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((short description|Title of Mary in Eastern Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity))
((Other uses))
[[File:Oranta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|13th-century Great Panagia from [[Yaroslavl]].]]

'''Panagia''' (((lang-el|Παναγία)), fem. of ((transliteration|el|panágios)), ((transliteration|el|pan-)) + ((transliteration|el|hágios)), the ''All-Holy'', or the ''Most Holy''; pronounced ((IPA-grc|panaˈʝia))) (also transliterated '''Panaghia''' or '''Panajia'''), in Medieval and Modern Greek, is one of the titles of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], used especially in [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]].

Most Greek churches dedicated to the Virgin Mary are called ''Panagia''; the standard western Christian designation of "St. Mary" is rarely used in the Orthodox East, as Mary is considered the holiest of all created beings and therefore of higher status than the saints.

==Iconography==
((main|Our Lady of the Sign))

''Panagia'' is also the term for a particular type of [[icon]] of the [[Theotokos]], wherein she is facing the viewer directly, usually depicted full length with her hands in the ''[[orans]]'' position, and with a medallion showing the image of [[Christ Child|Christ as a child]] in front of her chest.<ref>''Great Panagia, History of Russian Painting, by Boguslawski''</ref> This medallion symbolically represents [[Jesus]] within the [[uterus|womb]] of the Virgin Mary at the moment of the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]]. This type of icon is also called the ''Platytéra'' (Greek: Πλατυτέρα, literally ''wider'' or ''more spacious''): poetically, by containing the [[Creator deity|Creator]] of the [[Universe]] in her [[womb]], Mary has become ''Platytera ton ouranon'' (Πλατυτέρα τῶν Ουρανῶν), "more spacious than the Heavens". This type is also sometimes called the ''Virgin of the Sign'' or ''[[Our Lady of the Sign]]'',((Citation needed|date=August 2021)) a reference to [[Isaiah]] 7:14:<blockquote>Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.</blockquote>Such an image is often placed on the inside of the [[apse]] which rises directly over the altar of [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox churches]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/images/interiort.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305031713/http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/images/interiort.jpg|url-status=dead|title=St. Paul's Irvine|archivedate=Mar 5, 2006|accessdate=Dec 25, 2022))</ref> In contrast with standard religious mosaics which usually have gold backgrounds, the ''Platytera'' is often depicted on a dark blue background, sometimes dotted with gold stars: a reference to the Heavens. <br>As with most Orthodox icons of Mary, the letters ΜΡ ΘΥ (short for '''Μ'''ΗΤΗ'''Ρ''' '''Θ'''ΕΟ'''Υ''', "[[Theotokos|Mother of God]]") are usually placed on the upper left and right of the [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] of the Virgin Mary.((Citation needed|date=August 2021))

==Vestment==
[[File:Prayer Mother Mary.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|18th-century [[Byzantine art|Byzantine-style]] bronze panagia from [[Jerusalem]]]]
((More citations needed|date=August 2021))

By extension of this last sense, a ''panagia'' is an [[engolpion]] with an icon of the Theotokos, worn by an Orthodox [[bishop]]. They can be very simple<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.oca.org/Images/HolySynod/portraits/bp.seraphim.jpg|title=Orthodox Church in America|website=www.oca.org|accessdate=Dec 25, 2022))</ref> or extremely elaborate,<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.oca.org/Images/HolySynod/portraits/abp.peter.jpg|title=Orthodox Church in America|website=www.oca.org|accessdate=Dec 25, 2022))</ref> depending on the personal taste of the particular bishop.

[[File:Tikhon of Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Saint Patriarch [[Tikhon]] in monastic habit with panagia and [[engolpion]] of Jesus]]

When an Orthodox bishop is [[vestment|vested]] for the [[Divine Liturgy]] or another service, he wears a panagia and a [[pectoral cross]] over his other [[vestment]]s.<ref>''Press releases, Saint Vladimir Orthodox theological seminary''</ref> The [[primate (bishop)|primate]] of an [[autocephalous]] church, when fully vested, wears a panagia, a pectoral cross, and an engolpion of [[Jesus]].<ref>''Three Hieararchs Chapel, Saint Vladimir Orthodox theological seminary''</ref> Bishops of all ranks when not vested will usually wear the panagia alone over their [[riassa]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://ocaphoto.oca.org/filetmp/2005/May/959/Detail/DSC_0011.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304072719/http://ocaphoto.oca.org/filetmp/2005/May/959/Detail/DSC_0011.jpg|url-status=dead|title=OCA photo|archivedate=Mar 4, 2006|accessdate=Dec 25, 2022))</ref> ([[cassock]]); this is often the detail that, to the casual observer, distinguishes a bishop from a [[priest]] or a [[monk]]. The panagia is usually oval in shape and crowned with a depiction of an Eastern [[mitre]]. Sometimes, bishops will wear a panagia which is either square (see picture, right) or shaped like a [[Byzantine]] [[double-headed eagle]]; this latter is especially true of Greek bishops.

When the bishop is vested before the Divine Liturgy, the panagia is presented to him on a tray. He blesses it with both hands and the [[subdeacon]]s bring it to him to kiss and place the panagia around his neck, while the [[protodeacon]] swings the [[censer]] and says the following prayer:<blockquote>''May God create a clean heart in thee, and renew a right spirit within thee, always, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.''</blockquote> After the liturgy, when the bishop takes the panagia off to unvest, he [[sign of the cross|crosses himself]], kisses the panagia and places it on the [[Holy Table]] (altar). After unvesting and putting on his [[cassock|outer riassa]], he blesses the panagia, crosses himself again, and puts it on, before exiting through the [[Holy Doors]] to bless the faithful.

