti - Temi dell'Attività parlamentare". www.camera.it. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  84. ^ "Unioni civili, approvazione definitiva". Camera dei Deputati.
  85. ^ "Same-sex marriages performed abroad won't be recognized in Italy". www.thelocal.it. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  86. ^ "Cassazione, sì alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  87. ^ "The Constitution Of The Republic Of Latvia". www.saeima.lv. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  88. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA". Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  89. ^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". eli.legilux.public.lu. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  90. ^ "Chambre des Députés du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  91. ^ "Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  92. ^ "Legislationline". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  93. ^ "Cohabitation Act, 2017". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  94. ^ a b "ACT No. IX of 2014". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  95. ^ "Marriage Act and other laws Amendment Act 2017". Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  96. ^ "AN ACT to amend the Constitution of Malta". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  97. ^ "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
  98. ^ "wetten.nl - Regeling - Aanpassingswet geregistreerd partnerschap - BWBR0009190". wetten.overheid.nl. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  99. ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Wet openstelling huwelijk". wetten.overheid.nl. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  100. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  101. ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
  102. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
  103. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022. W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
  104. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019. Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie - w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
  105. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
  106. ^ "Lei n. 7/2001 de 11 de Maio" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  107. ^ https://eportugal.gov.pt/en/guias/casar-ou-viver-em-uniao-de-facto
  108. ^ "Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  109. ^ "40/1964 Zb. - Občiansky zákonník". Slov-lex. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  110. ^ "301/2005 Z.z. - Trestný poriadok". Slov-lex. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  111. ^ Radoslav, Tomek (4 June 2014). "Slovak Lawmakers Approve Constitutional Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  112. ^ "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  113. ^ "Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista". www.uradni-list.si. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  114. ^ "Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista". www.uradni-list.si. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  115. ^ "Irish Human Rights & Equality Commission". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  116. ^ "Noticias Jurídicas". Noticias Jurídicas. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  117. ^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2005-11364". www.boe.es. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  118. ^ "Lag (1987:813) om homosexuella sambor Svensk författningssamling 1987:1987:813 t.o.m. SFS 2002:1114 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  119. ^ "Regeringskansliets rättsdatabaser". rkrattsbaser.gov.se. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  120. ^ "Sambolag (2003:376) Svensk författningssamling 2003:2003:376 t.o.m. SFS 2011:493 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  121. ^ "Lag (2009:260) om upphävande av lagen (1994:1117) om registrerat partnerskap - Lagen.nu". lagen.nu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  122. ^ "Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  123. ^ "Sweden legalises gay adoption". BBC News. 6 June 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  124. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU". Eurobarometer. European Commission. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

External links

LGBT rights in Europe
LGBT+ rights overview
Categories