==Blessed bread==
[[File:Patene-byzantine.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The particles placed on the [[diskos]] during the [[Divine Liturgy]]. The large cube is the [[Lamb (Liturgy)|Lamb]], the triangle to the left is the particle for the Theotokos taken out of the Panagia.]]

''Panagia'' may also refer to a [[prosphoron]] (((lang|grc|Ἄρτος της Παναγίας)), ((transliteration|grc|Ártos tēs Panagías)), "Bread 
of the All-Holy") which is solemnly blessed in honor of the Theotokos during the [[Divine Liturgy]] (see [[Prosphora]] for details). From 
this loaf, a large triangle in honour of the Theotokos is cut and placed on the [[diskos]] (paten) during the [[Liturgy of Preparation]]. The remainder of the loaf is blessed over the [[Holy Table]] (altar) 
during the hymn ''[[Axion Estin]]'', just before the blessing of the [[antidoron]]. The priest makes the [[Sign of the Cross]] with the Panagia over the [[Sacred Mysteries]] ([[consecrated]] [[Body Christ|Body]] and [[Blood of Christ]]) as he says, "Great is the name of the [[Holy Trinity]]."((Citation needed|date=August 2021))

In some [[monasteries]] there is a special [[Rite (Christianity)|rite]] ceremony called the "Lifting of the Panagia" which takes place in the trapeza ([[refectory]]). After the [[dismissal (liturgy)|dismissal]] of the Liturgy, a triangular portion is cut from the prosphoron by the refectorian ([[monk]] in charge of the [[refectory]]). The Panagia is then cut in half and laid crust downwards on a tray. The brethren will go in [[procession]] from the ''[[Katholikon|catholicon]]'' (main church) to the trapeza, and the Panagia is carried on its tray at the head of the procession. Once there, the Panagia is placed on a table called the ''Panagiarion''.((Citation needed|date=August 2021))

After the meal, the refectorian takes off his [[klobuk]] ([[epanokamelavkion]] and [[kamilavkion]]), and bows to the assembled brethren, saying, "Bless me, holy Fathers, and pardon me a sinner," to which the brotherhood bows and replies, "May God pardon and have mercy on you." Then, taking the Panagia in his fingertips, he lifts it up while saying, "Great is the name," and then the community continues with "of the Holy Trinity." The rite then continues with, "O All-holy Mother of God, help us!" with the reply, "At her prayers, O God, have mercy and save us." Two [[hymn]]s are then sung while the refectorian, accompanied by a [[cleric]] with a hand [[censer]], offers the Panagia to those assembled. Each takes a piece between his finger and thumb, passes it through the incense, and then consumes it as a [[blessing]].<ref>The oldest known surviving manuscript contain the ritual of the "Elevation of the Panagia" is found among the manuscripts preserved at [[Dumbarton Oaks]] near [[Washington, DC]].</ref>

==Names==
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2021))
From "Panagia" derive the common Greek [[given name]]s ''Panagiota'' (feminine; pronunciation: ''Pah-nah-YAW-tah'', ((IPA-el|panaˈʝota|IPA)); common diminutives: ''Ghiota'', ''Nota'') and ''[[Panagiotis]]'' (masculine; pronunciation: ''Pah-nah-YAW-tees'', ((IPA-el|panaˈʝotis|IPA)); common diminutives: ''Panos'', ''Notis''). Both names signify that the person is named in honor of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] and consequently their [[name day]]s are celebrated as if they were named [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] or [[Mario (given name)|Marios]].

In the Orthodox world, specific icons and churches of the Virgin Mary are often given particular names, which reflect certain theological or intercessory aspects of Mary, or certain standardised depictions in [[hagiography]], or peculiarities of the particular church or monastery. Some examples of such names (in [[Greek language|Greek]]) are:
*Angeloktiste (Angel-Built)
*Bebaia Elpis (the Certain Hope)
*Boetheia (the Helper)
*Brephokratousa (the Infant-Holder)
*Chrysopege (the Fountain of Gold)
*Deomene (the Supplicant)
*Eleousa (the Merciful)
*Eleutherotria (the Liberator)
*Evangelistria (the Bearer of Good News)
*Galatiane or Galatousa (the Nurse)
*Giatrissa (the Healer)
*Glykophilousa (of the Sweet Kiss)
*Gorgoepekoos (the Quick-To-Listen)
*Gregorousa (the Vigilant)
*Hagia Skepe (the Sacred Protection)
*Hagia Zone (the Sacred Girdle)
*Hodegetria (the Leader)
*Hypermachos Strategos (the Defending General)
*Kataphyge (the Safe Haven)
*Megalochare (Of Great Grace)
*Myrobletissa (the Spring of [[Myrrh]])
*Myrtiotissa (of the [[Myrtus|Myrtles]])
*Nerantziotissa (in the [[Bitter Orange]]s)
*Pantanassa (the Queen of All)
*Paraportiane or Portaitissa (by the Gate)
*Paregoretria (the Giver of Solace)
*Phaneromene (the Revealed)
*Pharmakolytria (the Deliverer from poison)
*Platytera ton Ouranon (the Wider than the Heavens)
*Ponolytria (the Deliverer from pain)
*Thalassine (of the Sea)

==References==

((Reflist))
*''The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity'', p.&nbsp;368 (((ISBN|0-631-23203-6)))

==External links==
((Commons category-inline))
((Virgin Mary))

[[Category:Eastern Christian vestments]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox icons of the Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:Titles of Mary]]
[[Category:Virgin Mary in art]]
[[Category:Greek epithets]]

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